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Before [[World War II]] many [[Polish Jew]]s became followers of [[Zionism]] and subsequently emigrated to the [[British Mandate of Palestine]]. Following [[the Holocaust]], the vast majority of surviving Polish Jews moved to [[Israel]]. Poland is the largest single place of origin of Israeli Jews.
Before [[World War II]] many [[Polish Jew]]s became followers of [[Zionism]] and subsequently emigrated to the [[British Mandate of Palestine]]. Following [[the Holocaust]], the vast majority of surviving Polish Jews moved to [[Israel]]. Poland is the largest single place of origin of Israeli Jews.
:''(for ethnic Poles living abroad see [[Polonia]], for those living and working in the [[United Kingdom]] see [[Polish British]])''
:''(for ethnic Poles living abroad see [[Polonia]], for those living and working in the [[United Kingdom]] see [[Polish British]])''

===ABO and Rh distribution ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:45em; text-align:center;"
|+'''ABO and Rh blood type distribution by nation (population averages)'''
|- style="width: 9%"
! style="width:30%; text-align:left;" | Country
! style="width:20%; text-align:left;" | Population<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html CIA World Factbook]</ref>
! &nbsp;O+ !! &nbsp;A+ !! &nbsp;B+ !! AB+ !! &nbsp;O- !! &nbsp;A- !! &nbsp;B- !! AB-
|-
! style="text-align: left" | Austria<ref>{{cite web|url=http://old.roteskreuz.at/47_body.html#blutgruppen |title=Austrian Red Cross - Blood Donor Information |publisher=Old.roteskreuz.at |date=2006-03-21 |accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref>
| 8,210,281 || 30% || 33% || 12% || 6% || 7% || 8% || 3% || 1%
|-
! style="text-align: left" | Germany<ref>[[:de:Blutgruppe#Häufigkeit der Blutgruppen|Häufigkeit der Blutgruppen]] {{de}}</ref>
| 82,329,758 || 35% || 37% || 9% || 4% || 6% || 6% || 2% || 1%
|-
! style="text-align: left" | Hungary<ref>Case studies in genetics. Michael A. Tribe, Irwin Tallan, Michael Eraut, 1978 p. 154; "31.1% were in blood group O, 42.4% in group A, 17.9% in group B, and 8.7% in group AB." [in:] The Journal of bone and joint surgery: British volume: t. 71, 1989 </ref>
| 10,198,315 || 31% || 38% || 18,8% || 12,2% || || || ||
|-
! style="text-align: left" | Israel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mdais.org/362/ |title=The national rescue service in Israel |publisher=Mdais.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref>
| 7,233,701 || 32% || 34% || 17% || 7% || 3%|| 4% || 2% || 1%
|-
! style="text-align: left" | Norway<ref>[https://www.giblod.no/Modules/Page/viewPage.asp?modid=7324&level=7324 Norwegian Blood Donor Organization]</ref>
| 4,660,539 || 34% || 42.5% || 6.8% || 3.4% || 6%|| 7.5% || 1.2% || 0.6%
|-
! style="text-align: left" | Poland<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rckik.wroclaw.pl/?id=5&go=0 |title=Regionalne Centrum Krwiodawstwa i Krwiolecznictwa we Wroclawiu |publisher=Rckik.wroclaw.pl |date=2010-07-20 |accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref>
| 38,482,919 || ''31%'' || ''32%'' || ''15%'' || ''7%'' || ''6%'' || ''6%'' || ''2%'' || ''1%''
|-
! style="text-align: left" | Sweden<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geblod.nu/general.aspx?PageId=10 |title=Frequency of major blood groups in the Swedish population |publisher=Geblod.nu |date=2007-10-02 |accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref>
| 9,433,875 || 32% || 37% || 10% || 5% || 6% || 7% || 2% || 1%
|-
! style="text-align: left" | Ukraine<ref>"Палеоантропологічні дані та гематологічні групи сучасних народів дають право вважати українців спорідненими з людністю Північної Італії, Балкан, Швейцарії, Півдня Німеччини, Півдня Англії, Чехії, Словаччини, окремих районів Франції (90 % українців мають групу крові «А», «АВ» та «О». Пор. з росіянами та монголами, у яких група «В» становить 80 %)." [in:] Etnologia Ukrainy. filosofsko-teoretychnyĭ ta etnorelihiieznavchyĭ aspekt. Helyna Lozko. str. 69. 2001</ref>
| 45,706,120 || || ~40% || ~10% || || || || ||
|-
! style="text-align: left" | Russia<ref>"(90 % українців мають групу крові «А», «АВ» та «О». Пор. з росіянами та монголами, у яких група «В» становить 80 %)." [in:] Etnologia Ukrainy. filosofsko-teoretychnyĭ ta etnorelihiieznavchyĭ aspekt. Helyna Lozko. str. 69. 2001; "Meanwhile the B's, never so plentiful, just get more so the further they are from Europe, whether up into Russia or down into the Middle East. The B's look like a second invasion force (the Mongols?) who were unable to oust the A's." [in:] The body. Anthony Smith. 1986; "Blood of the B type is most frequently found in some populations of India, Tibet, Mongolia, and Siberia, but, strangely, considering their Asiatic Mongoloid origins, the lowest frequencies of type B are found in the Indians of North " [in:] All manner of men. C.C. Thomas, 1982 </ref>
| 142,914,136 || || || ~80% || || || || ||
|-

| colspan=9 |
|-class="sortbottom"

! [[Weighted mean|Population-weighted mean]] <!-- DO NOT JUST ADD UP THE COLUMNS AND DIVIDE! THAT'S MEANINGLESS! COMPUTE THE POPULATION-WEIGHTED MEAN INSTEAD -->
| (total population = 2,261,025,244) || 36.44% || 28.27% || 20.59% || 5.06% || 4.33% || 3.52% || 1.39% || 0.45%
|}


== Culture ==
== Culture ==

Revision as of 07:39, 25 July 2011

This article is about the Polish people. For the physical object and other uses, see Pole.
Polish people
(Polacy)



File:Czeslaw Milosz, 1986.jpg

Chopin • Copernicus • Skłodowska-Curie • Prus • John III Sobieski
Rejewski • Kościuszko • Conrad • Piłsudski • Matejko
Wałęsa • Miłosz • Szymborska • Domeyko • Didur
Pope John Paul II • Mickiewicz • Sienkiewicz • Paderewski • Pulaski
Total population
ca. 60 million (est.)[1]
Regions with significant populations
 Poland 38,860,000 [2]
2 United States8,977,235[3]
2 Germany1,500,000 - 2,000,000[1][4][5]
2 Brazil1,500,000[6]
2 Israel1,250,000[7]
2 Canada984,565[8]
2 France900,000[9]
2 United Kingdom500,000 - 560,000[1][10]
2 Argentina500,000[11]
2 Belarus294,549[12]
2 Lithuania205,500[13]
2 Ireland200,000[14]
2 Ukraine144,130[15]
2 Norway120,000[16]
2 Italy100,000[17]
2 Australia78,340[18]
2 Spain78,305[19]
2 Russia73,000[20]
2 Czech Republic51,968[21]
2 Latvia51,397[22]
2 Greece50,000[23]
2 Netherlands39,500[24]
2 Kazakhstan34,057[25]
2 South Africa30,000[26]
2 Sweden30,000[27]
2 Austria21,000[28]
2 Iceland10,540[29]
2 Denmark5,300[30]
2 Moldova4,174[31]
2 Romania3,671[32]
2 Finland3,000[33]
2 Estonia2,200[34]
2 Armenia1,000[35]
300[35]
Rest of world1,200 (est.)[36]
Languages
Polish
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholicism, also Eastern Orthodoxy, Protestantism and Judaism.
Related ethnic groups
related ethno-linguistic people group: Czechs, Slovaks, Sorbs
The state flag of Poland as used by Polish government and diplomatic authorities
Part of a series on the
Culture of Poland
History
People
Languages
Traditions
Mythology
Cuisine
Festivals
Religion
Art
Literature
Music and performing arts
Media
Sport
Monuments
Symbols

The Polish people, or Poles (Polish: Polacy [pɔˈlat͡sɨ]; singular: Polak), are a nation indigenous to Poland. They are united by the Polish language, which belongs to the Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages of Central Europe. The Polish word for a Polish person is "Polak" (masculine) and "Polka" (feminine).

The preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland defines the Polish nation as comprising all the citizens of Poland. Poland's inhabitants live in seven major historic regions: Wielkopolska, Małopolska, Mazovia, Pomerania, Warmia, Mazury and Silesia. A wide-ranging Polish diaspora exists throughout Europe (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine), the Americas (the United States, Brazil and Argentina) and Australia. Chicago, in the United States, has the world's largest urban Polish population after Warsaw.

Over a thousand years ago, the Polans of Giecz, Gniezno and Poznań — an influential tribe in Wielkopolska — succeeded in uniting Lechitic tribes under what became the Piast dynasty,[38] thus giving rise to the Polish state.

Proto-European lineage

Polish people show the characteristic R1a genes of a common Paleolithic male ancestorship at a frequency of 55.9-56.4%. This lineage includes haplotype Eu19 distinguished by M17 lineage. Its frequency increases eastward from south-western France and reaches a maximum in Poland, Hungary, and west Ukraine.[39]

As a result of genocide on Polish lands, evacuation, repatriation, and expulsion during and after World War II, and territorial changes which were assigned by the Big Three allies to Poland after World War II.[40] as well as the ensuing mass migrations and border shifts, "the population of Poland became one of the most ethnically homogeneous in the world," according to Encyclopædia Britannica. "In addition, minority ethnic identity was not cultivated publicly until after the collapse of communism in 1989."[41] The CIA World Factbook defines the ethnic composition of Poland as being 96.7% Polish with 0.4% Germans, 0.1% Belarusians, 0.1%, Ukrainians, and 2.7% other and unspecified (2002 census).[42] The present-day homogeneity contrasts with the World War II period, informs the U.S. Department of State: "when there were significant ethnic minorities - 4.5 million Ukrainians, 3 million Jews, 1 million Belarusians, and 800,000 Germans." The majority of Poland's Jews were murdered during the Holocaust. Most Germans left ahead of the Nazi-Soviet front, while most Ukrainians and Belarusians remained in territories incorporated into the USSR. "Small Ukrainian, Belarusian, Slovakian, and Lithuanian minorities reside along the Polish borders, and a German minority is concentrated near the southwest city of Opole."[43]

In the first half of the 16th century, the historian Marcin Kromer in his work "de Situ Polonia; et gente Polona" donated to the Henry III, wrote: "colors for faces of Polish people (peasants) were white, yellowish or whitish hair, handsome figure, with average height"[44] They were not racially homogeneous, but composed of mixtures of the types, according to Czekanowski, with a few trivial exceptions. Before 1939 the inhabitants of Poland were divided between four distinct types — the Nordic, Alpine, Mediterranean and Armenoid neighbors or brothers. Some of these types centred around Western Poland, Masovia, Pomerania, Volhynia and Greater Poland. The Mediterranean and Alpine types were mainly represented in Silesia and Lesser Poland.[45]

The research conducted in 1955 had shown that 55% of Poles have light hair (16-12 scale of Fischer–Saller), and about 72% have light eyes (A-P scale of Fischer–Saller).[46] By the end of the 20th century, heights averaged at 178 cm (5'10") for 20-year-old males, and 166 cm (5'5") for 20-year-old females.[47]

Statistics

Polish people are the sixth largest national group in Europe.[48] Estimates vary depending on source, though available data suggest a total number of around 60 million people worldwide (with roughly 21 million living outside of Poland, many of whom are not of Polish ethnicity, but Polish nationals).[1] There are almost 39 million Poles in Poland alone. There are also Polish minorities in the surrounding countries including Germany, and indigenous minorities in the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Ukraine, and Belarus. There are some smaller indigenous minorities in nearby countries such as Moldova and Latvia. There is also a Polish minority in Russia which includes indigenous Poles as well as those forcibly deported during and after World War II; the total number of Poles in what was the former Soviet Union is estimated at up to 3 million.[49]

The term "Polonia" is usually used in Poland to refer to people of Polish origin who live outside Polish borders, officially estimated at around 10 to 20 million. There is a notable Polish diaspora in the United States, Canada, and Brazil. France has a historic relationship with Poland and has a relatively large Polish-descendant population. Poles have lived in France since the 18th century. In the early 20th century, over a million Polish people settled in France, mostly during world wars, among them Polish émigrés fleeing either Nazi occupation or later Soviet rule.

In the United States a significant number of Polish immigrants settled in Chicago, Ohio, Detroit, New York City, Orlando, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, and New England. The highest concentration of Poles in the United States is in New Britain, Connecticut. The majority of Polish Canadians have arrived in Canada since World War II. The number of Polish immigrants increased between 1945 and 1970, and again after the fall of Communism in 1989. In Brazil the majority of Polish immigrants settled in Paraná State. The city of Curitiba has the second largest Polish diaspora in the world (after Chicago) and Polish music, dishes and culture are quite common in the region.

In recent years, since joining the European Union, many Polish people have emigrated to countries such as Ireland, where an estimated 200,000 Polish people have entered the labour market. It is estimated that over half a million Polish people have come to work in the United Kingdom from Poland. Since 2011, Poles have been able to work freely throughout the EU and not just in the UK, Ireland, Denmark and Sweden where they have had limited rights since Poland's EU accession in 2004. The Polish community in Norway has increased substantially and has grown to a total number of 120,000, making Poles the largest immigrant group in Norway.

Before World War II many Polish Jews became followers of Zionism and subsequently emigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine. Following the Holocaust, the vast majority of surviving Polish Jews moved to Israel. Poland is the largest single place of origin of Israeli Jews.

(for ethnic Poles living abroad see Polonia, for those living and working in the United Kingdom see Polish British)

ABO and Rh distribution

ABO and Rh blood type distribution by nation (population averages)
Country Population[50]  O+  A+  B+ AB+  O-  A-  B- AB-
Austria[51] 8,210,281 30% 33% 12% 6% 7% 8% 3% 1%
Germany[52] 82,329,758 35% 37% 9% 4% 6% 6% 2% 1%
Hungary[53] 10,198,315 31% 38% 18,8% 12,2%
Israel[54] 7,233,701 32% 34% 17% 7% 3% 4% 2% 1%
Norway[55] 4,660,539 34% 42.5% 6.8% 3.4% 6% 7.5% 1.2% 0.6%
Poland[56] 38,482,919 31% 32% 15% 7% 6% 6% 2% 1%
Sweden[57] 9,433,875 32% 37% 10% 5% 6% 7% 2% 1%
Ukraine[58] 45,706,120 ~40% ~10%
Russia[59] 142,914,136 ~80%
Population-weighted mean (total population = 2,261,025,244) 36.44% 28.27% 20.59% 5.06% 4.33% 3.52% 1.39% 0.45%

Culture

The culture of Poland is closely connected with its intricate 1000 year history[60] Located in Central Europe, its unique character developed as a result of its geography at the confluence of fellow Central European cultures (German, Western Ukrainian, Czech and Austrian) the Western European cultures (French and Dutch), Southern European cultures (Italian and Turkish), Northern European cultures (Lithuanian, Swedish and Danish) and Eastern European cultures (East Ukrainian and Russian) along cultural influence of the Jewish culture. Confluences were conveyed by immigrants (Jewish, German and Dutch), political alliances (with Lithuania, Hungary, Saxony, France and Sweden), conquests of the Polish state (Ukraine and Latvia) or conquerors of the Polish lands (Tsardom of Russia, Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg Monarchy, later on Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary).

With origins in the culture of the Lechites, over time Polish culture has been profoundly influenced by its interweaving ties with the Germanic, Latinate and other ethnic groups and minorities living in Poland like the Jews.[61] The people of Poland have traditionally been seen as hospitable to artists from abroad (especially Italy) and open to cultural and artistic trends popular in other European countries. Owing to this central location, the Poles came very early into contact with both civilizations - eastern and western, and as a result developed economically, culturally, and politically. A German general Helmut Carl von Moltke, in his Poland. A historical sketch (1885), stated that Poland prior to her partitions was "the most civilized country in Europe". In the 19th and 20th centuries the Polish focus on cultural advancement often took precedence over political and economic activity, experiencing severe crisis, especially during the II World War and in the coming years. These factors have contributed to the versatile nature of Polish art, with all its complex nuances.[61]

See also: Polish cuisine
John III Sobieski's coat of arms crowning the Royal Chapel in Gdańsk, 1681

Language

Polish (język polski, polszczyzna) is a Lechitic languages and the official language of Poland. Its written standard is the Polish alphabet which corresponds basically to the Latin alphabet with a few additions. Polish-speakers use the language in a uniform manner throughout most of Poland, though numerous languages, speeches and dialects coexist along the standard Polish language.

Main article: Polish language
  • The Encyclopædia Britannica says that "Lekhitic languages, also spelled Lechitic , group of West Slavic languages composed of Polish, Kashubian and its archaic variant Slovincian, and the extinct Polabian language. All these languages except Polish are sometimes classified as a Pomeranian subgroup. In the early Middle Ages, before their speakers had become Germanized, Pomeranian languages and dialects were spoken along the Baltic in an area extending from the lower Vistula River to the lower Oder River. Kashubian and Slovincian survived into the 20th century; there were still a considerable number of native speakers of Kashubian in Poland and Canada in the 1990s. The extinct Polabian language, which bordered the Sorbian dialects in eastern Germany, was spoken by the Slavic population of the Elbe River region until the 17th or 18th century; a dictionary and some phrases written in the language exist".[62]

Religion

Most Poles living in Poland, by far, adhere to the Christian faith, majority belonging to the Roman Catholic Church.[63] The rest of the population consists mainly of Eastern Orthodox, Jehovah's Witnesses, various Protestant and Judaism.[64]

See also: Religion in Poland, Roman Catholicism in Poland, and Polish National Catholic Church

Exonyms

Among the exonyms not native to the Polish people or language are: лях (lyakh) used in East Slavic languages. Today, the word Lachy is used by Eastern Slavs as synonyms for "Poles" and "Poland". The foreign exonyms include also: Lithuanian Lenkai, Hungarian Lengyelek and Turkish Leh (now considered obsolete and replaced by Polonya).[65] The former became the basis for Poland exonyms in a number of other Middle Eastern languages, including: Armenian Լեհաստան, Lehastan; Persian, Tajik لهستان, Lahestan.

See also: Lechites

Polish tribes

The following is a list of Polish tribes—tribes which constituted the lands of Poland in the Early Middle Ages, at the beginning of the Polish state. Some of them have remained separate ethnicities while others have been assimilated into the culture of Poland.[66][67][68]

See also: Bavarian Geographer, a list of tribes in Central Europe, composed in the 870s.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Świat Polonii, witryna Stowarzyszenia Wspólnota Polska: „Polacy za granicą” (Polish people abroad as per summary by Świat Polonii, internet portal of the Polish Association Wspólnota Polska)
  2. ^ Excel spreadsheet from Polish Central Statistical Office
  3. ^ USA National Census 2000. Ancestries With 100,000 or More People in 2000.
  4. ^ Template:De icon Erstmals mehr als 16 Millionen Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland (German text about migrants in Germany)
  5. ^ Template:Pl icon Raport o sytuacji Polonii i Polaków za granicą 2009. Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych 2009. p. 177, ISBN 978-83-89607-81-2
  6. ^ Stowarzyszenie Wspólnota Polska, Strona finansowana przez SENAT RP [1] [2]
  7. ^ Article on Ynet news site, Hebrew (Google translator).
  8. ^ http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo26a-eng.htm
  9. ^ http://www.prezydent.pl/
  10. ^ Template:En iconBritish Office for National Statistics, Population by Country of Birth & Nationality, Jan 2009 to Dec 2009
    ^ Template:En icon "UK lets in more Poles than there are in Warsaw", Steve Doughty, Daily Mail; see also: "Record numbers leave Britain as Poles head home - but new arrivals increase to half a million" by James Slack, Daily Mail, November 27, 2009. Please note: The British Office for National Statistics recorded the number of Poles who have travelled to the UK in 2006 at over 2,000,000; they are not to be mistaken for permanent residents.
  11. ^ http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2004/04/27/t-749506.htm
  12. ^ Belarus National Census 2009 (preliminary results)(in rus.)
  13. ^ Population by ethnicity according to 2009 Lithuania Population and Housing Census data
  14. ^ Poles in Ireland
  15. ^ Poles in Ukraine
  16. ^ Aftenposten.no: - 120.000 polakker i Norge (Innenriks)
  17. ^ Istat.it
  18. ^ 2006 Census Community Profile Series : Australia
  19. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Ine.es (PDF)
  20. ^ Polish minority in Russia, WorldNews.com
  21. ^ Czech Republic National Census 2001 (PDF)
  22. ^ [3]
  23. ^ "Polonia i Polacy na świecie," (Poles in the world) Stowarzyszenie Wspólnota Polska, strona finansowana przez SENAT RP (page sponsored by Senate of the Republic of Poland)
  24. ^ http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/CCD504EA-9D41-40C2-AE28-BFB0A51C2045/0/2005k3b15p096art.pdf
  25. ^ Kazakhstan National Census 2009
  26. ^ http://www.wspolnota-polska.org.pl/index.php?id=dubd2
  27. ^ http://www.immi.se/alfa/p.htm
  28. ^ Template:PDFlink
  29. ^ Mannfjöldi eftir fæðingarlandi 1981-2008: Pólland
  30. ^ http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=DA&sf=population&so=asc
  31. ^ 2004 Moldovan census, including Transnistria
  32. ^ 2002 Romanian census.
  33. ^ http://www.helsinki.polemb.net/index.php?document=46
  34. ^ http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia#Polacy_w_Estonii
  35. ^ a b Polonezkoy.com
  36. ^ Poles around the World (>polonia > statystyka)
  37. ^ Poles in the Netherlands (PDF)
  38. ^ Gerard Labuda. Fragmenty dziejów Słowiańszczyzny zachodniej, t.1-2 p.72 2002; Henryk Łowmiański. Początki Polski: z dziejów Słowian w I tysiącleciu n.e, t. 5 p.472; Stanisław Henryk Badeni, 1923. p. 270
  39. ^ Semino, A; Passarino G, Oefner PJ, Lin AA, Arbuzova S, Beckman LE, De Benedictis G, Francalacci P, Kouvatsi A, Limborska S, Marcikiae M, Mika A, Mika B, Primorac D, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA (2000). "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic *** sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective" [4](PDF). Science 290 (5494): 1155–59. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443 .
  40. ^ An explanation note in "The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy Over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland", ed. by Polonsky and Michlic, p.466
  41. ^ Britannica Online: Travel & Geography: Poland. Ethnic groups. Retrieved July 2003 2008
  42. ^ The CIA World Factbook: Poland.
  43. ^ Background Notes: Poland - U.S. Department of State
  44. ^ "Lud polski kolor twarzy ma jasny, włosy żółtawe lub białawe, postać przystojną, średni wzrost" [in:] Tomasz Święcicki. Opis starożytnej Polski. p. 46, op. cit. "Polonia sive de situ, populis, moribus, magistratibus et republica regni Polonici libri duo." [citation needed]
  45. ^ Jan Czekanowski. Antropologia polska w międzywojennym dwudziestoleciu 1919-1939. 1948. Syntetyczna mapa antropologiczna Polski, Czekanowski. 1920.[citation needed]
  46. ^ Stanisław Górny. Zdjęcie antropologiczne Polski. Materiały i prace antropologiczne. Polskie Towarzystwo Antropologiczne. 1972. Nr.84
  47. ^ Wiadomości statystyczne, 2006. t. 51, edit. 7-12 p. 80.[citation needed]
  48. ^ NationMaster.com 2003-2008. People Statistics: Population (most recent) by country. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  49. ^ Gil Loescher, Beyond Charity: International Cooperation and the Global Refugee Crisis, published by the University of Oxford Press US, 1993, 1996. ISBN 0195102940. Retrieved 12-12-2007.
  50. ^ CIA World Factbook
  51. ^ "Austrian Red Cross - Blood Donor Information". Old.roteskreuz.at. 2006-03-21. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  52. ^ Häufigkeit der Blutgruppen Template:De
  53. ^ Case studies in genetics. Michael A. Tribe, Irwin Tallan, Michael Eraut, 1978 p. 154; "31.1% were in blood group O, 42.4% in group A, 17.9% in group B, and 8.7% in group AB." [in:] The Journal of bone and joint surgery: British volume: t. 71, 1989
  54. ^ "The national rescue service in Israel". Mdais.org. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  55. ^ Norwegian Blood Donor Organization
  56. ^ "Regionalne Centrum Krwiodawstwa i Krwiolecznictwa we Wroclawiu". Rckik.wroclaw.pl. 2010-07-20. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  57. ^ "Frequency of major blood groups in the Swedish population". Geblod.nu. 2007-10-02. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  58. ^ "Палеоантропологічні дані та гематологічні групи сучасних народів дають право вважати українців спорідненими з людністю Північної Італії, Балкан, Швейцарії, Півдня Німеччини, Півдня Англії, Чехії, Словаччини, окремих районів Франції (90 % українців мають групу крові «А», «АВ» та «О». Пор. з росіянами та монголами, у яких група «В» становить 80 %)." [in:] Etnologia Ukrainy. filosofsko-teoretychnyĭ ta etnorelihiieznavchyĭ aspekt. Helyna Lozko. str. 69. 2001
  59. ^ "(90 % українців мають групу крові «А», «АВ» та «О». Пор. з росіянами та монголами, у яких група «В» становить 80 %)." [in:] Etnologia Ukrainy. filosofsko-teoretychnyĭ ta etnorelihiieznavchyĭ aspekt. Helyna Lozko. str. 69. 2001; "Meanwhile the B's, never so plentiful, just get more so the further they are from Europe, whether up into Russia or down into the Middle East. The B's look like a second invasion force (the Mongols?) who were unable to oust the A's." [in:] The body. Anthony Smith. 1986; "Blood of the B type is most frequently found in some populations of India, Tibet, Mongolia, and Siberia, but, strangely, considering their Asiatic Mongoloid origins, the lowest frequencies of type B are found in the Indians of North " [in:] All manner of men. C.C. Thomas, 1982
  60. ^ Adam Zamoyski, The Polish Way: A Thousand Year History of the Poles and Their Culture. Published 1993, Hippocrene Books, Poland, ISBN 0-7818-0200-8
  61. ^ a b Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland, 2002–2007, AN OVERVIEW OF POLISH CULTURE. Access date 12-13-2007.
  62. ^ [5]. Retrieved July 2003 2008
  63. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pl.html
  64. ^ Template:Pl icon Kościoły i związki wyznaniowe w Polsce. Retrieved on June 17, 2008.
  65. ^ Template:Tr icon Lehistan in Turkish Wikipedia
  66. ^ Raymond Breton, National Survival in Dependent Societies: Social Change in Canada and Poland, McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, 1990, p. 106,ISBN 0886291275 Google Books
  67. ^ John Blacking, Anna Czekanowska, Polish Folk Music: Slavonic Heritage - Polish Tradition - Contemporary Trends, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 3, ISBN 0521027977 Google Books
  68. ^ Jerzy Strzelczyk [in:] The New Cambridge Medieval History, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 521-522 ISBN 0521364477 Google Books; Robert Machray, The Problem of Upper Silesia, G. Allen & Unwin ltd. 1945, p. 13 Google Books; Paul Wagret, Helga S. B. Harrison, Poland, Nagel, 1964, p. 231. Google Books
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