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Coordinates: 46°00′N 19°20′E / 46.000°N 19.333°E / 46.000; 19.333
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According to the some opinions, the denominator of the landscape may have been the first bailiff of Bač (Bács) castle, and the name one which can be rendered probable it Old Turkic ''baya'' derives from a dignity name.<ref>Lajos Kiss, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=0vlUTdC7MIm7hAfGspD7DA&ct=result&sqi=2&id=vN-wAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22B%C3%A1cs%22+Baya%22&q=%22baya%22#search_anchor Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára (Etimology Dictionary of Geographical Names)], Akadémiai Kiadó, 1978, p. 71</ref><ref>Bálint Ila, József Kovacsics, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=P_1UTZ3JKIeqhAf40rCHDQ&ct=result&id=vu7SAAAAMAAJ&dq=B%C3%A1cs+baya&q=baya#search_anchor Veszprém megye helytörténeti lexikona (Cyclopaedia of Local History of Veszprém county), Volume 2], Volume 2, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1988, p. 169</ref>
According to the some opinions, the denominator of the landscape may have been the first bailiff of Bač (Bács) castle, and the name one which can be rendered probable it Old Turkic ''baya'' derives from a dignity name.<ref>Lajos Kiss, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=0vlUTdC7MIm7hAfGspD7DA&ct=result&sqi=2&id=vN-wAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22B%C3%A1cs%22+Baya%22&q=%22baya%22#search_anchor Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára (Etimology Dictionary of Geographical Names)], Akadémiai Kiadó, 1978, p. 71</ref><ref>Bálint Ila, József Kovacsics, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=P_1UTZ3JKIeqhAf40rCHDQ&ct=result&id=vu7SAAAAMAAJ&dq=B%C3%A1cs+baya&q=baya#search_anchor Veszprém megye helytörténeti lexikona (Cyclopaedia of Local History of Veszprém county), Volume 2], Volume 2, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1988, p. 169</ref>

In the Middle Ages, Hungarians used name Bács to designate both, city and the region, but in the post-Ottoman period they started to use Slavic name form ''Bačka'' (or ''Bácska'' in Hungarian).<ref>http://historicaltextarchive.com/hungary/hu15.gif</ref><ref>http://lovasz.hidasiorvos.hu/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/bacska.jpg</ref>


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 08:55, 11 July 2011

This article is about the geographical region in Serbia and Hungary. For other meanings of "Bačka" and "Backa", see Bačka (disambiguation).
Map of the Bačka region

Bačka (Serbian Cyrillic and Rusyn: Бачка, Hungarian: Bácska, Serbian Latin and Croatian: Bačka, Slovak: Báčka) is an area of the Pannonian plain lying between the rivers Danube and Tisa. It is divided between Serbia and Hungary, with small uninhabited pockets of land on the left bank of the Danube which, according to Badinter Commission belong to Croatia, but are under Serbian control since 1991 (see disputes of Croatia and Serbia).

Most of this area currently forms part of the Vojvodina region of Serbia. Novi Sad, the capital city of Vojvodina, stands on the border between Bačka and Syrmia. The smaller northern part of Bačka is now located in Bács-Kiskun County in Hungary.

Name

Bačka is a typical Slavic [1] name form, created from "Bač" (name of historical town in Bačka) and sufix "ka" (which designating "the land that belong to Bač"). There are many other similar name forms used in Serbian and other Slavic languages, for example Šajkaška, Srpska, Hrvatska (Croatia), Timočka Krajina, Bugarska (Bulgaria), Polska (Poland), etc. The name of "Bač" (Bács) town itself is of uncertain origin and its existence was recorded among Vlachs, Slavs and Hungarians in the Middle Ages. The origin of the name could be Paleo-Balkanic, [2] Romanian, Slavic, [3] or Old Turkic-Hungarian.[4]

According to the some opinions, the denominator of the landscape may have been the first bailiff of Bač (Bács) castle, and the name one which can be rendered probable it Old Turkic baya derives from a dignity name.[5][6]

In the Middle Ages, Hungarians used name Bács to designate both, city and the region, but in the post-Ottoman period they started to use Slavic name form Bačka (or Bácska in Hungarian).[7][8]

History

Through history Bačka has been a part of Dacia, the Kingdom of the Iazyges, the Hun Empire, the Gepid Kingdom, the Avar Khanate, the First Bulgarian Empire, the Great Moravia, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Serb realm of Jovan Nenad, the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Serbia, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro, and since 2006, it is part of an independent Republic of Serbia. The smaller northern part of the region was part of the short-lived Serb-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic (in 1921) and part of independent Hungary since 1921.

People have inhabited the region of Bačka since Neolithic times. Indo-European peoples settled in this region in 3 migration waves dated in 4200 BC, 3300 BC and 2800 BC respectively. The earliest historical inhabitants of the region were probably Illyrian tribes. Later, other Indo-European peoples, including Dacians, Celts, Sarmatians (Iazyges) and Gepids were recorded as inhabitants of Bačka.

Slavs, the ancestors of contemporary Serbs [9] [10] [11], settled today's Bačka in the 6th and 7th centuries, before part of them subsequently migrated to the Balkans. In the 9th century the territory of Bačka was part of Bulgarian Empire. Salan, a Bulgarian voivod (duke), was a ruler in this territory and his capital city was Titel. In the early 10th century, Hungarians defeated Salan, and his duchy came under Hungarian rule.

View of the fortress and the town of Bač

In the 11th century, during the administration of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary, Bacsensis (Bač, Bács) County was formed, with city of Bač/Bács as its administrative centre. First known prefect of Bacsensis County was recorded in 1074 and he had Slavic name Vid. In this time, the region was populated by both, Slavs and Hungarians. Serbian historian Dr Milenko Palić mention that prefect Vid was an ethnic Serb and that he, together with two other ethnic Serbs whose names were Ilija and Radovan, participated in dynastic struggles in the Kingdom of Hungary, in the end of the 11th century. [12]

After the Kingdom of Hungary was defeated by the Ottoman Empire (in 1526), Bačka became (from 1526 to 1527) the central region of an independent Serbian state,[13] which existed in the territory of present-day Vojvodina. The ruler of this state was Emperor Jovan Nenad and his capital city was Subotica. After Jovan Nenad was killed, his state collapsed and Bačka, for a short time, came again under Hungarian administration. Soon, the region became part of the Ottoman Empire.

During the Ottoman rule (in the 16th-17th centuries), Bačka was part of the Sanjak of Segedin (Szeged), and the region was mainly populated with Serbs (who were in an absolute majority [2]) and Muslims. In 1699 the Bačka came into the possession of the Habsburg Monarchy. A Bacsensis County was established in the western parts of the region, while some other (mostly eastern) parts of the Bačka were incorporated into the Tisa-Mureş section of Habsburg Military Frontier. After this part of the Military Frontier was abolished in 1751, these parts of Bačka were also included into Bacsensis county. The only part of Bačka which remained within the Military Frontier was Šajkaška, but it also came under civil administration in 1873.

According to the Austrian censuses from 1715 and 1720, Serbs, Bunjevci, and Šokci comprised most of the region's population (97.6% of population according to 1715-1720 census data [14] [15]). There were only 530 or 1.9% Hungarians and 0.5% Germans. [16] During the 18th century, the Habsburgs carried out an intensive colonisation of the area, which had low population density after the last Ottoman Wars, as much of the Serbian population had been decimated through warfare. Muslim population had almost entirelly left or was expelled from the region and some of the Muslim refugees from this area settled in Ottoman Bosnia. [17] The new settlers in Bačka were primarily Serbs who moved from Ottoman Balkans, Hungarians, and Germans. Because many of the Germans came from Swabia, they were known as Donauschwaben, or Danube Swabians. Some Germans also came from Austria, and some from Bavaria and Alsace. Lutheran Slovaks, Rusyns, and others were also colonized but to a much smaller extent.

There was also an emigration of Serbs from the eastern parts of the region, which belonged to Military Frontier until 1751. After the abolishment of the Tisa-Mureş section of Military Frontier, many Serbs emigrated from north-eastern parts of Bačka. They moved either to Russia (notably to New Serbia and Slavo-Serbia) or to Banat, where the Military Frontier was still needed.

In 1848 and 1849, Bačka was part of the Serbian Voivodship, a Serbian autonomous region within Austrian Empire, while between 1849 and 1860 it was part of the Voivodship of Serbia and Tamiš Banat, a separate Austrian crown land (the official languages of the voivodeship were German and Illyrian, i.e. Serbo-Croatian), the successor of the Serbian Voivodship. After 1860, when Voivodship of Serbia and Tamiš Banat was abolished, the Bács-Bodrog County was again formed in the territory of Bačka. The county was part of the Kingdom of Hungary, which became one of two autonomous parts of Austria-Hungary in 1867.

According the 1910 census, the population of Bačka numbered 704.563 people and was composed of: 43,2% speakers of Hungarian language (310.490), 28,1% speakers of South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian) language and 22,5% speakers of German language. Linguistic composition of the region is partially different from ethnic composition since some ethnic Jews and bilingual South Slavs were in this census recorded as speakers of Hungarian language.

In the end of October, 1918, Austria-Hungary was dissolved and, few days later (in November 3), officially capitulated. Following this capitulation, Slavs from Banat, Bačka and Baranja organized new civil administration in these regions as well as their own military units known as People's Guard (Serbian: Narodna straža). New civil administration was composed of local People's boards (Serbian: Narodni odbori), which were subordinated to Serb People's Board (Serbian: Srpski narodni odbor) in Novi Sad. Military units of Serb People's Board also possessed airplanes from Novi Sad airport. After elections, which were organized between 18 and 24 November, Great People's Assembly of Serbs, Bunjevci and other Slavs of Banat, Bačka and Baranja (held in November 25, 1918) proclaimed unification of these regions with the Kingdom of Serbia. New administrative bodies of Banat, Bačka and Baranja (government and parliament) were also formed. Although, government in Belgrade accepted decision of unification with Serbia, it never recognized new provincial government. The provincial administration, however, was active until March 12, 1919, when it held its last session. [18]

In December 1, 1918, Kingdom of Serbia united with the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs to form new country named Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Sovereignty of new kingdom was internationally recognized by the Treaty of Saint Germain (in 1919). The Treaty of Trianon (from 4 June 1920) defined exact borders between the newly independent Hungary and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (which was later renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and original territory of Bačka was divided between these two countries. The northern part of the region was a separate county of Hungary (Bács-Bodrog) with seat in Baja, which was later incorporated into Bács-Kiskun county. The southern part of the region was a county of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes between 1918 and 1922, then a province (oblast) of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes between 1922 and 1929, and in 1929 it was incorporated into Danube Banovina, which was a province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Between 1820 and 1910, Hungarian speaking population in Bačka increased from 121,688 (31.5%) to 363,518 (44.75%). In the same time, percentage of South Slavs decreased from 44% in 1820 to 27% in 1910. 1921 census showed about 40,000 Hungarian speakers less than in census of 1910. This was especially case in Subotica where 1910 census recorded 55.587 speakers of Hungarian and 33,247 speakers of Bunjevac, while census of 1921 recorded 60,700 speakers of Serbo-Croatian and 26,750 speakers of Hungarian. This is explained by the fact that ethnic Bunjevci from Subotica who had knowledge of Hungarian language were listed as speakers of Hungarian by 1910 census. Between 1921 and 1931 census, number of Hungarian speakers in Bačka increased from 260,998 to 268,711. Slavic population increased by 91,800 inhabitants.

In 1941 Yugoslav Bačka was occupied by the Axis powers and attached to Horthy's Hungary (but was still internationally recognized as part of Yugoslavia). Before this occupation, according to 1931 census, Yugoslav Bačka had 784,896 inhabitants, of whom 284,865 Yugoslavs (Serbs, Croats, Bunjevci, Šokci), 268,711 Hungarians and 169,858 Germans. Hungarian occupational authorities expelled several thousands of Serbs from the region and settled ethnic Hungarians from other parts of Central Europe in their place, so that Hungarian census from 1941 recorded different demographic composition in the region. According to this census, the territory of Bačka had 789,705 inhabitants, of which 45,4% or 47,2% were speakers of Hungarian language (however, not all of them native).[19] During the occupation, Hungarian troops killed about 20,000 Serbs, Jews and Roma. [20] The occupation ended in 1944 with the end of the Second World War and Yugoslav Bačka became part of the new Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (later the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). Following the defeat of the Axis troops, most of the German population that lived in the area left from the region together with German army. The smaller part of the German population (several thousands of people) that did not leave the area (mostly women, children and the elderly) were sent to prison camps, where many of them died of malnutrition and disease. After the war, members of the Yugoslav partisan army also killed several tens of thousands of inhabitants of German, Hungarian and Serb ethnic origin (in whole of Vojvodina). Estimations about numbers of victims of the partisans (in whole of Vojvodina) are including between 17,000[21] and 56,000[22] killed Germans, between 4,000[23] and 40,000 killed Hungarians, and about 23,000-24,000 killed Serbs.[24]

Together with eastern Syrmia, western Banat and northern Mačva, Yugoslav Bačka is part of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina since 1945. Since 1992, Yugoslav Bačka has been part of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (renamed to Serbia and Montenegro in 2003), and since 2006 it is part of an independent Republic of Serbia.

  • District of Potisje and Schajkasch Battalion, 18th-19th century
    District of Potisje and Schajkasch Battalion, 18th-19th century
  • Bačka within the proclaimed borders of Serbian Voivodship in 1848
    Bačka within the proclaimed borders of Serbian Voivodship in 1848
  • Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar (1849-1860)
    Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar (1849-1860)
  • Banat, Bačka and Syrmia after 1881, the five counties, which were formed in the territory of the former Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar
    Banat, Bačka and Syrmia after 1881, the five counties, which were formed in the territory of the former Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar
  • Bács-Bodrog County in the Kingdom of Hungary
    Bács-Bodrog County in the Kingdom of Hungary
  • Detailed map of Bács-Bodrog County
    Detailed map of Bács-Bodrog County
  • Banat, Bačka and Baranja in 1918
    Banat, Bačka and Baranja in 1918

Geography

Serbian Bačka

Bačka region within Vojvodina
Districts in Vojvodina
Map showing cities and towns in Serbian part of Bačka.

The districts of Serbia in Bačka are:

Note that municipalities of Sremski Karlovci, Petrovaradin, and Beočin and southern part of municipality of Bačka Palanka that belong to South Bačka District are geographically not located in Bačka, but in Syrmia, while municipalities of Ada, Senta and Kanjiža which are geographically located in Bačka are part of North Banat District.

Cities and towns in the Serbian part of Bačka (with city population numbers):

Note: Senta, Kanjiža, Ada and Mol are geographically located in Bačka, but they are part of the North Banat District.

Also see: List of inhabited places of Vojvodina

Hungarian Bácska

Bács-Kiskun County within Hungary

The Hungarian Bácska is mostly located in the Bács-Kiskun county of Hungary, while one small part of the region is located in the Baranya county.

Subregions in the Hungarian Bácska include (with population numbers):

Note that parts of Hungarian Bácska also belong to the subregions of Kiskunhalasi and Mohácsi, although the main parts of those subregions are not located in Bácska.

Most important towns in Hungarian Bácska (with population numbers):

Demographics

Ethnic map of Serbian Bačka (2002 census)
Main article: Demographic history of Bačka

Serbia

According to the 2002 Serbian census, the population of the Serbian part of Bačka (in geographical borders) numbers 1,022,524 people and is composed of:[25]

Hungary

According to the 2001 census in Hungary, the rough population of the Hungarian Bácska (including districts of Bajai, Bácsalmási, and Jánoshalmai) numbering 113,432 people. [3] Note that administrative borders of the districts do not fully correspond with the geographical borders of Hungarian Bácska. Most of the inhabitants of Hungarian Bácska are ethnic Hungarians. [4]

Notes

  1. ^ Dr Dušan J. Popović, Srbi u Vojvodini, knjiga 1, Novi Sad, 1990, page 40.
  2. ^ Milica Grković, Rečnik imena Banjskog, Dečanskog i Prizrenskog vlastelinstva u XIV veku, Beograd, 1986
  3. ^ Dr. Aleksa Ivić, Istorija Srba u Vojvodini, Novi Sad, 1929
  4. ^ A Pallas Nagy Lexikona
  5. ^ Lajos Kiss, Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára (Etimology Dictionary of Geographical Names), Akadémiai Kiadó, 1978, p. 71
  6. ^ Bálint Ila, József Kovacsics, Veszprém megye helytörténeti lexikona (Cyclopaedia of Local History of Veszprém county), Volume 2, Volume 2, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1988, p. 169
  7. ^ http://historicaltextarchive.com/hungary/hu15.gif
  8. ^ http://lovasz.hidasiorvos.hu/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/bacska.jpg
  9. ^ http://www.russia-talk.com/history/slavs-VIII.jpg
  10. ^ http://www.home-edu.ru/user/uatml/00000628/rumjancev/drevnieslavjane/rasselenie.jpg
  11. ^ http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/slavs_map.jpg
  12. ^ Dr Milenko Palić, Srbi u Mađarskoj - Ugarskoj do 1918, Novi Sad, 1995, page 10.
  13. ^ Veselin P. Dželetović, Poslednji srpski car - Jovan Nenad, Beograd, 2007.
  14. ^ http://hic.hr/books/seeurope/011e-bognar.htm
  15. ^ Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin - By Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi
  16. ^ http://hic.hr/books/seeurope/011e-bognar.htm
  17. ^ Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin - By Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi
  18. ^ Dr Drago Njegovan, Prisajedinjenje Vojvodine Srbiji, Muzej Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 2004.
  19. ^ Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 116-153 [1]
  20. ^ Dimitrije Boarov, Politička istorija Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 2001, page 183.
  21. ^ http://www.mail-archive.com/sim@antic.org/msg44296.html
  22. ^ Nenad Stefanović, Jedan Svet na Dunavu, Beograd, 2003, page 133.
  23. ^ Dimitrije Boarov, Politička istorija Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 2001, page 183.
  24. ^ http://www.mail-archive.com/sim@antic.org/msg44296.html
  25. ^ Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova 2002. Knjiga 1: Nacionalna ili etnička pripadnost po naseljima. Republika Srbija, Republički zavod za statistiku Beograd 2003. ISBN 86-84443-00-09

See also

46°00′N 19°20′E / 46.000°N 19.333°E / 46.000; 19.333


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