Kashmiris: Difference between revisions

Kashmiris
کٲشِرؠ
	A Kashmiri woman with a child in Srinagar, India c. 2014
Regions with significant populations
India (Jammu and Kashmir)	6,797,587 (2011)*
Pakistan	353,064 (2017)*
Languages
	Kashmiri
Religion
	Majority:; Islam; (Sunni majority, Shia minority); Minority: Hinduism, Sikhism;
Related ethnic groups
	Other Dards, Indo-Aryans

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Kashmiris are a Dardic ethno-linguistic group and first-language speakers of the Kashmiri language, who live in the Kashmir Valley of Jammu and Kashmir, India.^[3]^[4]

History

Language

(left)An example of early Sharada script, in the Bakhshali manuscript; (right) Stone Slab in Verinag in Perso-Arabic script

The Kashmiri language is spoken primarily in the Kashmir Valley, Kashmir Division and the Chenab Valley, Jammu Division; both in Jammu and Kashmir, India. The language originates from Sanskrit, but it also receives a good amount of Persian influence during the Afghan and Persian rule evident in the language spoken today.^[5] According to many linguists, the Kashmiri language is a northwest Dardic language of the Indo-Aryan family, descending from Middle Indo-Aryan languages. The label "Dardic" indicates a geographical label for the languages spoken in the northwest mountain regions, not a linguistic label.^[6] UCLA estimates the number of speakers as being around 4.4 million, with a preponderance in the Kashmir Valley,^[7] whereas the 2001 census of India records over 5.5 million speakers.^[8] According to the 1998 Census there were only 132,450 Kashmiri speakers in Azad Kashmir.^[9] According to Professor Khawaja Abdul Rehman the Kashmiri language is on the verge of dying out in the Neelum Valley.^[10]

Kashmiri is believed to be the only one among the Dardic languages that has a written literature.^[6] Kashmiri literature dates back to over 750 years, comparable to that of most modern languages.^[11] Some modern Kashmiri poets and writers are Mehjoor and Abdul Ahad Azad.^[12]

References

^ "Abstract Of Speakers' Strength of Languages And Mother Tongues - 2011" (PDF). Census India (.gov). 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
^ Kiani, Khaleeq (28 May 2018). "CCI defers approval of census results until elections". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 15 September 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 20 June 2020 suggested (help)
^ (a) Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannia, "Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent", Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 15 August 2019 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help) (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories. China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962.";
(b) "Kashmir", Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328, ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6 C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partly by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";
^ Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
^ Kaw, Kashmiri Pandits 2001, p. 34.
^ ^a ^b Munshi, S. (2010), "Kashmiri", Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, Elsevier, pp. 582–, ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4
^ "UCLA Languages Project: Kashmiri". UCLA International Institute. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
^ Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2000, Census of India, 2001
^ Shakil, Mohsin (2012). "Languages of Erstwhile State of Jammu Kashmir (A Preliminary Study)". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Up north: Call for exploration of archaeological sites". 5 June 2015.
^ Ghulam Rasool Malik, Kashmiri Literature Archived 1 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Muse India, June 2006.
^ Poetry and renaissance: Kumaran Asan birth centenary volume, Sameeksha, 1974, retrieved 12 August 2015

Bibliography

Encyclopedia

Amin, Tahir; Schofield, Victoria (2009), "Kashmir", in John L. Esposito (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islamic World, ISBN 9780195305135
Khan, Nyla Ali. Kashmir. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women.
West, Barbara (2010), Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, ISBN 9781438119137

Scholarly books

Ames, Frank (1986). The Kashmir shawl and its Indo-French influence. Antique Collectors' Club. ISBN 9780907462620.
Bhat, M. Ashraf (2017), The Changing Language Roles and Linguistic Identities of the Kashmiri Speech Community, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4438-6260-8
Bose, Sumantra (2013), Transforming India, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-72819-6
Brower, Barbara; Johnston, Barbara Rose (2016). Disappearing Peoples?: Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia. Routledge. ISBN 9781315430393.
C. Baron V. Hugel, Annotated By D.C. Sharma (1984). Kashmir Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd. ISBN 9788171560943.
Chowdhary, Rekha (2015), Jammu and Kashmir: Politics of Identity and Separatism, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-317-41405-6
Chen, Yu-Wen; Shih, Chih-Yu (2016), Borderland Politics in Northern India, Routledge, ISBN 9781317605171
Drace-Francis, Alex, European Identity: A Historical Readered. European Identity: a historical reader.] Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
Fahim, Farukh (2011), "Centuries' Subjugation Kicks off a Bitter Struggle", in Harsh Dobhal (ed.), Writings on Human Rights, Law, and Society in India: A Combat Law Anthology : Selections from Combat Law, 2002-2010, New Delhi: Human Rights Law Network/Socio Legal Information Centre, pp. 258–264, ISBN 9788189479787
Hangloo, Rattan Lal (2000), The State in Medieval Kashmir, Manohar, ISBN 978-81-7304-251-5
Jalal, Ayesha (2002), Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-59937-0
Rai, Mridu (2004), Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir, C. Hurst & Co, ISBN 1850656614
Schofield, Victoria (2000), Kashmir in Conflict, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co, ISBN 9781860648984
- Schofield, Victoria (2010), Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War, I.B.Tauris, ISBN 978-0-85773-078-7
Sevea, Iqbal Singh (2012), The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781139536394
Snedden, Christopher (2015), Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-1-84904-342-7
Watt, George (2014). A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, Part 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108068796.
Zutshi, Chitralekha (2004), Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, ISBN 978-1-85065-700-2

Books

Bamzai, P. N. K. (1994), Culture and Political History of Kashmir: Ancient Kashmir, M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd., ISBN 978-81-85880-31-0
Bamzai, Prithivi Nath Kaul (1994), Culture and Political History of Kashmir: Medieval Kashmir, M.D. Publications, ISBN 978-81-85880-33-4
Bakshi, S. R. (1997), Kashmir Through Ages, Volume 2: Kashmir - Valley and its Culture, Sarup & Sons, ISBN 978-81-85431-71-0
Bhandari, Mohan C. (2006), Solving Kashmir, Lancer Publishers, ISBN 978-81-7062-125-6
Dar, P Krishna (2000). Kashmiri Cooking. Penguin UK. ISBN 9789351181699.
Kaw, M.K. (2001), Kashmiri Pandits: Looking to the Future, APH Publishing, ISBN 9788176482363
Kaw, M. K. (2004), Kashmir and its People: Studies in the evolution of Kashmiri society, Volume 4 of KECSS research series: Culture and heritage of Kashmir, APH Publishing, p. 90, ISBN 978-81-7648-537-1
Madison Books; Andrews McMeel Publishing, LLC; Corby Kummer (1 November 2007). 1001 Foods To Die For. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7407-7043-2.
Hāṇḍā, Omacanda (1998), Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya, Indus Publishing, ISBN 978-81-7387-076-7
Parashar, Parmanand (2004), Kashmir The Paradise Of Asia, Sarup & Sons, ISBN 978-81-7625-518-9
Rafiabadi, Hamid Naseem (2003), World Religions and Islam: A Critical Study, Part 2, Sarup & Sons, ISBN 9788176254144
Rafiabadi, Hamid Naseem (2005), Saints and Saviours of Islam, Sarup & Sons, ISBN 978-81-7625-555-4
Janet Rizvi (2001), Trans-Himalayan Caravans: Merchant Princes and Peasant Traders in Ladakh, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-565817-0
Solomon H. Katz; William Woys Weaver (2003). Encyclopedia of Food and Culture: Food production to Nuts. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-80566-5.
The Panjab Past and Present. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. 1993. p. 22.

Journal articles

Bhasin, M.K.; Nag, Shampa (2002). "A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir"(PDF). Journal of Human Ecology
Downie, J.M.; Tashi, T.; Lorenzo, F.R.; Feusier, J.E.; Mir, H.; Prchal, J.T. (2016), "A Genome-Wide Search for Greek and Jewish Admixture in the Kashmiri Population", PLOS ONE, 11 (8): e0160614, Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1160614D, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160614, PMC 4973929, PMID 27490348
Journal of History. Department of History, Jadavpur University. 1981. p. 76.
The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52. The Survey.
The quarterly journal of the Mythic society (Bangalore)., Volume 96. The Society.

Primary sources

Lawrence, Sir Walter Roper (1895), The Valley of Kashmir, Asian Educational Services, ISBN 978-81-206-1630-1
Mohamed, C K. Census of India, 1921. Vol. XXII: Kashmir. Part I: Report.
Proceedings - Indian History Congress, Volume 63. Indian History Congress. 2003.
Punjab Census Report 17 Feb 1881. 1883.
Ram, Anant; Raina, Hira Nand (1933). Census of India, 1931. Vol. XXIV: Jammu and Kashmir State. Part II: Imperial and State Tables.
Sir George Watt (1903). Indian Art at Delhi 1903: Being the Official Catalogue of the Delhi Exhibition 1902-1903. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-0278-0.

External links

Media related to Kashmiri people at Wikimedia Commons

[1] "Abstract Of Speakers' Strength of Languages And Mother Tongues - 2011" (PDF). Census India (.gov). 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.

[2] Kiani, Khaleeq (28 May 2018). "CCI defers approval of census results until elections". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 15 September 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 20 June 2020 suggested (help)

[britannica-jammu-kashmir-3] (a) Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannia, "Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent", Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 15 August 2019 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help) (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories. China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962.";
(b) "Kashmir", Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328, ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6 C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partly by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";

[Osmanczyk2003-4] Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."

[FOOTNOTEKaw,_Kashmiri_Pandits200134-5] Kaw, Kashmiri Pandits 2001, p. 34.

[Munshi_2010-6] Munshi, S. (2010), "Kashmiri", Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, Elsevier, pp. 582–, ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4

[uclaii-7] "UCLA Languages Project: Kashmiri". UCLA International Institute. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2012.

[2001_census-8] Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2000, Census of India, 2001

[9] Shakil, Mohsin (2012). "Languages of Erstwhile State of Jammu Kashmir (A Preliminary Study)". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[10] "Up north: Call for exploration of archaeological sites". 5 June 2015.

[11] Ghulam Rasool Malik, Kashmiri Literature Archived 1 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Muse India, June 2006.

[M._Govindan-12] Poetry and renaissance: Kumaran Asan birth centenary volume, Sameeksha, 1974, retrieved 12 August 2015

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Ethnolinguistic group native to the Kashmir Valley in the Indian subcontinent}}
+{{Short description|Ethnolinguistic group native to the Kashmir Valley of India}}
 {{Other uses|Kashmiri (disambiguation)}}
 {{pp-pc1}}
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 | group            = Kashmiris
 | image            = Kashmiri Lady and Son (14570772131).jpg
-| caption          = A Kashmiri woman
+| caption          = A Kashmiri woman with a child in [[Srinagar]], [[India]] {{circa|2014}}
-with a child in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], {{circa|2014}}
 | poptime          =
 | region1          = {{IND}} {{small|([[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]])}}
 | pop1             = 6,797,587 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])*
 | ref1             = <ref>{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Abstract Of Speakers' Strength of Languages And Mother Tongues - 2011|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815041600/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|archive-date=15 August 2020|access-date=17 March 2020|website=Census India (.gov)}}</ref>
-| region2          = {{PAK}} {{small|(outside [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]])}}
+| region2          = {{PAK}}
 | pop2             = 353,064 ([[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]])*
 | ref2             = <ref>{{Cite web|last=Kiani|first=Khaleeq|date=28 May 2018|title=CCI defers approval of census results until elections|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620161758/https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447/cci-defers-approval-of-census-results-until-elections|archive-date=15 September 2020|access-date=17 March 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref>
-| region3          = {{PAK}} {{small|([[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]])}}
-| pop3             = 132,450 (as per 1998 census)
-| ref3             = <ref>{{cite document|url=https://www.academia.edu/6485567|title=Languages of Erstwhile State of Jammu Kashmir (A Preliminary Study)|last1=Shakil|first1=Mohsin}}</ref>
 | langs            = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]<!-- don't include the so-called state's official languages, it is an ethnic group, not a polity -->
 | rels             = '''Majority''':<br />[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Kashmiri Muslims|Islam]]<br />{{nowrap|{{small|([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] majority, [[Shia Islam|Shia]] minority)}}}}<br />'''Minority''':{{hlist|[[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Kashmiri Hindus|Hinduism]], [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]] [[Sikhism]]}}
 | related          = Other [[Dardic peoples|Dards]], [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryans]]
-| footnotes        = *The population figures are only for the number of speakers of the Kashmiri language. May not include ethnic Kashmiris who no longer speak the Kashmiri language.
 | native_name      = {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کٲشِرؠ}}}}
 | native_name_lang = ks
 }}
-'''Kashmiris''' are a [[Dardic peoples|Dardic]] ethno-linguistic group and first-language speakers of the [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], living mostly, but not exclusively, in the [[Kashmir Valley]] in the portion of the disputed [[Kashmir]] region administered by India.<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir>(a) {{citation|last1=Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannia|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |access-date=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories. China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962.";<br/> (b) {{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partly by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";</ref><ref name="Osmanczyk2003">{{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref>
+'''Kashmiris''' are a [[Dardic peoples|Dardic]] ethno-linguistic group and first-language speakers of the [[Kashmiri language]], who live in the [[Kashmir Valley]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir>(a) {{citation|author=Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannia|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |access-date=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories. China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962.";<br/> (b) {{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partly by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";</ref><ref name="Osmanczyk2003">{{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref>
 == History ==
@@ Line 43: / Line 39: @@
 | image2 = Stone Slab1 Verinag.jpg
 | footer = {{font|size=100%|font=Sans-serif|text=(left)An example of early [[Sharada script]], in the Bakhshali manuscript; (right) Stone Slab in [[Verinag]] in Perso-Arabic script}}}}
-Kashmiri is spoken primarily in the [[Kashmir Valley]] and Chenab regions of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Although the language originates from [[Sanskrit]] it received a great deal of [[Persian language|Persian]] influence during the [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] and [[Persians|Persian]] rule evident in the language spoken today.{{Sfn|Kaw, Kashmiri Pandits|2001|p=34}} According to many linguists, the [[Kashmiri language]] is a northwest [[Dardic languages|Dardic language]] of the Indo-Aryan family, descending from [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages]]. The label "Dardic" indicates a geographical label for the languages spoken in the northwest mountain regions, not a linguistic label.<ref name="Munshi 2010">{{citation |last=Munshi |first=S. |chapter=Kashmiri |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA582 |date=2010 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-087775-4 |pages=582–}}</ref> UCLA estimates the number of speakers as being around 4.4&nbsp;million, with a preponderance in the [[Kashmir Valley]],<ref name=uclaii>{{cite web |title=UCLA Languages Project: Kashmiri |url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=198&menu=004 |publisher=UCLA International Institute |access-date=24 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605043730/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=198&menu=004 |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> whereas the 2001 census of India records over 5.5&nbsp;million speakers.<ref name="2001 census">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/%28S%282scoev45b4mhlg45mz5jq345%29%29/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.aspx Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2000], Census of India, 2001</ref> According to the 1998 Census there were 132,450 Kashmiri speakers in [[Azad Kashmir]], Pakistan.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/6485567 |title=Languages of Erstwhile State of Jammu Kashmir (A Preliminary Study) |last=Shakil |first=Mohsin |date=2012 }}</ref> According to Professor Khawaja Abdul Rehman the Kashmiri language is on the verge of dying out in the Neelum Valley.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/897933/up-north-call-for-exploration-of-archaeological-sites/ |title=Up north: Call for exploration of archaeological sites |date=5 June 2015 }}</ref>
+The [[Kashmiri language]] is spoken primarily in the [[Kashmir Valley]], [[Kashmir Division]] and the [[Chenab Valley]], [[Jammu Division]]; both in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. The language originates from [[Sanskrit]], but it also receives a good amount of [[Persian language|Persian]] influence during the [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] and [[Persians|Persian]] rule evident in the language spoken today.{{Sfn|Kaw, Kashmiri Pandits|2001|p=34}} According to many linguists, the [[Kashmiri language]] is a northwest [[Dardic languages|Dardic language]] of the Indo-Aryan family, descending from [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages]]. The label "Dardic" indicates a geographical label for the languages spoken in the northwest mountain regions, not a linguistic label.<ref name="Munshi 2010">{{citation |last=Munshi |first=S. |chapter=Kashmiri |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA582 |date=2010 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-087775-4 |pages=582–}}</ref> UCLA estimates the number of speakers as being around 4.4&nbsp;million, with a preponderance in the [[Kashmir Valley]],<ref name=uclaii>{{cite web |title=UCLA Languages Project: Kashmiri |url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=198&menu=004 |publisher=UCLA International Institute |access-date=24 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605043730/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=198&menu=004 |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> whereas the 2001 census of India records over 5.5&nbsp;million speakers.<ref name="2001 census">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/%28S%282scoev45b4mhlg45mz5jq345%29%29/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.aspx Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2000], Census of India, 2001</ref> According to the 1998 Census there were only 132,450 Kashmiri speakers in [[Azad Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/6485567 |title=Languages of Erstwhile State of Jammu Kashmir (A Preliminary Study) |last=Shakil |first=Mohsin |date=2012 }}</ref> According to Professor Khawaja Abdul Rehman the Kashmiri language is on the verge of dying out in the Neelum Valley.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/897933/up-north-call-for-exploration-of-archaeological-sites/ |title=Up north: Call for exploration of archaeological sites |date=5 June 2015 }}</ref>
 Kashmiri is believed to be the only one among the [[Dardic languages]] that has a written literature.<ref name="Munshi 2010"/> Kashmiri literature dates back to over 750 years, comparable to that of most modern languages.<ref>Ghulam Rasool Malik, [http://www.museindia.com/viewarticle.asp?myr=2006&issid=6&id=225 Kashmiri Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701165816/http://www.museindia.com/viewarticle.asp?myr=2006&issid=6&id=225 |date=1 July 2016 }}, Muse India, June 2006.</ref> Some modern Kashmiri poets and writers are [[Mehjoor]] and [[Abdul Ahad Azad]].<ref name="M. Govindan">{{citation |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q9gZAAAAIAAJ&q=mahjoor+poet+kashmir+zinda+kaul+azad | title = Poetry and renaissance: Kumaran Asan birth centenary volume |publisher = Sameeksha |access-date = 12 August 2015| year = 1974 }}</ref>
@@ Line 49: / Line 46: @@
 == See also ==
 {{div col}}
-* [[1931 Kashmir agitation]]
 * [[1941 Census of Jammu and Kashmir]]
+* [[Panun Kashmir]]
-* [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]]
+* [[All India Kashmiri Samaj]]
+* [[Ikkjutt Jammu]]
 * [[Elections in Jammu and Kashmir]]
+* [[Islam in India|Indian Muslims]]
+* [[Kashmiri Hindus]]
+* [[Kashmiri Pandits]]
+* [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]]
+* [[Kashmiri Muslims]]
 * [[Kashmir conflict]]
 * [[Kashmiri diaspora]]
@@ Line 130: / Line 133: @@
 {{Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir}}
+{{Demographics of India}}
-{{Ethnic groups in Pakistan}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Kashmiri People}}
 [[Category:Dardic peoples]]
 [[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
-[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir|*]]
+[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]
-[[Category:Kashmiri people|*]]
+[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
+[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
+[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
+[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
+[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
 [[Category:Ethnic groups divided by international borders]]
 [[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]

v t e Ethnic groups, social groups and tribes of Jammu and Kashmir
Brahmins	Kashmiri Pandit Mohyal Brahmin Dogra Brahmin
Dalits	Barwala Chamar Chura Mazhabi Rattal Saryara Wattal
Dogras	Jamwal Batwal Jasrotia
Gurjars	Gurjar Parihar Hun Chavda Tomar Bhati Nanda Chauhan Parmar Solanki Baisla
Jats	Bangial
Muslims	Kashmiri Muslim Dogra Muslim Pahari Muslim Gujjar Muslim Bakarwal Muslim
Others	Bakarwal Balti Bomba Kashmiri Hindus Paharis Sansi

v t e Demographics of India
States	Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal
Union territories	Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Delhi Jammu and Kashmir Ladakh Lakshadweep Puducherry