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Coordinates: 53°32′N 6°53′E / 53.533°N 6.883°E / 53.533; 6.883
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox World Heritage Site
| WHS = The Wadden Sea
| Image = [[Image:Morze Wattowe.png|250px]]
| State Party = [[Netherlands]], [[Germany]] and [[Denmark]]
| Type = Natural
| Criteria = viii, ix, x
| ID = 1314
| Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]]
| Year = 2009
| Session = 33rd
| Extension = 2014
<!--The option |Link seems to be broken and lead to the text "1314]" in the lead -->
<!--| Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1314-->
{{designation list |embed=yes |designation1=Ramsar |designation1_date=}}
}}
The '''Wadden Sea''' ({{lang-nl|Waddenzee}}, {{lang-de|Wattenmeer}}, [[Low German]]: ''Wattensee'' or ''Waddenzee'', {{lang-da|Vadehavet}}, [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]: ''Waadsee'') is an [[intertidal zone]] in the southeastern part of the [[North Sea]]. It lies between the coast of northwestern continental [[Europe]] and the range of [[Frisian Islands]], forming a shallow body of water with [[tidal flat]]s and [[wetlands]]. It is rich in [[biodiversity|biological diversity]]. In 2009, the Dutch and German parts of the Wadden Sea were inscribed on [[UNESCO]]'s [[World Heritage List]] and the Danish part was added in June 2014.<ref>[http://www.waddensea-worldheritage.org/ ''Wadden Sea World Heritage Site''] at waddensea-worldheritage.org. Retrieved on 29 April 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1160|title=Six new sites inscribed on World Heritage List|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=23 June 2014 |language=}}</ref>

According to C. Michael Hogan, the Wadden Sea is one of the world's seas whose coastline has been most modified by [[human]]s,<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2011. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Wadden_Sea?topic=49523 ''Wadden Sea''. eds. P. Saundry & C. Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC]</ref> via systems of [[Levee|dike]]s and [[causeway]]s on the mainland and low lying coastal islands. The Wadden Sea stretches from [[Den Helder]] in the [[Netherlands]] in the southwest, past the great river [[estuary|estuaries]] of [[Germany]] to its northern boundary at Skallingen north of [[Esbjerg]] in [[Denmark]] along a total length of some 500&nbsp;km and a total area of about 10,000&nbsp;km². Within the Netherlands it is bounded from the [[IJsselmeer]] by the [[Afsluitdijk]].

The islands in the Wadden Sea are called the Wadden Sea Islands or Frisian Islands, named after the [[Frisian people|Frisians]]. However, on the westernmost Dutch island, [[Texel]], the [[West Frisian language|Frisian language]] has not been spoken for centuries. The [[Danish Wadden Sea Islands]] have never been inhabited by Frisians. The outlying German island of [[Helgoland]], although ethnically one of the Frisian Islands, is not situated in the Wadden Sea.

The German part of the Wadden Sea was the setting for the 1903 [[Robert Erskine Childers|Erskine Childers]] novel ''[[The Riddle of the Sands]]''.

==Nature==
[[File:13-09-29-nordfriesisches-wattenmeer-RalfR-05.jpg|thumb|right|[[North Frisian Islands]]]]
[[File:Westerhever salzwiesenrest.JPG|thumb|left|[[Salt marsh]] and [[mudflat]]s in [[Westerhever]], Germany]]
[[File:Pilsumer Watt from the Leyhörn 2.jpg||thumb|left|The mudflats of the Pilsumer Watt near [[Greetsiel]], Germany]]

===Environment===
The word ''wad'' is Dutch for "mud flat" ([[Low German]] and {{lang-de|Watt}}, {{lang-da|Vade}}). The area is typified by extensive tidal [[mud flat]]s, deeper tidal trenches ([[Creek (tidal)|tidal creeks]]) and the [[island]]s that are contained within this, a region continually contested by land and sea. The landscape has been formed for a great part by [[storm tide]]s in the 10th to 14th centuries, overflowing and carrying away former [[peat]] land behind the coastal dunes. The present islands are a remnant of the former coastal dunes.

The islands are marked by dunes and wide, sandy beaches towards the North Sea and a low, tidal coast towards the Wadden Sea. The impact of waves and currents, carrying away [[sediment]]s, is slowly changing the layout of the islands. For example, the islands of [[Vlieland]] and [[Ameland]] have moved eastwards through the centuries, having lost land on one side and grown on the other.

===Fauna===
The Wadden Sea is famous for its rich flora and [[Fauna (animals)|fauna]], especially birds. Hundreds of thousands of [[Wader|waders (shorebirds)]], [[duck]]s, and [[Goose|geese]] use the area as a [[Bird migration|migration]] stopover or wintering site, and it is also rich habitat for [[gull]]s and [[tern]]s.<ref>{{Cite book
|last = Couzens
|first = Dominic
|title = Top 100 Birding Sites of the World
|publisher = [[University of California Press]]
|year = 2008
|isbn = 978-0-520-25932-4
|pages = 27–29
}}
</ref> However, biodiversity of Wadden Sea on today is only a fraction of what was seen before exploitation by human; for birds, larger species such as [[geese]],<ref>[http://www.fmap.ca/ramweb/media/biodiversity_loss/downloads/RegionalExtinctionExamples.pdf]</ref> [[eagle]]s, [[Greater Flamingo|flamingo]]s, [[Dalmatian Pelican|pelican]]s, and [[Squacco Heron|heron]]s were used to be common as well.<ref>Alanna MitchelA., 2009. [http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=7rLSWemhmTsC&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78&dq=wadden+sea+right+whale&source=bl&ots=4Ykjg3acEI&sig=Ez9lu0x64Wee5c5fjcRmLcg3M8Y&hl=en&sa=X&ei=i2DXU4HGOs2F8gWU7YDoDw&ved=0CFsQ6AEwDjgK#v=snippet&q=right%20whale&f=false 6-Reading the vital signs: life force]. pp.78. Halifax, Canada-The fate of the fish. Seasick: Ocean Change and the Extinction of Life on Earth. [[University of Chicago Press]]. Retrieved on 29 July 2014</ref> Some of species that are regionally extinct is available here.<ref>[http://www.fmap.ca/ramweb/media/biodiversity_loss/downloads/RegionalExtinctionExamples.pdf Regional Species Extinctions - Examples of regional species extinctions over the last 1000 years and more.]</ref><ref>Reise K., [http://www.waddensea-secretariat.org/sites/default/files/downloads/reise.pdf. A natural history of the Wadden Sea]. Wadden Sea Station Sylt - AWI. Retrieved on 29 July 2014</ref>

According to [[J. B. MacKinnon]], larger fish including [[European Sturgeon|sturgeon]]s, [[Ray (fish)|Rays]],<ref>Cadée C.G., Reise K., 2001. [66 - Changes in Historical Times]. Ecological Comparisons of Sedimentary Shores. pp.141. Ecological Studies, Vol. 151. [[Springer Science+Business Media]]. Retrieved on 29 July 2014</ref> [[Atlantic Salmon]]s, [[Brown Trout]]s, and others like [[Lacuna vincta|Lacuna snail]]s and [[Ostrea edulis|oyster]] beds and that were once found elsewhere of the regions have disappeared as well, as actual size of Wadden Sea was reduced to about 50% of the original sea, and nutrients from [[Rhine River|the river of Rhine]] no longer flows into the sea, resulting in about 90% of all the species historically inhabited Wadden Sea to be at risk.<ref>MacKinnon B.J., 2013. [http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=1RyqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99&dq=wadden+sea+right+whale&source=bl&ots=10ZPRaV0in&sig=tShLNwt_diRM6g2OEZCpoUq6uWc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=i2DXU4HGOs2F8gWU7YDoDw&ved=0CEMQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q=wadden%20sea%20right%20whale&f=false The Nature of Nature]. The Once and Future World: Nature as It Was, as It Is, as It Could Be. pp.100. Retrieved on 29 July 2014</ref>
[[File:Phoca vitulina Terschelling.jpg|thumb|right|[[Harbor Seal|Common Seals]] on [[Terschelling]], [[Netherlands]]]]

Wadden Sea hosts important habitat for species of [[Pinniped|seals]] such as [[Grey Seal]]s. [[Harbour Porpoise]]s and [[Bottlenose Dolphin]]s (seasonally) are only [[Cetacean]]es of residency while many other species seasonally or occasionally visit the waters.<ref>http://www.zeeinzicht.nl/vleet/index.php?id=4185&template=template-vleeteng&language=2&item=Cetaceans</ref> [[North Atlantic right whale]]s and [[Gray whale]]s<ref>Szaro C.R., Johnston W.D., Wolff. J.W. et al. 1996. [http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=mQ5W4ycPBjUC&pg=PA539&lpg=PA539&dq=wadden+sea+right+whale&source=bl&ots=TfgpYAM9IQ&sig=asBvkV0KVJxM73DkbrO_PeWv2FQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZmDXU6fUO9aD8gWY8ID4BA&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=wadden%20sea%20right%20whale&f=false Biodiversity of the Wadden Sea]. Biodiversity in Managed Landscapes: Theory and Practice. pp.539. [[Oxford University Press]]. Retrieved on July 29, 2014</ref> were once seen in the region, using the shallow, calm waters for either feeding and breeding before they were completely wiped out by shore-based whaling.<ref>Wolff W. J., 2000. The south-east North Sea: losses of vertebrate fauna during the past 2000 years. Biological Conservation 95: 209-21. Retrieved on 29 July 2014</ref> These two species are now thought to be either extinct or remnant populations that are low-tens at best survive. One whale, possibly a right whale was observed close to beaches on [[Texel]] in the [[West Frisian Islands]] and off Steenbanken, [[Schouwen-Duiveland]] in July 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.planet.nl/~camphuys/flukes.html |title=WHO HAS AN IDEA WHAT ANIMAL WE ARE LOOKING AT HERE? |author=Kees (C.J.) Camphuysen |accessdate=1 June 2013}}</ref> Recent increases in number of North Atlantic [[Humpback Whale]]s might have resulted in more visits and possible re-colonization by the species to the area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zoogdierwinkel.nl/sites/default/files/imce/nieuwesite/Publicatie%20fotos/Lutra/downloads/50-1_Camphuys_ea.pdf. |title=Foraging humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)in the Marsdiep area (Wadden Sea), May 2007 and a review of sightings and strandings in the southern North Sea, 2003-2007 |author=Kees (C.J.) Camphuysen |year=2007 |edition=Lutra 2007 50 (1): 31-42 |accessdate= 29 July 2014}}</ref>

===Threats to the ecosystem===
There are number of [[invasive species]] including [[algae]]s, p;ants, and smaller organisms causing negative affects on native species introduced by human activities into North Sea coasts.<ref>Wolff W.J., Dankers N., Dilemma' K.S., Reijnders P.J.H., Smit C.J., [http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/212518.pdf Chapter 17: Biodiversity of the Wadden Sea (Denmark, Germany, The Nether­lands): recent changes and future projections]. pp.342. DLO - Institute for Forestry and Nature Research. Retrieved on 29 July 2014</ref>

===Conservation===
Each of three countries has designated [[Ramsar site]]s in the region (see [[Wadden Sea National Parks]]).

Although the Wadden Sea is not yet listed as a transboundary Ramsar site, a great part of the Wadden Sea is protected in cooperation of all three countries.
The governments of the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany have been working together since 1978 on the protection and conservation of the Wadden Sea. Co-operation covers management, monitoring and research, as well as political matters. Furthermore, in 1982, a Joint Declaration on the Protection of the Wadden Sea was agreed upon to co-ordinate activities and measures for the protection of the Wadden Sea. In 1997, a [[Trilateral Wadden Sea Plan]] was adopted.<ref>[http://www.waddensea-secretariat.org/trilat/trilat.html ''The Trilateral Wadden Sea Cooperation''] at waddensea-secretariat.org. Retrieved on 29 April 2010. {{dead link|date=April 2014}}</ref>

In June 2009, the Wadden Sea (comprising the Dutch Wadden Sea Conservation Area and the German Wadden Sea National Parks of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein) was placed on the [[World Heritage]] list by [[UNESCO]].<ref>"[http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2009/jun/26/unesco-world-heritage-sites World heritage sites: slave outpost and Buddhist mountain on the list – but Wales has to wait]". [[Guardian.co.uk]]. Retrieved on 7 July 2009.</ref>

==Recreation==
[[File:Borkum Strandkoerbe 20070712.jpg|left|thumb|People on the beach on [[Borkum]], Germany]]
[[File:Wadlopen bij Pieterburen 02a.jpg|thumb|[[Mudflat hiking]] near [[Pieterburen]], Netherlands]]

Many of the islands have been popular [[seaside resort]]s since the 19th century.

[[Mudflat hiking]] (Dutch: ''Wadlopen'', German: ''Wattwandern''), i.e., walking on the sandy flats at low tide, has become popular in the Wadden Sea.

It is also a popular region for pleasure boating.
<br clear=all>

==See also==
*[[Wadden Sea National Parks]]
*[[Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park]]
*[[Lower Saxon Wadden Sea National Park]]
*[[Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park]]
*[[Wadden Sea National Park (Denmark)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Wadden Sea}}
* {{Cite journal|url=http://www.waddensea-secretariat.org/lancewad/report.html|title=Landscape and Cultural Heritage in the Wadden Sea Region - Project Report|author=Vollmer, M.|coauthors=Gulberg, Maluck, Marrewijk|year=2001|journal=Wadden Sea Ecosystem|volume=12}}{{dead link|date=April 2014}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~ottoknot/werk/Sylt.html|title=History of human settlement, cultural change and interference with the marine environment|author=Knottnerus, Otto S.|year=2005}}
* [http://www.waddensea-secretariat.org Secretariat of The Trilateral Cooperation on the Protection of the Wadden Sea]
* [http://www.visitwestdenmark.com Official Tourist Information] for the northernmost part of the National Park: The Danish Wadden Sea
* [http://www.greetsiel.de/tourismus/interessen/nationalpark-wattenmeer.html Official Tourist Information] for the westernmost part of the German National Park
* [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1314 The Wadden Sea] at the UNESCO World Heritage Centre
* [http://www.waddensea-worldheritage.org/ Wadden Sea World Heritage]
* [http://euregiothewadden.eu/ Association of the Wadden Sea Island Municipalities in the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany]

{{Frisian Islands}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Germany}}
{{World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands}}
{{World Heritage Sites in the Kingdom of Denmark}}
{{Biosphere Reserves of Germany}}
{{List of seas}}

{{coord|53|32|N|6|53|E|source:GNS_scale:2500000|display=title}}

[[Category:Frisian Islands]]
[[Category:North Sea]]
[[Category:European seas]]
[[Category:Wadden Sea]]
[[Category:Marine reserves]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in Denmark]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Denmark]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Germany]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Lower Saxony]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Schleswig-Holstein]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Hamburg]]
[[Category:Transboundary protected areas]]
[[Category:Natura 2000 in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Natura 2000 in Denmark]]
[[Category:Natura 2000 in Germany]]

Revision as of 07:21, 4 September 2014

The Wadden Sea
UNESCO World Heritage Site
CriteriaNatural: viii, ix, x
Reference1314
Inscription2009 (33rd Session)
Extensions2014

The Wadden Sea (Dutch: Waddenzee, German: Wattenmeer, Low German: Wattensee or Waddenzee, Danish: Vadehavet, West Frisian: Waadsee) is an intertidal zone in the southeastern part of the North Sea. It lies between the coast of northwestern continental Europe and the range of Frisian Islands, forming a shallow body of water with tidal flats and wetlands. It is rich in biological diversity. In 2009, the Dutch and German parts of the Wadden Sea were inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List and the Danish part was added in June 2014.[1][2]

According to C. Michael Hogan, the Wadden Sea is one of the world's seas whose coastline has been most modified by humans,[3] via systems of dikes and causeways on the mainland and low lying coastal islands. The Wadden Sea stretches from Den Helder in the Netherlands in the southwest, past the great river estuaries of Germany to its northern boundary at Skallingen north of Esbjerg in Denmark along a total length of some 500 km and a total area of about 10,000 km². Within the Netherlands it is bounded from the IJsselmeer by the Afsluitdijk.

The islands in the Wadden Sea are called the Wadden Sea Islands or Frisian Islands, named after the Frisians. However, on the westernmost Dutch island, Texel, the Frisian language has not been spoken for centuries. The Danish Wadden Sea Islands have never been inhabited by Frisians. The outlying German island of Helgoland, although ethnically one of the Frisian Islands, is not situated in the Wadden Sea.

The German part of the Wadden Sea was the setting for the 1903 Erskine Childers novel The Riddle of the Sands.

Nature

North Frisian Islands
Salt marsh and mudflats in Westerhever, Germany
The mudflats of the Pilsumer Watt near Greetsiel, Germany

Environment

The word wad is Dutch for "mud flat" (Low German and German: Watt, Danish: Vade). The area is typified by extensive tidal mud flats, deeper tidal trenches (tidal creeks) and the islands that are contained within this, a region continually contested by land and sea. The landscape has been formed for a great part by storm tides in the 10th to 14th centuries, overflowing and carrying away former peat land behind the coastal dunes. The present islands are a remnant of the former coastal dunes.

The islands are marked by dunes and wide, sandy beaches towards the North Sea and a low, tidal coast towards the Wadden Sea. The impact of waves and currents, carrying away sediments, is slowly changing the layout of the islands. For example, the islands of Vlieland and Ameland have moved eastwards through the centuries, having lost land on one side and grown on the other.

Fauna

The Wadden Sea is famous for its rich flora and fauna, especially birds. Hundreds of thousands of waders (shorebirds), ducks, and geese use the area as a migration stopover or wintering site, and it is also rich habitat for gulls and terns.[4] However, biodiversity of Wadden Sea on today is only a fraction of what was seen before exploitation by human; for birds, larger species such as geese,[5] eagles, flamingos, pelicans, and herons were used to be common as well.[6] Some of species that are regionally extinct is available here.[7][8]

According to J. B. MacKinnon, larger fish including sturgeons, Rays,[9] Atlantic Salmons, Brown Trouts, and others like Lacuna snails and oyster beds and that were once found elsewhere of the regions have disappeared as well, as actual size of Wadden Sea was reduced to about 50% of the original sea, and nutrients from the river of Rhine no longer flows into the sea, resulting in about 90% of all the species historically inhabited Wadden Sea to be at risk.[10]

Common Seals on Terschelling, Netherlands

Wadden Sea hosts important habitat for species of seals such as Grey Seals. Harbour Porpoises and Bottlenose Dolphins (seasonally) are only Cetaceanes of residency while many other species seasonally or occasionally visit the waters.[11] North Atlantic right whales and Gray whales[12] were once seen in the region, using the shallow, calm waters for either feeding and breeding before they were completely wiped out by shore-based whaling.[13] These two species are now thought to be either extinct or remnant populations that are low-tens at best survive. One whale, possibly a right whale was observed close to beaches on Texel in the West Frisian Islands and off Steenbanken, Schouwen-Duiveland in July 2005.[14] Recent increases in number of North Atlantic Humpback Whales might have resulted in more visits and possible re-colonization by the species to the area.[15]

Threats to the ecosystem

There are number of invasive species including algaes, p;ants, and smaller organisms causing negative affects on native species introduced by human activities into North Sea coasts.[16]

Conservation

Each of three countries has designated Ramsar sites in the region (see Wadden Sea National Parks).

Although the Wadden Sea is not yet listed as a transboundary Ramsar site, a great part of the Wadden Sea is protected in cooperation of all three countries. The governments of the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany have been working together since 1978 on the protection and conservation of the Wadden Sea. Co-operation covers management, monitoring and research, as well as political matters. Furthermore, in 1982, a Joint Declaration on the Protection of the Wadden Sea was agreed upon to co-ordinate activities and measures for the protection of the Wadden Sea. In 1997, a Trilateral Wadden Sea Plan was adopted.[17]

In June 2009, the Wadden Sea (comprising the Dutch Wadden Sea Conservation Area and the German Wadden Sea National Parks of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein) was placed on the World Heritage list by UNESCO.[18]

Recreation

People on the beach on Borkum, Germany
Mudflat hiking near Pieterburen, Netherlands

Many of the islands have been popular seaside resorts since the 19th century.

Mudflat hiking (Dutch: Wadlopen, German: Wattwandern), i.e., walking on the sandy flats at low tide, has become popular in the Wadden Sea.

It is also a popular region for pleasure boating.

See also

References

  1. ^ Wadden Sea World Heritage Site at waddensea-worldheritage.org. Retrieved on 29 April 2010.
  2. ^ "Six new sites inscribed on World Heritage List". UNESCO. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  3. ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2011. Wadden Sea. eds. P. Saundry & C. Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
  4. ^ Couzens, Dominic (2008). Top 100 Birding Sites of the World. University of California Press. pp. 27–29. ISBN 978-0-520-25932-4.
  5. ^ [1]
  6. ^ Alanna MitchelA., 2009. 6-Reading the vital signs: life force. pp.78. Halifax, Canada-The fate of the fish. Seasick: Ocean Change and the Extinction of Life on Earth. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved on 29 July 2014
  7. ^ Regional Species Extinctions - Examples of regional species extinctions over the last 1000 years and more.
  8. ^ Reise K., A natural history of the Wadden Sea. Wadden Sea Station Sylt - AWI. Retrieved on 29 July 2014
  9. ^ Cadée C.G., Reise K., 2001. [66 - Changes in Historical Times]. Ecological Comparisons of Sedimentary Shores. pp.141. Ecological Studies, Vol. 151. Springer Science+Business Media. Retrieved on 29 July 2014
  10. ^ MacKinnon B.J., 2013. The Nature of Nature. The Once and Future World: Nature as It Was, as It Is, as It Could Be. pp.100. Retrieved on 29 July 2014
  11. ^ http://www.zeeinzicht.nl/vleet/index.php?id=4185&template=template-vleeteng&language=2&item=Cetaceans
  12. ^ Szaro C.R., Johnston W.D., Wolff. J.W. et al. 1996. Biodiversity of the Wadden Sea. Biodiversity in Managed Landscapes: Theory and Practice. pp.539. Oxford University Press. Retrieved on July 29, 2014
  13. ^ Wolff W. J., 2000. The south-east North Sea: losses of vertebrate fauna during the past 2000 years. Biological Conservation 95: 209-21. Retrieved on 29 July 2014
  14. ^ Kees (C.J.) Camphuysen. "WHO HAS AN IDEA WHAT ANIMAL WE ARE LOOKING AT HERE?". Retrieved 1 June 2013.
  15. ^ Kees (C.J.) Camphuysen (2007). "Foraging humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)in the Marsdiep area (Wadden Sea), May 2007 and a review of sightings and strandings in the southern North Sea, 2003-2007" (Lutra 2007 50 (1): 31-42 ed.). Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  16. ^ Wolff W.J., Dankers N., Dilemma' K.S., Reijnders P.J.H., Smit C.J., Chapter 17: Biodiversity of the Wadden Sea (Denmark, Germany, The Nether­lands): recent changes and future projections. pp.342. DLO - Institute for Forestry and Nature Research. Retrieved on 29 July 2014
  17. ^ The Trilateral Wadden Sea Cooperation at waddensea-secretariat.org. Retrieved on 29 April 2010. [dead link]
  18. ^ "World heritage sites: slave outpost and Buddhist mountain on the list – but Wales has to wait". Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved on 7 July 2009.
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