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'''Gjirokastër''' or '''Gjirokastra''' ([[Albanian language|Albanian]] {{IPA2|ɟiɾoˈkastəɾ}}; {{lang-rup|Ljurocastru}}; from {{lang-el|Αργυρόκαστρο}}, ''Argyrókastro''), is a [[city]] in southern [[Albania]] with a [[population]] of around 34,000. Lying in the historical region of [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]], it is also the capital of both the [[Gjirokastër District]] and the larger [[Gjirokastër County]]. Its old town is inscribed on the [[World Heritage List]] as "a rare example of a well-preserved [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] town, built by farmers of large estate." Located in the south of the country, at 300 meters above [[sea level]], Gjirokastër is situated in a valley between the Gjerë mountains and the [[Drino River]]. The city is overlooked by a large [[castle]] (Kalaja e Gjirokastres) which dates back to [[Pre-Christian]] times.
'''Gjirokastër''' or '''Gjirokastra'''), is a [[city]] in southern [[Albania]] with a [[population]] of around 34,000. Lying in the historical region of [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]], it is also the capital of both the [[Gjirokastër District]] and the larger [[Gjirokastër County]]. Its old town is inscribed on the [[World Heritage List]] as "a rare example of a well-preserved [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] town, built by farmers of large estate." Located in the south of the country, at 300 meters above [[sea level]], Gjirokastër is situated in a valley between the Gjerë mountains and the [[Drino River]]. The city is overlooked by a large [[castle]] (Kalaja e Gjirokastres) which dates back to [[Pre-Christian]] times.


The majority of Gjirokastrans are ethnic [[Albanians]], with minorities of [[Greeks]], [[Vlach]]s and [[Roma (Romani subgroup)|Roma]]<ref>[http://www.gjirokastra.org/about_gjirokastra.html About Gjirokastra, gjirokastra.org]</ref>.
The majority of Gjirokastrans are ethnic [[Albanians]], with minorities of [[Greeks]], [[Vlach]]s and [[Roma (Romani subgroup)|Roma]]<ref>[http://www.gjirokastra.org/about_gjirokastra.html About Gjirokastra, gjirokastra.org]</ref>.

Revision as of 20:44, 8 June 2009

Gjirokastër
Gjirokastër, as seen from the Citadel
Gjirokastër, as seen from the Citadel
Country Albania
CountyGjirokastër County
DistrictGjirokastër District
Elevation
300 m (1,000 ft)
Population
 (2003)
 • Total34,000
Time zoneUTC+1 (Central European Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
6001-6003
Area code+355 (0) 84
Car PlatesGJ

Gjirokastër or Gjirokastra), is a city in southern Albania with a population of around 34,000. Lying in the historical region of Epirus, it is also the capital of both the Gjirokastër District and the larger Gjirokastër County. Its old town is inscribed on the World Heritage List as "a rare example of a well-preserved Ottoman town, built by farmers of large estate." Located in the south of the country, at 300 meters above sea level, Gjirokastër is situated in a valley between the Gjerë mountains and the Drino River. The city is overlooked by a large castle (Kalaja e Gjirokastres) which dates back to Pre-Christian times.

The majority of Gjirokastrans are ethnic Albanians, with minorities of Greeks, Vlachs and Roma[1]. Gjirokastër is considered the center of the Greek community in Albania[2][3].

History

Traditional Gjirokastër houses

Gjirokastër is an ancient city with traces of human habitation dating back to the 1st century BC. It is located on the slopes of the Mali i Gjerë ("Wide Mountain"), overlooking the Drino river. The city was probably founded during Byzantine rule, some time in the 12th century AD around a fortress on the hillside. It developed into a major commercial centre known as Argyropolis ("Silver City", Greek: Αργυρόπολις) or Argyrokastron ("Silver Castle", Greek: Αργυρόκαστρον).

The city was part of the Byzantine Despotate of Epirus in the 14th century before passing to the Ottoman Empire in 1417. It was captured in 1811 by the Albanian-born Ali Pasha, who carved out his own semi-autonomous fiefdom in the southwestern Balkans. In the late 19th century, when the city was the capital of the sandjak of Ergiri in the Yanya vilayet, it became a centre of resistance to Turkish rule. The Assembly of Gjirokastër, a key event in the history of the Albanian liberation movement, was held there in 1880.

Historically, Gjirokastër has been known to produce some of the leading revolutionary figures in Albanian history. The region is also been known to have sheltered Markos Botsaris, a Souliot guerilla fighter who joined the Greek independence movement against the Ottoman Empire in the early 1800s.

During the First Balkan War of 1912–1913, the city was claimed by Greece, after the retreat of the Ottomans in the region. However, it was awarded to Albania under the terms of the Treaty of London of 1913 and the Protocol of Florence of 17 December 1913[4]. In March 1914 the autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus was declared in Gjirokastër by the local Greek population and was confirmed by the Great Powers during the Protocol of Corfu[5]. The Republic, however, soon became worthless because of the political issues that ensued from the outbreak of First World War[6] and the Greek military returned in October-November 1914, and again captured Gjirokastër and the southern Albanian city of Korçë. In April 1916 the territory was annexed to Greece. The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 restored the pre-war status quo, essentially upholding the border line decided in the 1913 Protocol of Florence, and the city was again returned to Albanian control.[7]

In April 1939, Gjirokastër was occupied by Italy and was annexed to that country along with much of the rest of Albania. During the Second World War, the Greek Army entered the city, because of its advance during the Greek-Italian conflicts in the area and stayed for a brief six months period, until capitulating to the Germans and returning the city to Italian command. After Italy's capitulation Germany invaded and took control in September 1943, but the city returned to Albanian control in 1944.

The postwar Communist regime developed the city as an industrial and commercial centre. It was elevated to the status of a "museum town", birthplace of the dictator Enver Hoxha, who had been born there in 1908. His house was converted into a museum which became a focal point of Hoxha's cult of personality.

Gjirokastër suffered severe economic problems following the end of communist rule in 1991. It was particularly badly affected by the 1997 collapse of a massive pyramid scheme which destabilised the entire Albanian economy. The city became the focus of a rebellion against the government of Sali Berisha and violent anti-government protests took place which eventually forced Berisha's resignation. On December 16 1997, Hoxha's house was blown up by unknown (but presumably anti-communist) attackers.

Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastra (well-preserved southern Albanian towns bearing outstanding testimony to the Ottoman period in the Balkans)
UNESCO World Heritage Site
CriteriaCultural: iii, iv
Reference569
Inscription2005 (29th Session)
Extensions2008

Economy

Gjirokastër is principally a commercial centre with some industries, notably the production of foodstuffs, leather, and textiles.

Culture and places of interest

The city is remarkable for its great natural beauty, as well as his harmonious intercultural mix of Albanian, Byzantine and Ottoman heritage and tradition, which is obvious on the many historical buildings and sites. Many houses in Gjirokastër have a distinctive local style that has earned the city the nickname "City of Stone", because most of the old houses have roofs covered with stones. Due to Gjirokastër's importance to the Communist regime, its city centre was spared at least some of the thoughtless redevelopment that afflicted other cities in Albania, but its designation as a "museum town" unfortunately did not translate into maintaining the old town. Consequently, many of its historic buildings have become dilapidated, a problem that is only slowly being resolved.

United States Air Force Lockheed T-33 reconnaissance plane forced down in December, 1957, on display in Gjirokastër, Albania.

The Citadel (Gjirokastër Castle) dominates the town and overlooks the strategically important route along the river valley. It is open to visitors and contains a military museum featuring captured artillery and memorabilia of the Communist resistance against German occupation, as well as a captured United States Air Force plane to commemorate the Communist regime's struggle against the imperialist powers. The citadel dates back to the 18th century and its construction was ordered by Gjin Bue Shpata, a local tribal leader. Additions were built during the 19th and 20th centuries by Ali Pasha Tepelene and the Government of King Zog. Today it possesses five towers and houses a clock tower, a church, water fountains, horse stables, and many more amenities. The northern part of the castle was eventually turned into a prison by Zog's government and housed political prisoners during the communist regime.

Gjirokastër also features an old bazaar which was originally built in the 17th century, but which had to be rebuilt in the 19th century after it burned down. There are more than 200 homes preserved as "cultural monuments" in Gjirokastër today, and it is also the site of the National Albanian Folk Festival held every four years (most recently in 2005).

When the town was first proposed for inscription on the World Heritage List in 1988, ICOMOS experts were nonplussed by a number of modern constructions which detracted from the old town's appearance. The historic core of Gjirokastër was finally inscribed in 2005, 15 years after its original nomination.

Education

The first Albanian school of Gjirokastër was Drita School opened in 1908. Eqerem Çabej University of Gjirokastra is the highest education school.

Notable Individuals

See also

References

  1. ^ About Gjirokastra, gjirokastra.org
  2. ^ "Given its large Greek-speaking population, the city of Gjirokastra (in Greek, Agyrocastro)","The concentration of ethnic Greeks in and around centres of Hellenism such as Saranda and Gjirokastra",http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/csrc/document-listings/balkan/G97 Defense Academy of the United Kingdom
  3. ^ Le Monde diplomatique - English edition - The Albanians, a scattered people
  4. ^ Dimitri Pentzopoulos, The Balkan Exchange of Minorities and Its Impact on Greece, p. 28. C. Hurst & Co, 2002. ISBN 1850656746
  5. ^ Winnifrith, Tom (2002). Badlands-borderlands: a history of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania. London: Duckworth. p. 130. ISBN 0715632019.
  6. ^ Contested Spaces and Negotiated Identities in Dhermi/Drimades of Himare/Himara area, Southern Albania. Nataša Gregorič Bon. Nova Gorica 2008. Pg. 140 Formation of the Albanian Nation-State and the Protocol of Corfu (1914)
  7. ^ Vassilis Nitsiakos, Constantinos Mantzos, "Negotiating Culture: Political Uses of Polyphonic Folk Songs in Greece and Albania", p. 197 in Greece and the Balkans: Identities, Perceptions and Cultural Encounters, ed. Demetres Tziovas. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 2003. ISBN 0754609987
  8. ^ Çabej, Nelson: Autoktonia e shqiptarëve në studimet gjermane, page 176
  9. ^ http://www.kenef.phil.uoi.gr/en/dynamic/bookfull.php?Book_ID=29915&contents=

External links


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