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==Impact of Climate change==
==Impact of Climate change==
A UK-based climate change expert has warned that there will be an exceptional change in the temperatures in Pakistan as a whole in the coming years, but that the province of Sindh will be less affected as compared to the other provinces of the country. Karachi may however face the threat of rising sea levels by the year 2100, at about 8 feet below sea level.<ref>http://www.riazhaq.com/2008/07/climate-change-likely-to-flood-karachi.html</ref> The UK-based climate change expert said that climate change could influence monsoon dynamics and cause summer precipitation levels to drop, as well delays in the start of the monsoon season.<ref>http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/karachi-pakistan-may-face-exceptional-climate-change-659</ref> While another report said that the impact of climate change in Karachi will deepen by 2030<ref>http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Regional/Karachi/05-Jul-2009/Climate-change-impact-on-Karachi-to-deepen-by-2030</ref> Due to [[global warming]] the coastline of Karachi is likely to be flooded due to rising sea levels.<ref>http://www.topnews.in/rising-sea-level-threatens-inundating-mumbai-karachi-24160</ref>
A UK-based climate change expert has warned that there will be an exceptional change in the temperatures in Pakistan as a whole in the coming years, but that the province of Sindh will be less affected as compared to the other provinces of the country. Karachi may however face the threat of rising sea levels by the year 2100, at about 8 feet below sea level.<ref>http://www.riazhaq.com/2008/07/climate-change-likely-to-flood-karachi.html</ref> The UK-based climate change expert said that climate change could influence monsoon dynamics and cause summer precipitation levels to drop, as well delays in the start of the monsoon season.<ref>http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/karachi-pakistan-may-face-exceptional-climate-change-659</ref> While another report said that the impact of climate change in Karachi will deepen by 2030<ref>http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Regional/Karachi/05-Jul-2009/Climate-change-impact-on-Karachi-to-deepen-by-2030</ref> Due to [[global warming]] the coastline of Karachi is likely to be flooded due to rising sea levels.ref>http://www.topnews.in/rising-sea-level-threatens-inundating-mumbai-karachi-24160</ref> Many seminars and public gathering are held in the city to make the government and public fully aware of global warming, speakers at the seminar have urged the government to prepare long and short-term plans to reduce the impact of global warming on natural resources.


==List of cyclones that affected Karachi and the Sindh coast==
==List of cyclones that affected Karachi and the Sindh coast==

Revision as of 15:22, 25 December 2010

Spring in the metropolis

The climate of Karachi features an Arid climate, albeit a moderate version of this climate. Karachi is located on the coast and as a result has a relatively mild climate. The level of precipitation is low for most of the year. However, due to the city's proximity to the sea, humidity levels usually remain high throughout the year. The city enjoys mild winters and warm summers. Karachi also receives the monsoon rains. Since summer temperatures (From the end of April till the end of August) are approximately 30 °C (86 °F) to 35 °C (95 °F), the winter months (From November till the end of March) are the best time to visit Karachi. Most visitors, tourists and expatriates come to Karachi during the month of December.

Climate data for Karachi, Pakistan
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32
(90) 		34
(93) 		41
(106) 		44
(111) 		48
(118) 		46
(115) 		43
(109) 		37
(99) 		41
(106) 		42
(108) 		38
(100) 		33
(91) 		48
(118)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 25
(77) 		26
(79) 		29
(84) 		32
(90) 		34
(93) 		34
(93) 		33
(91) 		31
(88) 		31
(88) 		33
(91) 		31
(88) 		27
(81) 		34
(93)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13
(55) 		14
(57) 		19
(66) 		23
(73) 		26
(79) 		28
(82) 		27
(81) 		26
(79) 		25
(77) 		22
(72) 		18
(64) 		14
(57) 		13
(55)
Record low °C (°F) 0
(32) 		3
(37) 		7
(45) 		12
(54) 		18
(64) 		22
(72) 		22
(72) 		20
(68) 		18
(64) 		10
(50) 		6
(43) 		1
(34) 		0
(32)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 13
(0.5) 		10
(0.4) 		8
(0.3) 		3
(0.1) 		3
(0.1) 		18
(0.7) 		85
(3.3) 		61
(2.4) 		13
(0.5) 		0
(0) 		3
(0.1) 		5
(0.2) 		222
(8.7)
Average rainy days 1 1 1 0.2 0.1 1 2 2 1 0.1 0.3 1 10.7
Average relative humidity (%) 63 72 79 87 88 86 88 90 89 83 68 64 80
Mean monthly sunshine hours 240.1 237.5 284.9 296 326.9 290 246.3 265.6 297 291.4 261 243.2 3,279.9
Source: [1] and [2]


Factors

The monsoon and the Western Disturbance are the two main factors which alter the weather over Karachi; otherwise, Continental air prevails for rest of the year. Following are the main factors that influence the weather over Karachi city.

  • Western Disturbances mostly occur during the winter months and cause light to moderate showers, temperature also decreases due to it.
  • Tropical Storms usually form during the summer months from late April till June and then from late September till November.
  • Southwest Monsoon occurs in summer from the month of June till September. Monsoon rains bring much awaited relief from the scorching summer heat. These monsoon rains are quite heavy by nature and can cause significant flooding.
  • Continental air prevails during the period when there is no precipitation in the metropolis.

Monthly weather conditions

The following is a monthly summary of climatic conditions in Karachi.

January

In the month of January, the cold conditions continue in the city and sometimes get very cold due to the Western Disturbance. Humidity remains low in January. Rains do occur in this month but are moderate in intensity, the sky remains overcast. The highest rainfall during this month was 89.3 millimetres (3.52 in), which occurred in 1995.[1] The lowest temperature of 0.0 °C (32.0 °F) was recorded on 21 January 1934,[1] while the highest temperature of 32.8 °C (91.0 °F) was recorded on 16 January 1965.[1]

Foggy morning in the winter of Karachi.

February

Until the middle of the month, the cold conditions continue; after that the weather becomes mild throughout the month. The sky remains overcast with drizzle or light rain as a result of the Western Disturbance. Humidity remains between 40-60%. The lowest temperature was 3.3 °C (37.9 °F) on 11 February 1950 and the highest was 36.1 °C (97.0 °F) on 25 February 1996.[1] The highest monthly rainfall of 96 millimetres (3.8 in) was recorded in 1979.[1]

March

Till the beginning of March the weather becomes hot. The lowest temperature ever recorded was 7 °C (45 °F) on 9 March 1979 and the highest was 41.5 °C (106.7 °F) on 2 March 2004.[1] The highest temperature was again recorded in 2010. Being a hot month there is no rain, yet drizzle can occur rarely. March is the annual spring season in Karachi after winter; spring brings beautiful flowers in the city. Many flowers shows are also held in the city in March. A weather system dumped 130 millimetres (5.1 in) rain in 1967, which is March's highest rainfall for the city.[1]

April

The heatwave of March continues in April as well. Temperatures increase and the weather remains dry and hot. The humidity remains between 65-75%. The highest temperature during April was 44.4 °C (111.9 °F), which was recorded on 16 April 1947, while the lowest temperature of 12.2 °C (54.0 °F) was recorded on 29 April 1967.[1] Rain is rare in this month. The highest monthly rainfall of 52.8 millimetres (2.08 in) was recorded in 1935.[1]

May

May is the hottest month for Karachi, with temperatures touching 40 °C (104 °F). The hottest May was on 9 May 1938, when temperatures reached 48.8 °C (119.8 °F); the lowest temperature ever recorded was on 4 May 1989 when 17.7 °C (63.9 °F) was recorded.[1] The humidity is quite high in this month as well between 70–80%. The traffic remains low during the afternoon due to intense heat. Rainfall remains rare during this month and the sky remains cloudless. The highest monthly rain that occurred was in May 1933, when 33 millimetres (1.3 in) rain lashed the city.[3] In 1999, 2001 and 2010, three major cyclones were formed that came close to Karachi. The 1999 cyclone (the fourth strongest cyclone of the Arabian Sea) hit close to Karachi, while the 2001 India cyclone (the third strongest cyclone of the Arabian Sea) made landfall near the Indian border. Cyclone Phet was formed in May 2010, about 1100 km away from Karachi.

June

Drizzle is common in June as Pre-Monsoon rain.

The temperatures of May continue through June with a slight decrease. The highest temperature of June was 47 °C (117 °F) on 18 June 1979, and the lowest was 22.1 °C (71.8 °F), recorded on 3 June 1997.[1] In the middle of June pre-monsoon rains can start to break the heat spell. Storms like tropical cyclones or tropical depressions form close to the sea of Karachi in this month, as in 2007, when Cyclone Yemyin created havoc in the city with strong windstorms of 69 mph[4] and rainstorms killing 200 people. The storm passed near Karachi and hit Balochistan Province; its remnants caused heavy rains for a week in Karachi. The cyclone produced a heavy rainfall of 110.2 millimetres (4.34 in) for June in 2007, which broke all previous records for June. Cyclone Yemyin was a weak Category 1 hurricane;[5] its strongest winds were observed in Karachi, Pakistan on June 23, 2007 at about 69 mph, winds battered the city in the evening with heavy downpours; the same morning, temperatures reached 44.1 °C (111.4 °F).[6] On June 6, 2010, Cyclone Phet came close to the coast of Karachi as a weak tropical depression, at about 50 km away from the city after a week-long journey. Phet produced a very heavy downpour in the city, which broke the previous record of June 2007. About 152 millimetres (6.0 in) of rain with 35 mph winds occurred due to Phet.[7] Humidity in June typically remains between 75–85%. In the evening, winds from the southwest blow from the sea, causing light drizzle with cloudy weather.

July

Monsoon cloud hovering over the city

In the month of July, the monsoon reaches its peak and produces heavy to very heavy rainfall. As in June, the sky remains overcast with only 3 to 4 hours of sunlight a day, with occasional drizzle at night or early morning. Two or three rainstorms that continue for few days are common in this month. The highest July temperature of 42.2 °C (108.0 °F) was recorded on 3 July 1958 and the lowest temperature was 21.2 °C (70.2 °F) on 22 July 1997.[1] The highest monthly rainfall for July was 429.3 mm (16.90 in) in 1967.[1] In 2003, the monsoon's low pressure created a flood situation in Sindh Province, with continuous spells of rain in Karachi; at least 284.5 millimetres (11.20 in) rain was recorded during two days of rain.[8] Six years later on July 18, 2009, there was severe flooding, in which heavy rainfall of 245 mm (9.6 in) occurred in just four hours[9] with 39 mph winds making it the second highest rainfall in 24 hours in the city,[10] killing 20 and injuring 150 people. The city's third highest rainfall of 207 mm (8.1 in) in 24 hours was recorded on July 1, 1977.[1] Humidity in July remains high, usually between 80–90%, causing discomfort to the people specially during rush hour. But in the evening, as in June, cool winds blow from the sea in the southwest with light drizzle, making the weather pleasant. In the evenings, cirrus clouds can be seen daily coming from eastern direction, indicating the monsoon's presence in the city.

August

File:July (1)karachi.jpg
Heavy rains lashing the port city

The weather of August is identical to that of July. One or two weather systems lash the city in this month, causing significant flooding. In 2006, after two years of drought (2004 and 2005), widespread rainfall of 77 millimetres (3.0 in) occurred in the city to break the drought period.[11] On 11 August 2007, a very strong tropical depression produced 191 millimetres (7.5 in) in just two days.[12] Rain continued for three days with intense thunderstorms; another monsoon low produced 80 millimetres (3.1 in) of rain on 22 August 2007[13] with 98 mph winds.[14] The monsoon typically starts to get weak from the last week of August, but still has the potential to cause heavy rains in the city, as on 31 August 2009, when 147 millimetres (5.8 in) of rain was recorded[15] with 106 mph winds.[16] But history has shown that the monsoon withdraws from Karachi during the final days of August. The highest rainfall for August is 271 millimetres (10.7 in), which occurred in 2007;[17] the highest temperature was 41.7 °C (107.1 °F) on 9 August 1964, while the lowest temperature was 21.0 °C (69.8 °F), recorded on 7 August 1984.[1] The city's highest rainfall in 24 hours also occurred in August, on 7 August 1953, which is about 278.1 millimetres (10.95 in) of rain battered the city.[18]

September

The first two weeks of September can have some good rains. After the first two weeks, the monsoon completely withdraws from the city, and the sky remains sunny and dry. There is a slight decrease in humidity, which hovers between 70–80%, and an increase in temperatures. Rain in this month is inconsistent. During the monsoon of 2005 no rain occurred in the city raising the fears of drought but from 12 September till 13 September heavy rainfall lashed the city about 80 millimetres (3.1 in) rainfall was recorded.[19][20] On 10 September 2010 a strong low-pressure system approached Karachi and caused a heavy downpour of 78 millimetres (3.1 in), accompanied by strong gusting winds of 35 mph that destroyed the roofs of some mud houses.[21] The highest rainfall for September was 315.7 millimetres (12.43 in) in 1959.[1][3] The highest temperature was 42.2 °C (108.0 °F) on 30 September 1951 and the lowest temperature recorded was 18.2 °C (64.8 °F) on 23 September 1994.[1]

Sunset in Karachi

October

October is the driest month in the city. The highest temperature of 43.3 °C (109.9 °F) was recorded on 1 October 1959 and lowest was 10.0 °C (50.0 °F) recorded on 30 October 1949.[1] Morning is hazy and the winds are calm, the sky remains clear with hot conditions. The highest monthly rainfall for October is 98mm, which occurred in 1959.[1] During the year of 2004 the city received no significant rains with the exception of a heavy rain which occurred in October due to Cyclone Onil.

November

November has warm days and cool nights. Mid-November conditions are much like those of October. During the last weeks of November there is a gradual decrease in temperature and thus winter begins, but it is not that cold. The first weeks of November are typically dry and the last week of November is cold. Showers occur in this month due to the Western Disturbance and causes the temperatures to decrease. On 9th November, 2010 remnants of Cyclone Jal caused gusty winds in the metropolis.[22] The highest rainfall for November is 83.1 millimetres (3.27 in), which occurred in 1959.[1] The highest and lowest temperatures are 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) recorded on 2 November 1994 and 6.1 °C (43.0 °F) recorded on 29 November 1938 respectively.[1]

December

The month of December is the annual winter month, but winter becomes more chilly in January. In December the weather remains cool. The sky remains cloudy for part of the month, causing temperatures to decrease. Rainfalls are common in the city during the month of December due to the western disturbance coming from the Mediterranean sea. The highest monthly rainfall of 63.6 millimetres (2.50 in) was recorded in 1980.[1] During December 2006 a strong westerly "low" pressure resulted in 60.5 millimetres (2.38 in) of rain in the city.[23] The highest recorded temperature for December was 34.5 °C (94.1 °F) on 11 December 2001 and the lowest temperature was 1.3 °C (34.3 °F), which occurred on 14 December 1986.[1]

Impact of Climate change

A UK-based climate change expert has warned that there will be an exceptional change in the temperatures in Pakistan as a whole in the coming years, but that the province of Sindh will be less affected as compared to the other provinces of the country. Karachi may however face the threat of rising sea levels by the year 2100, at about 8 feet below sea level.[24] The UK-based climate change expert said that climate change could influence monsoon dynamics and cause summer precipitation levels to drop, as well delays in the start of the monsoon season.[25] While another report said that the impact of climate change in Karachi will deepen by 2030[26] Due to global warming the coastline of Karachi is likely to be flooded due to rising sea levels.ref>http://www.topnews.in/rising-sea-level-threatens-inundating-mumbai-karachi-24160</ref> Many seminars and public gathering are held in the city to make the government and public fully aware of global warming, speakers at the seminar have urged the government to prepare long and short-term plans to reduce the impact of global warming on natural resources.

List of cyclones that affected Karachi and the Sindh coast

Further information: Tropical cyclones and tornadoes in Pakistan

Cyclones that form in the Arabian Sea do not usually hit Karachi or the Sindh coast, during 1902, 1907, 1964, 1985, 1999, 2007 and 2010, cyclones affected the Sindh coast including Karachi. Other cyclones that are listed below caused rains as remnants.

  • In May 1902, a cyclonic storm struck the coast in the vicinity of Karachi.
  • In June 1907, a tropical storm struck the coast near Karachi.
  • On 15 December 1964, a powerful cyclone slammed near the city with 10,000 casualties.
  • In May 1985, a cyclonic storm made a landfall in the eastern direction of Karachi. The cyclonic storm in 1985 which was moving towards Karachi actually had weakened over the sea while still a few 100 Kilometers away south of Karachi.
  • In November 1993, a category 1 1993 Indo-Pak cyclone approached the Sindh-Gujarat border but dissipated due to high vertical shear over open waters.
  • In June 1998, remnants of the category 3 1998 Gujarat cyclone (the 5th strongest cyclone of the Arabian Sea) killed 12 people near and in the city.
  • In May 1999, again a category 3 1999 Pakistan cyclone (the 4th strongest cyclone of Arabian Sea) hit near the city; this Cyclone killed 700 people in Sindh including Karachi. It is the strongest cyclone recorded in Pakistan.
  • In May 2001, the powerful category 3 2001 India cyclone (the 3rd strongest cyclone of the Arabian Sea) hit the Indian border of Gujarat. It caused rain along the Sindh coast, but no damage was reported.
  • In October 2004, a severe cyclonic storm, Cyclone Onil, approached the Sindh coast ; it caused heavy rain that killed 9 people in Karachi.
  • In June 2007, a cyclonic storm, Cyclone Yemyin, passed near the city and killed 200 people before moving towards Balochistan Province where it killed 380 people.
  • In November 2009, remnants of Cyclone Phyan caused gusty winds along the Sindh coast including Karachi. However six Pakistani fishermen were trapped in the storm later rescued by the Indian Navy.
  • In June 2010, Cyclone Phet (the 2nd strongest cyclone in the Arabian Sea), once a powerful category 4 cyclone, made landfall near the city as a weak tropical depression, with a total 14 casualties in and near the city.
  • In November 2010, remnants of Cyclone Jal caused dusty winds in Karachi while it caused light to moderate rainfall in southeastern Sindh.

Wettest Cyclones of Karachi

Cyclone 2A making landfall near Karachi at peak intensity as Category-3 Hurricane in May 1999
Wettest tropical cyclones in Karachi
Highest known recorded totals
Precipitation Storm Measurement
station
Rank (mm) (in)
1 191 mm 7.51 inches BOB 06 (2007) Karachi[27][28][29]
2 152 mm 6.0 inches Phet 2010 Karachi[7]
3 110.2 mm 4.34 inches Yemyin 2007 Karachi [citation needed]
4 43 mm 1.69 inches BOB 04 (2007) Karachi[30][31]
5 35 mm 1.37 inches Onil 2004 Karachi[32]

List of Notable floods in Karachi

File:July floods karachi (1).jpg
Flooded road in the city during the massive rain on 18th July, 2009

Most of the flooding in Karachi occurs due to the monsoon season. But due to the enhancement of the city's infrastructure flooding has been controlled. But still excessive and irregular rains can lead to major flooding in the metropolis. Following are some of the major floods in the city;

  • On 7 August 1953, the city received its record-breaking 24 hour rainfall causing widespread flooding about 278.1 millimetres (10.95 in) rain was recorded.[33]
  • On 1 July 1977, Karachi received its second highest rainfall of 207 millimetres (8.1 in) in 24 hour, it caused massive flooding in the city and killed 248 people in the city.[34]
  • In 2003, massive flooding during monsoon season devastated the Sindh province, two days of rainfall of 284.5 millimetres (11.20 in) created havoc in the city.[8]
  • In 2006, after two year of drought period heavy rainfall lashed the city during the monsoon season, but the city came to standstill on 17 August when widespread rainfall of 77 millimetres (3.0 in) created flood-like situation in the city killing 13 people and submerging roads, low-lying areas and underpasses with rainwater.[11][35]
  • In 2007, almost all the rains that occurred in this monsoon season brought flooding with it, During the month of June Cyclone Yemyin created havoc in the city from 21 June to 26 June 2007 110.2 millimetres (4.34 in) of heavy downpour was recorded which killed 228 Karachiites on 23 June.[36] then from 9 August to 11 August a strong tropical depression brought massive flooding in the city with 191 millimetres (7.5 in) of rain killing 21 people and submerging low-lying areas and underpasses.[37] While on 22 August a monsoon depression once again flooded the city with 80 millimetres (3.1 in) of rainfall killing 10 people.
  • On 18 July 2009, there was severe flooding, in which heavy rainfall of 205 mm (8.1 in) occurred,[38] killing 20 and injuring 150 people.

List of drought in Karachi

Hazy morning in Karachi

Drought-like conditions in the city are not common but if the Monsoon season fails to deliver rains then drought emerges. Following are some of worst drought in Karachi city.

  • The major drought in Karachi as well as for whole Pakistan was from 1996 till 2002, [39] peaking from 1998 till 2001. While in 2002 drought conditions started to dissipate. The drought of 1998-2001 was considered worst in 50 years.[40]
  • In 2004, no rain occurred in the city as well as in Sindh province but during the month of October heavy downpour lashed different parts of Sindh due to Cyclone Onil.[41]
  • In 2005, the drought conditions continued, but a post-monsoon low pressure dumped heavy rains during 12 and 13 September.[42][43]
  • In 2009, drought conditions emerged during the summer season in suburban areas of Karachi.[44] due to El Nino phenomenon and caused drought during the winter season but the monsoon rains of 2009 were above-normal.[45]

Monsoon rainfall in Karachi

The average annual rainfall for Karachi is 200 millimetres (7.9 in); the highest annual rainfall of 713 millimetres (28.1 in) was recorded in 1967.[1] Annual monsoon rains for Karachi amount to 146.5 millimetres (5.77 in). The city experienced above-normal monsoon rainfalls in 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009 and 2010, while in 2004 and 2005 the city received below-normal rainfall. In 2009 the country received 30% below normal rainfall with the exception of Sindh, including Karachi, which received above normal monsoon rains.[46] Karachi has seen record-breaking rainfalls during monsoon season since 2006. The following is the annual monsoon rainfall for the last few years based on data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department.[47]

Monsoon Rainfall in Karachi
Monsoon begins from June till September
Precipitation
Year (mm) (in) References
2000 0.1 mm 0 inches [48]
2001 63.1 mm 2.41 inches [48][49]
2002 123.1 mm 4.84 inches [50][51]
2003 355.2 mm 13.98  inches [52]
2004 35 mm 1.37 inches [53]
2005 80.6 mm 3.17  inches [54][55]
2006 236.7 mm 9.32 inches [54]
2007 421 mm 16.6 inches [47][54]
2008 91.5 mm 3.60 inches [54]
2009 439.2 mm 17.29 inches [56][57][58][59][60][61]
2010 741.9 mm 29.21 inches [7][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78]

Pakistan Meteorological Departments in Karachi

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/Climate/Karachi_Climate_Data.txt
  2. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002700
  3. ^ a b http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/extrems/KARACHI.htm
  4. ^ http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/OPKC/2007/6/23/DailyHistory.html?req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA
  5. ^ http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=903&tstamp=200802
  6. ^ http://www.dawn.com/2007/06/24/local11.htm
  7. ^ a b c http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/rainfalljune10.htm
  8. ^ a b http://www.pakmet.com.pk/journal/july2003floods-sindh.htm
  9. ^ http://hamariweb.com/myreport/report.aspx?id=199
  10. ^ http://www.wunderground.com/history/station/41780/2009/7/18/DailyHistory.html
  11. ^ a b http://www.dawn.com/2006/08/18/local4.htm
  12. ^ http://www.dawn.com/2007/08/12/local1.htm
  13. ^ http://www.interface.edu.pk/students/Aug/Karachi-rains.asp
  14. ^ http://www.wunderground.com/history/station/41780/2007/8/22/DailyHistory.html
  15. ^ http://www.pakmet.com.pk/Pakistan%20Weather%20outlook/September%202009.html
  16. ^ http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/OPKC/2009/8/30/DailyHistory.html?req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA
  17. ^ http://www.dawn.com/2007/08/23/local4.htm
  18. ^ http://www.dawn.com/2006/08/18/top2.htm
  19. ^ http://www.dawn.com/2005/09/11/local1.htm
  20. ^ http://www.dawn.com/2005/09/13/local3.htm
  21. ^ http://www.samaa.tv/News25328-Stormy_winds_heavy_showers_hit_Karachi.aspx
  22. ^ http://dawnnews.tv/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/gusty-winds-lash-city-010
  23. ^ http://www.dawn.com/2006/12/05/top1.htm
  24. ^ http://www.riazhaq.com/2008/07/climate-change-likely-to-flood-karachi.html
  25. ^ http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/karachi-pakistan-may-face-exceptional-climate-change-659
  26. ^ http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Regional/Karachi/05-Jul-2009/Climate-change-impact-on-Karachi-to-deepen-by-2030
  27. ^ http://www.accuweather.com/world-news-blogs.asp?blog=andrews&partner=accuweather&pgUrl=/mtweb/content/andrews/archives/2007/08/will_the_arabia.asp
  28. ^ http://www.webcitation.org/5QwDsh3rS
  29. ^ http://www.dawn.com/2007/08/12/local1.htm
  30. ^ http://www.webcitation.org/5Q0T8juTq
  31. ^ http://www.dawn.com/2007/07/01/local2.htm
  32. ^ http://www.dawn.com/2004/10/04/top5.htm
  33. ^ http://www.dawn.com/2006/08/18/top2.htm
  34. ^ http://www.dawn.com/2002/07/27/local1.htm
  35. ^ http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?151179
  36. ^ http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Chaos_In_Karachi_As_Storms_Kill_228_And_Hundreds_More_Across_Asia_999.html
  37. ^ http://www.dawn.com/2007/08/12/local1.htm
  38. ^ http://www.pakmet.com.pk/FFD/index_files/rainfalljuly09.htm
  39. ^ http://www.pakmet.com.pk/journal/historyworstdrought2001report.htm[dead link]
  40. ^ http://www.recoveryplatform.org/assets/publication/9%20sept/Drought/drought%20coping%20in%20afghanistan.pdf
  41. ^ http://www.dawn.com/2004/10/04/local5.htm
  42. ^ http://www.dawn.com/2005/09/11/local1.htm
  43. ^ http://www.dawn.com/2005/09/13/local3.htm
  44. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/karachi-drought-hits-suburban-areas-of-karachi
  45. ^ http://www.pakmet.com.pk/monsoon2009ver.pdf
  46. ^ http://www.google.com.pk/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CBMQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakmet.com.pk%2Fmonsoon2009ver.pdf&rct=j&q=Monsoon%20rainfall%20in%20karachi%20in%202009&ei=f7yLTOmBKY7KvQPz9-QX&usg=AFQjCNFbntYe03RFpWkxhR-Wf7Hgopt73w&cad=rja
  47. ^ a b http://www.pakmet.com.pk/
  48. ^ a b http://www.karachipage.com/news/Jul_01/071101.html
  49. ^ http://www.karachipage.com/news/Jul_01/071301.html
  50. ^ http://www.dawn.com/2002/08/27/local3.htm
  51. ^ http://www.dawn.com/2003/07/26/local3.htm
  52. ^ http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/OCHA-64C4RG?OpenDocument
  53. ^ http://www.dawn.com/2004/10/04/top5.htm
  54. ^ a b c d http://www.pakrealestatetimes.com/showthread.php?tid=5719
  55. ^ http://www.dawn.com/2005/09/13/local3.htm
  56. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/karachi-light-rain-disrupts-power-supply-669
  57. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/karachi-thunderstorm-forecast-879
  58. ^ http://www.samaa.tv/News10629-Protests_break_out_over_power_supplies.aspx
  59. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/karachi-heavy-rains-forecast-579
  60. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/karachi-35mm-of-rain-recorded%2C-more-forecast-189
  61. ^ http://www.pakmet.com.pk/Pakistan%20Weather%20outlook/September%202009.html
  62. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/premonsoon-showers-lash-karachi-670
  63. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/humidity-rises-as-showers-lash-city-770
  64. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/16-two-children-drown%2C-man-dies-from-electrocution-as-rain-lashes-karachi-870-hs-01
  65. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/scattered-showers-lash-city-470
  66. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/16-rains-lash-karachi-770-hs-02
  67. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/16-showers-forecast-870-hs-01
  68. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/25mm-rainfall-recorded%2C-more-forecast-970
  69. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/rain-spell-triggers-prolonged-traffic-jams-880
  70. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/met-office-forecasts-two-more-days-of-rain-980
  71. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/19-heavy-rain-lashes-parts-of-city-080-hh-04
  72. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/light-rain-in-parts-of-city-680
  73. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/city-gets-drizzle-780
  74. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/scattered-showers-in-city-290
  75. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/more-rain-forecast-after-scattered-showers-090
  76. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/more-rain-forecast-190
  77. ^ http://www.karachidigest.com/articles/news/heavy-rain-lashes-karachi-2/
  78. ^ http://www.aaj.tv/2010/09/karachi-receives-rainfall-forecast-for-more-rains/

External links

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