User:DrChrissy/sandbox

...

And while this all goes on, Jytdog has made 4 reverts to the glyphosate article (one of those listed by the OP no less) here,[2] here,[3] here,[4] and here.[5] A clear breach of WP:3RR.

Actually those are continuous and don't count as separate reverts. You really need to read WP:3RR one day. Jytdog (talk) 23:34, 5 September 2015 (UTC)

OP comment on comment by User:Kingofaces43 More dirty tricks? Kingofaces43 states that I made at least four reverts and then provides four diffs. The first two of these[6] are the same diff! I know we are supposed to AGF, but this is getting harder and harder to maintain.

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glyphosate&diff=678924044&oldid=678923287 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glyphosate&diff=678924044&oldid=678923287

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glyphosate&diff=678924044&oldid=678923287 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glyphosate&diff=678924044&oldid=678923287

Jytdog's accusation of me edit warring or violating 3RR is misleading to say the least.

The first two diffs Jytdog presented attempting to indicate edit warring he admits himself are simply WP:BOLD. Whether they are "reckless" is purely his opinion, but even that is not "warring".

The first diff[7] shows that all I did was add non-contentious material using a reliable source that was already used in the article. I also moved a section unchanged because it was clearly in the incorrect place.

The second diff Jytdog presented[8] shows I again expanded the article using the same RS as before, and 2 new RS.

The fifth diff Jytdog presented[9] again shows a perfectly valid expansion of the material. He complains above this was "expanding yet more after objections already raised on talk". One of the objections raised on the Talk page was the environmental relevance of the doses in the studies[10] made at 17.02h. At 17:59h, I introduced this new material complained about by Jytdog, specifically to address the other editor's concern.

Furthermore, Jytdog complained above that I added the sentence "'In a study of rats and mice fed diets of containing 0%, 0.3125%, 0.625%, 1.25%, 2.5%, or 5.0% glyphosate for 13 weeks, endocrine effects...". The material was actually added to the article on March 3rd, 2014 here[11]. I moved the material here[12] with very minor tweaks as this material had clearly been deemed acceptable for a considerable time. Jytdog complained about this sentence here[13] at 15.38h. At 16:00h, I rewrote the sentence[14] with the edit summary "Conciseness as per talk".

In short, rather than edit warring, I have been editing in a very collegiate manner and with regard to 3RR, Jytdog has presented only 2 edits of mine that might contribute to that.

A 2012 study on the toxic potential of environmentally relevant concentrations of glyphosate on wood frogs (Rana sylvatica), leopard frogs (Rana pipiens pipiens) and American toads (Bufo americanus) reported a significant induction of morphological changes in the tadpoles of the three species, including alteration of the size of the tadpole tail. This indicates that the herbicide could be affecting the mechanisms of development that are normally used as defence responses against predators. These results showed that glyphosate "can have widespread and relevant effects on non target species." "A horse herd is run by a lead mare and a head stallion. The mare guides the herd to food and water, controls the daily routine and movement of the herd, and ensures the general wellbeing of the herd."

DAP

I have been researching and editing this article quite heavily for the last few days , but I have a nagging doubt about it. I have added several secondary sources which state that natural DAP exists, but, I have been unable to find a primary source indicating where/when it was first extracted from a natural source, or the purported effects of natural DAP were confirmed. The secondary sources are -

• Tynes et al. (2015) which indicates natural DAP occurs but does not give a reference
• VetSci (2001) which states "DAP is a naturally occurring pheromone which was initially extracted from lactating bitches." but does not give a reference.
• Kim (2010) which cites Pageat and Gaultier (2003)[15]
• Gaultier et al. (2005) which cites Pageat (2000), but this is a US patent - hardly a recogniseable biological source and comments on the efficacy are limited to a study of 10 dogs where "The dogs whose cages are sprayed with the pheromone ate more food and appeared to be more relaxed after surgery that the dogs in the central."[[16]]
• Bowen and Heath (2005) which indicates there is a natural DAP, but sno reference.

THere is another source which is not currently included in the article - a thesis [17] which cites "(Pageat, 1999)" but does not give a reference in the reference list!

To summarise, I am not sure I have found a source that reliably indicates natural DAP exists. Can anyone help?

2002 paper (Antoni, M.) [18] which mentions natural DAP but in relation to the synthetic form. Mentions "apaisina".

Cited paper - Beata, C. (2001). Appeasing pheromones in mammals. In World Congress, Vancouver. - apparently mentions natural DAP

We need a paper like this (2003) but for dogs.[19]

Pageat, P. 1999. Comunicación y territorio en el gato. Asociación Argentina de Medicina Felina. http://www.aamefe.org/territorialidad.html Fecha de acceso: 23-III-2010

Texas IM[20] Mills 2006 [21]

Crustacyanin

Crustacyanin is a biological pigment responsible for giving lobsters their blue colour.

Crustacyanin is a carotenoprotein biological pigment found in the exoskeleton of lobsters and responsible for their blue colour. β-Crustacyanin (β-CR), is comprised of two stacked astaxanthin carotenoids that absorb at λ = 580–590 nm (2.10–2.14 eV). α-crustacyanin (α-CR) is an assembly of eight β-CR protein dimers. It is a 320 kDa (atomic mass) complex containing 16 astaxanthin molecules. Although the β-CR dimer has a peak wavelength of 580 nm, α-CR exhibits a bathochromic shift to 632 nm; the mechanism and function of the additional wavelength shift is not understood.

References

Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/IncidentArchive885#Repeated misrepresentation and uncivility by JzG

For those questioning whether there was a history between Bishonen and Atsme prior to this thread, please look here where this template was posted on April 12th[22] in response to this interaction[23] which was posted on April 9, 2015. Guy responded here[24]

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/Incidents&diff=prev&oldid=664768894

Template

This template's initial visibility currently defaults to autocollapse, meaning that if there is another collapsible item on the page (a navbox, sidebar, or table with the collapsible attribute), it is hidden apart from its title bar; if not, it is fully visible.

To change this template's initial visibility, the |state= parameter may be used:

• {{DrChrissy|state=collapsed}} will show the template collapsed, i.e. hidden apart from its title bar.
• {{DrChrissy|state=expanded}} will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible.

{{Documentation |content= This template's initial visibility currently defaults to collapsed, meaning that it is hidden apart from its title bar.

To change this template's initial visibility, the |state= parameter may be used:

• {{DrChrissy|state=expanded}} will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible.
• {{DrChrissy|state=autocollapse}} will show the template autocollapsed, i.e. if there is another collapsible item on the page (a navbox, sidebar, or table with the collapsible attribute), it is hidden apart from its title bar, but if not, it is fully visible.

Welfare concerns of farm animals

Species	Invasive procedures	Housing
Cattle	Branding Castration Dehorning Ear tagging Nose ringing Restraint Tail docking Tongue resection (calves)	High stocking density (feedlots) Restricted movement (feedlots) Veal crates
Pigs	Castration Ear docking Ear tagging Ear notching Nose ringing Tail docking Tattooing Teeth cutting Tusk trimming	Gestation crates High stocking density Restricted movement
Egg laying hens	Beak-trimming Blinders Dubbing	High stocking density Restricted movement
Broiler chickens	Beak-trimming	High stocking density Restricted movement
Domestic turkey	Beak-trimming Desnooding Detoeing Devocalization Spur removal Toe clipping	High stocking density Restricted movement
Goats and Sheep	Ear tagging Ear notching Dehorning Marking Mulesing Tail docking Teeth grinding	High stocking density (fine wool industry, live export) Restricted movement (fine wool industry, live export)

Newspaper table

Which other sources are reporting these facts? Which other sources are reporting contradictory facts? Is the question a matter of WP:BLP? Is the question a matter of WP:MEDRES? How old is the publication? Are there newer sources that have more up to date analysis? Is there a conflict of interest in this particular story that weighs against other criteria? When it makes mistakes do other reliable sources cover the mistake?

Newspaper	Country	Age (years)	Does the source have a good or bad reputation for -										Do other sources		Another column
			Checking facts	Accuracy	Editorial oversight	Reporting on this subject	Correcting its mistakes	Preferentially reporting scandal or rumours	Preferentially reporting rare events	Conflict of interest	9	10	Report contradictory facts	Report mistakes by the source	Category 1	Category 2
Daily Mail	UK	65	bad	bad	gooda	bad	good	bad	good	bad	?	?	Yes	Yes	?	?
Daily Express	UK	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Daily Telegraph	UK	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
The Guardian	UK	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Notes here aThere is editorial oversight, but the editor is clearly biased against feminist issues

Which other sources are reporting these facts? Which other sources are reporting contradictory facts? Is the question a matter of WP:BLP? Is the question a matter of WP:MEDRES? How old is the publication? Is there a conflict of interest in this particular story that weighs against other criteria? Are they covering it because it is a rare event or because mistakes are the stock in trade of the publication?

Newspaper	Country	Reputation for
Accuracy	Fact checking	Editorial oversight	Reporting on the subject	Correcting its mistakes	Reporting scandal
Reporting mistakes by the source	Reporting more up-to-date information
aA conflict of interest
Daily Mail	UK	Good	Bad	Indifferent
Daily Express	UK										—
The Guardian	UK
aIs there a conflict of interest in this particular story that weighs against other criteria?

Newspaper	Country	Reputation for	!Accuracy	!Editorial	!Fact checking	!General comments	Previous discussions
The Daily Perfect	UK	RS compliant	Use without hesitation
The International Truth	US	RS compliant	Totally trustworthy
The Daily Mail	UK	RS compliant in some contexts	Use with great caution - totally unacceptable for biographies
The Daily Express	UK	RS compliant in some contexts	Use with great caution. Very poor reputation for fact checking
The Weekly Made-up Chronicle	US	non-RS compliant	Do not use without opening Talk thread to discuss
The Daily Sleaze	UK	Non-RS compliant	This source should not be used anywhere on Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:James_D._MacAllister&diff=next&oldid=670712837 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest/Noticeboard&diff=669977921&oldid=669958375 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/IncidentArchive879#Jytdog:_Protracted_uncivility_and_harrassment

There are claims that dogs at the Yulin festival are skinned alive.

Scope and reciprocity[[25]]

The English-language Wikipedia does not have authority over the Meta-Wiki, Wikimedia sister projects, or Wikipedias in languages other than English. As such, bans issued by the English Wikipedia community or Arbitration Committee are not binding on other projects.

Newspaper name	Country	Rating	Comments
The Daily Perfect	UK	RS compliant	Use without hesitation
The International Truth	US	RS compliant	Totally trustworthy
The Daily Mail	UK	RS compliant in some contexts	Use with great caution - totally unacceptable for biographies
The Daily Express	UK	RS compliant in some contexts	Use with great caution. Very poor reputation for fact checking
The Weekly Made-up Chronicle	US	non-RS compliant	Do not use without opening Talk thread to discuss
The Daily Sleaze	UK	Non-RS compliant	This source should not be used anywhere on Wikipedia

Culling in zoos is the process of segregating animals from a group according to desired or undesired characteristics; the process often ends with the segregated animals being killed. Several reasons are given for culling in zoos, including a lack of space, the genes of the culled animals are over-represented in the zoo population, the (young) animal might be attacked or killed, or the culled animals have contracted a diseasse.

Country	Zoo	Species (Common name)	Species (Taxonomic name)	Year	Number	Reason given by zoo	Source
Denmark	Copenhagen Zoo	Giraffe	Giraffa camelopardalis	2014	1 (Marius (giraffe))	Surplus to breeding requirements
Denmark	Odense Zoo	Lion		2014	2
Germany	Magdeburg Zoo	Tiger cubs		2010	3
England	Woburn Safari Park	Rhesus macaque	Macaca mulatta	2000	215	Infected with a virus
Switzerland	Bern Zoo	Namibian lion cubs	Panthera leo	2007	2	Insufficient space
Scotland	Edinburgh Zoo	Red river hog piglets	Potamochoerus porcus	2010	2	Surplus to requirements
England	Paignton Zoo	Peacock		2007	7	Complaints from neighbours about noise
Switzerland	Dahlholzli Zoo	Bear cub			1	May be killed by father
Denmark	Copenhagen	Leopard cubs	Panthera pardus	2012	2	Genes were over-represented

Dog Behaviour

• Senses
• Cognition
• Evolution/Domestication/Co-evolution with humans
• Social behaviour
• Reproductive behaviour
• Relation with humans
  • Historical (for warmth,
  • Modern (Assistance dogs, sniffer dogs)
  • Use in science (Pavlov, space exploration)
  • Attacks

pigmentation

Examples of pet and laboratory animals artificially selected for albinism

Albino catfish

Albino ferret

Albino mouse

Albino guinea-pig

Albino rat

Albino rabbit

Chromophore	Sub-type	Pigment	Structure	Colour/Appearance	Notes	Deficiency
Melanophores		Melanin		Black/Brown	Only pigment in most mammals	Amelanism
Xanthophores		Carotenoids		Yellow/Red	Influenced by diet Occurs particularly in fish and crustaceans	Xanthism
Erythrophores		Pteridine		Red		Anerythrism
Leucophores		Purines		Shiny White
Cyanophores				Blue
Iridophores			Purine platelets	Irridescence. Affects blue, green and red
		Polyene enolates		Red	Unique to parrots

Farm procedures

Invasive procedures on animals

Species	Procedures
Cattle	Branding Dehorning Ear tagging Nose ringing Tongue resection (calves)
Pigs	Ear docking Ear tagging Ear notching Nose ringing Tail docking Tattooing Teeth cutting Tusk trimming
Poultry	Castration/(caponization) Beak-trimming Blinders Desnooding Detoeing Devoicing Dewinging Dubbing Pinioning Spur removal Toe clipping
Sheep	Ear tagging Ear notching Dehorning Marking Mulesing Tail docking Teeth grinding

Mollusc locomotion

Octopuses swim headfirst, with arms trailing behind

Mollusc locomotion describes the way in which animals of the class Mollusca change their location. The mollscs

Passive locomotion

Passive locomotion is a type of mobility in which the animal depends on their environment for transportation. Locomotion, in ethology, is any of a variety of movements among animals that results in progression from one place to another.

Hydrozoans

Physalia physalis

The Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis) lives at the surface of the ocean. The gas-filled bladder, or pneumatophore (sometimes called a "sail"), remains at the surface, while the remainder is submerged. Because the Portuguese man o' war has no means of propulsion, it is moved by a combination of winds, currents, and tides. The sail is equipped with a siphon. In the event of a surface attack, the sail can be deflated, allowing the organism to briefly submerge.

Arachnids

The wheel spider (Carparachne aureoflava) is a huntsman spider approximately 20 mm in size and native to the Namib Desert of Southern Africa. The spider escapes parasitic pompilid wasps by flipping onto its side and cartwheeling down sand dunes at speeds of up to 44 turns per second. If the spider is on a sloped dune, its rolling speed may be 1 metre per second.

A spider (usually limited to individuals of a small species), or spiderling after hatching, will climb as high as it can, stand on raised legs with its abdomen pointed upwards ("tiptoeing"), and then release several silk threads from its spinnerets into the air. These automatically form a triangular shaped parachute which carries the spider away on updrafts of winds where even the slightest of breezes will disperse the arachnid. The Earth's static electric field may also provide lift in windless conditions.

Insects

The larva of the Cicindela dorsalis media tiger beetle is notable for its ability to leap into the air, loop its body into a rotating wheel and roll along the sand at a high speed using wind to propel itself. If the wind is strong enough, the larva can cover up to 60 metres (200 ft) in this manner. This remarkable ability may have evolved to help the larva escape predators such as the tiphiid wasp Methocha.

Members of the largest subfamily of cuckoo wasps, Chrysidinae, are generally kleptoparasites, laying their eggs in host nests, where their larvae consume the host egg or larva while it is still young. Chrysidines are distinguished from the members of other subfamilies in that most have flattened or concave lower abdomens and can curl into a defensive ball when attacked by a potential host, a process known as conglobation. Protected by hard chitin in this position, they are expelled from the nest without injury and can search for a less hostile host.

Fleas can jump vertically up to (18 cm) and horizontally up to (33 cm), however, although this form of locomotion is initiated by the flea, it has little control of the jump - they always jump in the same direction, with very little variation in the trajectory between individual jumps.

Malacostraca

Although stomatopods typically display the standard locomotion types as seen in true shrimp and lobsters, one species, Nannosquilla decemspinosa, has been observed flipping itself into a crude wheel. The species lives in shallow, sandy areas. At low tides, N. decemspinosa is often stranded by its short rear legs, which are sufficient for locomotion when the body is supported by water, but not on dry land. The mantis shrimp then performs a forward flip in an attempt to roll towards the next tide pool. N. decemspinosa has been observed to roll repeatedly for 2 metres (6.6 ft), but specimens typically travel less than 1 m (3.3 ft). Again, the animal initiates the movement but has little control during its locomotion.

Article title	make a redirect from
White-necked raven	White-necked Raven
Black-faced cuckoo-shrike	Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike
Prairie warbler	Prairie Warbler

The diversity of characteristics of birds is great, sometimes even in closely related species. Several avian characteristics are given in the table below.

Species	Adult weight (grams)	Maximum longevity (years)	Incubation (days)	Clutches (per year)	Clutch size
Ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris)	3	9.1	13	2.0	2
House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)	25	23.0	11	4.5	5
Greater roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus)	376	9.0†	20	1.5	4
Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura)	2,200	20.8	39	1.0	2
Laysan albatross (Diomedea immutabilis)	3,150	62.0	64	1.0	1
Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus)	4,000	40.0	40	1.0	1
Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)	4,800	48.0†	40	1.0	2
Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)	6,050	13.0	28	1.0	11
Ostrich (Struthio camelus)	111,000	50.0†	x	x	x
Columns are sortable		†denotes in captivity

Table of reproduction characteristics

Species	Maximum longevity (years) †in captivity	Gestation (days)	Litters per year	Litter size average (range)
Lord Derby's scaly-tailed squirrel Anomalurus derbianus
Springhare Pedetes capensis	20†	80	1	3.6
American beaver Castor canadensis	23.4†	128	1	3.5
Plains pocket gopher Geomys bursarius	12†	51	1	4
Ord's kangaroo rat Dipodomys ordii	9.9†	29	2	3
Damarara mole rat Crytomys damarensis
Crested porcupine Hystrix cristata
Guinea pig Cavia porcellus
Capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris
Long-tailed chinchilla Chinchilla lanigera	17.2†	642	2.0	2.0 (1 to 6)
Coypu Myocastor coypus
Great jerboa Allactaga major
Baluchistan pygmy jerboa Salpingotulus michaelis
Golden hamster Mesocricetus auratus
House mouse Mus musculus	4.0†	19	5.4	5.5 (3 to 12)
Naked mole rat Heterocephalus glaber	31.0	70	3.5	7.0 (x to x)
Mountain beaver Aplodontia rufa
Eurasian red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris
Black rat Rattus rattus	4.0†	21	4.3	7.3 (6 to 12)
Brown rat Rattus norvegicus	3.8†	21	3.7	9.9 (2 to 14)
Eurasian red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris	14.8†	38	2.0	5.0 (1 to 10)
Guinea pig Cavia porcellus	12.0	68	5.0	3.8 (1 to 8)
Coypu Myocastor coypus	8.5†	131	2.4	5.8 (3 to 12)
Capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	15.1†	150	1.3	4.0 (2 to 8)

Physical cahracteristics

.........................................................................

Suborder	Family	Examplar species	Adult weight (grams)	Head-body length (mm)	Tail length (mm)	Dental formula
Anomaluromorpha	Anomaluridae	Lord Derby's scaly-tailed squirrel Anomalurus derbianus	665	379	284	1.0.1.31.0.1.3
Anomaluromorpha	Pedetidae	Springhare Pedetes capensis	4,000	45	48	1.0.1.31.0.1.3
Castorimorpha	Castoridae	American beaver Castor canadensis	32,000	1,170	250	1.0.1.31.0.1.3
Castorimorpha	Geomyidae	Plains pocket gopher Geomys bursarius	450	357	107	1.0.1.31.0.1.3
Castorimorpha	Heteromyidae	Ord's kangaroo rat Dipodomys ordii	96	235	130	1.0.1.31.0.1.3
Hystricomorpha	Bathyergidae	Damarara mole rat Crytomys damarensis	130	174	24	1.0.0.41.0.0.4
Hystricomorpha	Hystricidae	Crested porcupine Hystrix cristata	27,000	830	150	1.0.1.31.0.1.3
Hystricomorpha	Caviidae	Guinea pig Cavia porcellusa	1,200	500	rudimentary	1.0.1.31.0.1.3
Hystricomorpha	Caviidae	Capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaerisb	48,000	1,210	rudimentary	1.1.0.01.1.3.3
Hystricomorpha	Chinchillidae	Long-tailed chinchilla Chinchilla lanigera	493	260	130	1.0.1.31.0.1.3
Hystricomorpha	Myocastoridae	Coypu Myocastor coypus	6,360	521	375	1.0.1.31.0.1.3
Myomorpha	Dipodidae	Great jerboa Allactaga major	380	180	260	1.0.1.31.0.1.3
Myomorpha	Dipodidae	Baluchistan pygmy jerboa Salpingotulus michaelisc	4	8	4	1.0.1.31.0.1.3
Myomorpha	Cricetidae	Golden hamster Mesocricetus auratus	108	18	rudimentary	1.0.1.31.0.1.3
Myomorpha	Muridae	House mouse Mus musculus	30	95	105	1.0.0.31.0.0.3
Myomorpha	Spalacidae	Naked mole rat Heterocephalus glaber	35	116	32	1.0.0.31.0.0.3
Sciuromorpha	Aplodontidae	Mountain beaver Aplodontia rufa	1,125	500	40	1.0.2.31.0.1.3
Sciuromorpha	Sciuridae	Eurasian red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris	340	230	200	1.0.1.31.0.1.3

Data are from non-domesticated animals where appropriate. ^aNo longer found in the wild ^bLargest extant rodent ^cSmallest extant rodent

Rodent habitat and ecology

Suborder	Family	Examplar species	Habitat
Anomaluromorpha	Anomaluridae	Lord Derby's scaly-tailed squirrel Anomalurus derbianus	665	379	284	1.0.1.31.0.1.3	Arboreal	Heavy rainforest
Anomaluromorpha	Pedetidae	Springhare Pedetes capensis	4,000	45	48	1.0.1.31.0.1.3	Burrows Arid, sandy soil
Castorimorpha	Castoridae	American beaver Castor canadensis	32,000	1,170	250	1.0.1.31.0.1.3	Builds a lodge Semi-aquatic
Castorimorpha	Geomyidae	Plains pocket gopher Geomys bursarius	450	357	107	1.0.1.31.0.1.3	Burrows Woods - sandy soils
Castorimorpha	Heteromyidae	Ord's kangaroo rat Dipodomys ordii	96	235	130	1.0.1.31.0.1.3	Burrows Arid sparse vegetation
Hystricomorpha	Bathyergidae	Damarara mole rat Crytomys damarensis	130	174	24	1.0.0.41.0.0.4	Subterannean Semi-arid areas
Hystricomorpha	Hystricidae	Crested porcupine Hystrix cristata	27,000	830	150	{1.0.1.31.0.1.3	Burrows Various - highly adaptable
Hystricomorpha	Caviidae	Guinea pig Cavia porcellusa	1,200	500	rudimentary	1.0.1.31.0.1.3	Burrows/crevicesb Grassy plains
Hystricomorpha	Caviidae	Capybarac Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	48,000	1,210	rudimentary	1.1.0.01.1.3.3	Roaming Semi-aquatic
Hystricomorpha	Chinchillidae	Long-tailed Chinchilla Chinchilla lanigera	493	260	130	1.0.1.31.0.1.3	Burrows/crevices Arid coast
Hystricomorpha	Myocastoridae	Coypu Myocastor coypus	6,360	521	375	1.0.1.31.0.1.3	Burrows Semi-aquatic
Myomorpha	Dipodidae	Great jerboa Allactaga major	380	180	260	1.0.1.31.0.1.3	Burrows Steppes/deserts
Myomorpha	Dipodidae	Baluchistan pygmy jerboad Salpingotulus michaelis	4	8	4	1.0.1.31.0.1.3	Burrows Dry desert
Myomorpha	Cricetidae	Golden hamster Mesocricetus auratus	108	18	rudimentary	1.0.1.31.0.1.3	Subterranean Open steppe
Myomorpha	Muridae	House mouse Mus musculus	30	95	105	1.0.0.31.0.0.3	Various Human commensal
Myomorpha	Spalacidae	Naked mole rat Heterocephalus glaber	35	116	32	1.0.0.31.0.0.3	Subterranean Arid desert
Sciuromorpha	Aplodontidae	Mountain beaver Aplodontia rufa	1,125	500	40	1.0.2.31.0.1.3	Burrows Moist forrest
Sciuromorpha	Sciuridae	Eurasian red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris	340	230	200	1.0.1.31.0.1.3	Arboreal Wooded areas

Data are from non-domesticated animals where appropriate ^ano longer found in the wild _buses burrows of other animals ^clargest extant rodent ^dsmallest extant rodent

Cognition

Metacognition is the ability to think about thinking. It is an ability that was thought to be possesed only by primates until 2007. In a series of studies, scientists discovered that rats can consider their own learning and then make decisions based on what they do, or, do not know. The researchers put the rats through a series of tests where they could get a large treat for choosing a correct answer, get no treat for selecting an incorrect answer, or get a small treat if they declined to take the test. Remarkably, the rats tended to decline difficult tests (preferring to get a small treat instead of possibly nothing) but would take the risk on easier tests in the hope of getting a big reward. This showed that rats have some level of understanding of their own cognition and can make strategic decisions based on that knowledge. Similar tests on birds have been inconclusive.

A pd of hippopotamus

Hippopotamus are eaten by humans in several cultures. Hippopotamus meat was commonly eaten by the Europeans in South Africa in the 19th Century.

Although it is illegal to poach hippo in the Congo, and the meat is described as "tough", it is a pricey delicacy and a three-ton hippo fetches thousands of dollars in village markets across the area.

The American Hippo Bill

In the U.S. in 1910, Louisiana Congressman Robert Broussard introduced the American Hippo bill, H.R. 23621, to authorize the importation and release hippopotamus into the bayous of Louisiana. Broussard argued that the hippopotamus would eat the invasive and destructive water hyacinth that was clogging the rivers of Louisiana, benefiting shipping, and also produce meat to solve another serious problem at the time, the American meat crisis. The chief collaborators and proponents of Broussard's bill were Major Frederick Russell Burnham, the celebrated American scout who became the inspiration for both Indiana Jones and the Boy Scouts, and Captain Fritz Duquense, a South African scout who later became a notorious spy for Germany and the leader of the Duquesne Spy Ring. Presenting before the U.S. Agricultural Committee, Burnham made the point that none of the animals that Americans ate, chickens, pigs, cows, sheep, lambs, were native to the U.S., all had been imported by European settlers centuries before, so why should Americans hesitate to introduce hippopotamus and other large animals into the American diet? Duquesne, who was born and raised in South Africa, further noted that European settlers on that continent commonly included hippopotamus, ostrich, antelope, and other African wildlife in their diets and suffered no ill effects. Former President Theodore Roosevelt backed the plan, as did the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Washington Post, and the New York Times which praised the taste of hippopotamus as “lake cow bacon”. The American Hippo bill fell just short of being passed.

Effects on populations

Along with habitat destruction, the poaching of hippopotamus is causing the population to crash and putting the species at risk of extinction. In modern times, wild hippopotamus meat is consumed for food in the Congo and has become a delicacy in parts of central Africa. In addition, hippopotamus teeth, which can grow over 60 centimetres long, have become a valued substitute for elephant ivory.

[[The Congo’s hippopotamus population is the world’s largest, however, it is being devastated by poaching. In 2005, only about 800 remain in Virunga National Park, down from 29,000 in the mid-1970s. Walter Dzeidzic of the World Wildlife Fund in Congo says the hippo may soon be extinct in the Central African nation.

Farming

As with the rhino, there are new proposals to establish hippopotamus ranching in Africa, similar to what was proposed in Congressman Broussard's hippo bill, as a means to save endangered species.

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Mating means coming together or joining

In biology

• Mating, the reproductive behaviour of organisms
• Mating call, the mating calls of mammals

In engineering

• Engineering fit, the mating of mechanical components

In art and literature

• Mating (novel), the 1991 American novel
• Mating Call, the Jazz album by Tadd Dameron and John Coltrane

{{disambig}}

Eating live animals

The practice of eating live animals by humans is widespread and includes both vertebrate and invertebrate species.

Vertebrates

Fish

In Japan, Ikizukuri ("prepared alive") is the preparation of sashimi ("pierced food") made from live seafood. The most popular sea animal used in ikizukuri is fish but octopus, shrimp, and lobster may also be used. The fish is typically filleted without being killed and served while the heart is still beating and the mouth opening and closing. Sometimes the fish is temporarily returned to an aquarium to swim around and recover for a second course.

Another fish dish, popular in China, is called Ying Yang fish (also called dead-and-alive fish) in which the fish's body (but not the head) is rapidly deep-fried and served while the head is still fresh and moving. It is prepared extremely quickly, with care not to damage the internal organs, so that the fish can remain alive for thirty minutes.

Frog

Andrew Zimmern of the Travel Channel's "Bizarre Foods" ate frog sashimi. Though most of the frog is served dead (and raw), the meal begins by eating the frog's fresh, still-beating heart.

Invertebrates

Octopus

In Korea, Sannakji is the preparation of live octopus that has been cut into small pieces or prepared whole, and served with its arms still squirming. Sannakji connoisseurs enjoy more than just the taste of the fresh meat; they enjoy the sensation of the still-active suction cups on the octopus' arms as they stick to the mouth. Novices are advised to chew before swallowing to avoid the threat of being choked.

Sea urchin

Sea urchins are prized around the world for their fishy-flavoured roe and flesh. They are often eaten raw, such as in sushi (typically called "uni") and some people prefer to eat them immediately after they are cut open. Scissors are often used to avoid the protective spines whilst cutting the animal open.

Shrimp

In China, one common way that shrimp is prepared to be eaten alive is a dish called drunken shrimp. The shrimp, usually 10 animals per serving, are first doused in a strong liquor which makes them less likely to struggle while being swallowed and also creates a flavourful marinade. A plate is typically held over the bowl to prevent the shrimp from leaping out as they are much more active than when served as Adori ebi (see below).

Odori ebi ("dancing shrimp") is a type of Japanese sashimi that contains young shrimp, usually only one individual per serving. The shrimp has its shell removed and sometimes its head as well. These can be deep fried and served alongside the rest of the shrimp, which is still moving its legs and antennae while being eaten. The shrimp only dies when chewed.

Oyster

Oysters are the most common animal often eaten raw and alive. They are considered healthiest when eaten raw on the half shell.

Ant

A chain of restaurants serves a salad crawling with live ants. The ants are chilled so that they move slower, and are supposed to taste like lemongrass.

Larva

One example of eating live larvae is the witchetty grub of Australian aboriginal cuisine, which can be eaten alive and raw or cooked.

Casu marzu is a traditional Sardinian sheep milk cheese, notable for containing live insect larvae. It is found almost exclusively in Sardinia, Italy. Casu marzu goes beyond typical fermentation to a stage most would consider decomposition, brought about by the digestive action of the larvae of the cheese fly Piophila casei. These larvae are deliberately introduced to the cheese. The cheese received attention on Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern. Zimmern described the taste of the cheese as "so ammoniated" that "...it scorches your tongue a bit." The cheese is known to leave an aftertaste for a duration of up to several hours. Similar milk cheeses notable for containing living insect larvae are produced in several Italian regions.

Louis Cole

A YouTube channel called "Food for Louis" shows videos of Louis Cole eating live animals. These include 21 live locusts, a large, live lizard from the Brazilian jungle, a live tarantula, live crayfish, live scorpion and live goldfish.

See also

• Eating live seafood
• Pain in animals
• Pain in invertebrates

Universities Federation for Animal Welfare

Universities Federation for Animal Welfare

Founded	1926
Focus	Animal welfare
Location	England
Area served	Worldwide
Product	Education
Key people	James Kirkwood (Director)
Website	http://www.ufaw.org.uk/

The Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) is an independent registered charity that works to develop and promote improvements in the welfare of all animals through scientific and educational activity worldwide.

In promoting and supporting this scientific approach to improving welfare, UFAW's work is wide-ranging and undertaken with many other organisations and individuals - enlisting and informing animal keepers, scientists, veterinarians, lawyers and others who care about animals.

History

UFAW’s history can be traced to the founding in 1926 of the University of London Animal Welfare Society (ULAWS) by Major Charles Hume. The name was changed to the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare in 1938, reflecting the increasingly wide range of people and institutions involved.

Pioneering publications

Ethical animal experimentation: In 1959, the culmination of the work by William Russell and Rex Burch at UFAW was published in The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, a revolutionary groundbreaking book which introduced for the first time, the concept of the Three Rs in biomedical research, i.e. Replacement of the use of sentient animals where possible, Reduction of the number used to the minimum necessary to achieve the objective, and Refinement of care and techniques to minimise the risks of harm to welfare. Application of the Three Rs is now required by regulatory authorities in many countries.

Hare coursing: Until the 1970s, there was a dearth of scientific evidence on the welfare impact of hare coursing. The first thorough study was carried out in 1977–1979 by UFAW.

Scientific journal: UFAW publishes the quarterly, peer-reviewed, scientific journal "Animal Welfare".

The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Farm Animals was first published in 1971 and in 2013 reached its fourth edition.

The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory and other Research Animals was first published in 1947 and reached its eight edition in 2010.

External links

For a list of UFAW publications, see here.[26]

End here

Some examples of Behavioural Ecology

Penguins huddling in the Antarctic

Geese flying in aerodynamic V-formation

The bee waggle dance communicating information

An African elephant crossing a river

A frog with inflated vocal sac

A stotting gazelle

Table of responses

Phylum	Order/Class	Species	Common name	Suitable nervous system	Physiological changes	Protective motor actions	Opioid receptors	Motivational trade-offs	Avoidance learning	High cognitive ability
Arthropoda	Decapoda	Chasmagnathus granulatus	Mud-flat crab	Yes		Yes			Yes
Arthropoda	Decapoda	Pagurus bernhardus	Hermit crab	Yes		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Arthropoda	Decapoda	Procambarus clarkii	Red Swamp crayfish	Yes	Yes	No			Yes
Arthropoda	Decapoda	Palaemon elegans	Prawn	Yes
Arthropoda	Decapoda	Penaeus monodon	Grass prawn	Yes		Yes	Yes
Arthropoda	Stomatopoda	Squailla mantis	Mantis shrimp	Yes		Yes	Yes
Arthropoda	Diptera	Drosophila	Fruit fly	Yes		Yes			Yes	{{|- bgcolor="#ggffgg"|DrChrissy}} {{|- bgcolor="#gffg"|DrChrissy}} {{|- bgcolor="#eeffee"|DrChrissy}}		Yes
Mollusca	Gastropda	Aplysia	Sea-hare	?		Yes			Yes