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== History ==
== History ==
This region with almost the borders of today was dominated during most of its history, at least until 1955, by Tibetan culture and a Tibetan dialect and was considered northeastern part of Tibet, the so-called [[Amdo]] (Tibetan: ཨ༌མདོ; Chinese: 安多; pinyin: Ānduō).
A large part of Qinghai's area, until the early 20th century most often referred to by its Mongol name ''Kokonur'' in English, lies outside of [[China proper]] and has been an ethnic melting pot for centuries, mixing [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]], [[Han Chinese]], [[Mongols|Mongol]], and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] influences.
A large part of Qinghai's area, until the early 20th century most often referred to by its Mongol name ''Kokonur'' in English, lies outside of [[China proper]] and has been an ethnic melting pot for centuries, mixing [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]], [[Han Chinese]], [[Mongols|Mongol]], and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] influences.
The eastern part of the area of Qinghai was under the control of the [[Han Dynasty]] about 2000 years ago. It was a battleground during the [[Tang Dynasty|Tang]] and subsequent Chinese dynasties when they fought against successive [[History of Tibet|Tibetan tribes]].<ref>[http://cc.purdue.edu/~wtv/tibet/history4.html Purdue - Tibetan history].</ref>
The eastern part of the area of Qinghai was under the control of the [[Han Dynasty]] about 2000 years ago. It was a battleground during the [[Tang Dynasty|Tang]] and subsequent Chinese dynasties when they fought against successive [[History of Tibet|Tibetan tribes]].<ref>[http://cc.purdue.edu/~wtv/tibet/history4.html Purdue - Tibetan history].</ref>

Revision as of 05:21, 5 February 2012

For other uses, see Qinghai (disambiguation).

36°00′N 96°00′E / 36.000°N 96.000°E / 36.000; 96.000 Template:Infobox PRC province Template:Contains Chinese text

Qinghai
Chinese name
Chinese青海
Hanyu PinyinQīnghǎi
PostalTsinghai
({{Audio|zh-Qinghai.ogg|Listen}})
Tibetan name
Tibetanམཚོ་སྔོན་
Mongolian name
Mongolian Cyrillic[Köke Naγur] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
Manchu name
Manchu scriptHuhu Noor

Qinghai (listenⓘ) (Chinese: Chinese: 青海, pronounced [tɕʰíŋxàɪ̯]); Oirat Mongolian: Көкнуур (transcribed into Cyrillic); Tibetan: མཚོ་སྔོན་; Salar:[citation needed]) is a province of the People's Republic of China, named after Qinghai Lake. It borders Gansu on the northeast, the Xinjiang Autonomous Region on the northwest, Sichuan on the southeast, and Tibet Autonomous Region on the southwest.

History

This region with almost the borders of today was dominated during most of its history, at least until 1955, by Tibetan culture and a Tibetan dialect and was considered northeastern part of Tibet, the so-called Amdo (Tibetan: ཨ༌མདོ; Chinese: 安多; pinyin: Ānduō). A large part of Qinghai's area, until the early 20th century most often referred to by its Mongol name Kokonur in English, lies outside of China proper and has been an ethnic melting pot for centuries, mixing Tibetan, Han Chinese, Mongol, and Turkic influences. The eastern part of the area of Qinghai was under the control of the Han Dynasty about 2000 years ago. It was a battleground during the Tang and subsequent Chinese dynasties when they fought against successive Tibetan tribes.[1]

In the middle of 3rd century CE, nomadic people related to Xianbei migrated to pasture lands around Koko Nur (Qinghai Lake) and established Tuyuhun Kingdom. Since the 7th century, Tuyuhun Kingdom was attacked by both the Tibetan Empire and Tang Dynasty as both of them sought control over trade routes. Military conflicts severely weakened the kingdom and it was incorporated into the Tibetan Empire. After the disintegration of the Tibetan Empire, small local factions emerged. They were under titular authority of China and Tibet but maintained their autonomy. During the period of Mongol Yuan Dynasty's administrative rule of Tibet, majority of Qinghai belonged to one of the three commandaries of the Tibetan region, known as Amdo.

Most of Qinghai was once also under the control of early Ming Dynasty, but later gradually lost to the Khoshut Mongols.

The Xunhua Salar Autonomous County is where the Salar people live in Qinghai. The Salars voluntarily joined the Ming Dynasty. The Salar clan leaders each capitulated to the Ming Dynasty around 1370. The chief of the four upper clans around this time was Han Pao-yuan and Ming granted him office of centurion, it was at this time the people of his four clans took Han as their surname.[2] The other chief Han Shan-pa of the four lower Salar clans got the same office from Ming, and his clans were the ones who took Ma as their surname.[3]

From the late Ming to 1724, a big part of the area that is now Qinghai was under Khoshut Mongol control, but in that year it was conquered by the armies of the Qing Dynasty.[4] It was during 1720s when Xining Prefecture was established and its borders were roughly those of modern Qinghai province. Xining, the capital of modern Qinghai province was built in this period as the administrative center. During the rule of Qing Dynasty, the governor was a viceroy of the Qing Emperor, but the local ethnic groups enjoyed much autonomy. Many chiefs retained retained their traditional authority, participating in local administrations.[5] The Dungan revolt (1895–1896) broke out in Qinghai in 1895. The Dungan Revolt (1895) was a rebellion of various Muslim ethnic groups in Qinghai and Gansu against the Qing Dynasty. Following the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty, the region came under Chinese Muslim warlord Ma Qi control until the Northern Expedition by the Republic of China consolidated central control in 1928.

Political and military leader of Nationalist China Chiang Kai-shek(right) meets with the Muslim Generals Ma Bufang (second from left), and Ma Buqing(first from left) in Xining, Qinghai at August 1942.

In July- August 1912, General Ma Fuxiang was "Acting Chief Executive Officer of Kokonur" (de facto Governof of the region that later became Qinghai).[6]

In 1928, Qinghai province was created. Previoiusly, it was part of Gansu province, as the "Tibetan frontier district".[7][8]

The Muslim warlord and General Ma Qi became military governor of Qinghai, followed by his brother Ma Lin (warlord) and then Ma Qi's son Ma Bufang.

Subsequently it became the primary base for the Muslim warlord Ma Bufang, before the Chinese Civil War ended and the People's Republic of China established with control over Qinghai and most of the rest of mainland China in 1949.

In 1932 Tibet invaded Qinghai, attempting to capture parts of southern Qinghai province, following contention in Yushu, Qinghai over a monastery in 1932. The army of Ma Bufang's defeated the Tibetan armies.

Governor of Qinghai, Ma Bufang was described as a socialist by American journalist John Roderick and friendly compared to the other Ma Clique warlords.[9] Ma Bufang was reported to be good humoured and jovial in contrast to the brutal reign of Ma Hongkui.[10]

Most of eastern China was ravaged by the Second Sino Japanese war the Chinese Civil, by contrast, Qinghai was relatively untouched.

An American scholar and government advisor, Doak Barnett, praised Ma Bufang's government as "one of the most efficient in China, and one of the most energetic. While most of China is bogged down, almost inevitably, by Civil War, Chinghai is attempting to carry out small-scale, but nevertheless ambitious, development and reconstruction schemes on its own initiative"

General Ma started a state run and controlled industralization project, directly creating educational, medical, agricultural, and sanitation projects, run or assisted by the state. The state provided money for food and uniforms in all schools, state run or private. Roads and a theater were constructed. The state controlled all the press, no freedom was allowed for independent journalists. His regime was dictatoral in its political system. Barnett admitted that the regime had "sterm authoritarianism" and "little room for personal freedom".[11]

Geography

Satellite cross section of Qinghai.

Qinghai is located on the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau. The Yellow River (Huang He) originates in southern part of the province, while the Yangtze and Mekong have their sources in the southwestern part.

The average elevation of Qinghai is over 3000 meters above sea level. Mountain ranges include the Tanggula Mountains and Kunlun Mountains. Its average temperature is approximately −5 to 8 °C (23 to 46 °F), with January temperatures ranging from −18 to −7 °C (0 to 19 °F) and July temperatures ranging from 15 to 21 °C (59 to 70 °F). It is also prone to heavy winds as well as sandstorms from February to April.

By area, Qinghai is the largest province in China - excluding autonomous regions, which are technically not provinces; but if they were, Xinjiang would be the largest.

Qinghai Lake (Koko Nor) is the largest salt water lake in China, and the second largest in the world. [citation needed]

Qaidam basin lies in northwestern Qinghai. About a third of this resource rich basin is desert. The basin has an altitude between 3000 to 3500 meters.

The Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve (SNNR), also referred to as the Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve, or the Three Rivers Nature Reserve, is the area of Qinghai province, PRC which contains the headwaters of the Yellow River (Huang He), the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang), and the Mekong River (Lancang Jiang). The SNNR was established to protect the headwaters of these three rivers. The reserve consists of 18 subareas, each containing three zones which are managed with differing degrees of strictness.

Politics

Secretaries of the CPC Qinghai Committee
Order Name Chinese Name Governance period
1 Zhang Zhongliang 张仲良 1949–1954
2 Zhao Shoushan 赵寿山 1952
3 Gao Feng[disambiguation needed] 高峰 1954–1961
4 Wang Zhao 王昭 1961–1962
5 Yang Zhilin 杨植霖 1962–1966
6 Liu Xianquan 刘贤权 1967–1977
7 Tan Qilong 谭启龙 1977–1979
8 Liang Buting 梁步庭 1979–1982
9 Zhao Haifeng 赵海峰 1982–1985
10 Yin Kesheng 尹克升 1985–1997
11 Tian Chengping 田成平 1997–1999
12 Bai Enpei 白恩培 1999–2001
13 Su Rong 苏荣 2001–2003
14 Zhao Leji 赵乐际 2003–2007
15 Qiang Wei 强卫 2007-incumbent
Governors of Qinghai
Order Name Chinese Name Governance period
1 Zhao Shoushan 赵寿山 1950–1952
2 Zhang Zhongliang 张仲良 1952–1954
3 Sun Zuobin 孙作宾 1954–1958
4 Sun Junyi 孙君一 1958
5 Yuan Renyuan 袁任远 1958–1962
6 Wang Zhao 王昭 1962–1967
7 Liu Xianquan 刘贤权 1967–1977
8 Tan Qilong 谭启龙 1977–1979
9 Zhang Guosheng 张国声 1979–1982
10 Huang Jingbo 黄静波 1982–1985
11 Song Ruixiang 宋瑞祥 1985–1989
12 Jin Jipeng 金基鹏 1989–1992
13 Tian Chengping 田成平 1992–1997
14 Bai Enpei 白恩培 1997–1999
15 Zhao Leji 赵乐际 1999–2003
16 Yang Chuantang 杨传堂 2003–2004
17 Song Xiuyan 宋秀岩 2004–2010
18 Luo Huining 骆惠宁 2010

Administrative divisions

Main article: List of administrative divisions of Qinghai

Qinghai is administratively divided into one prefecture-level city, one prefecture, and six autonomous prefectures:

Map # Name Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin Administrative Seat Population (2010)
— Prefecture-level city —
3 Xining 西宁市 Xīníng Shì Chengzhong District 2,208,708
— Prefecture —
4 Haidong 海东地区 Hǎidōng Dìqū Ping'an County 1,396,846
— Autonomous prefecture —
1 Haixi (Mongol & Tibetan) 海西蒙古族藏族自治州 Hǎixī Měnggǔzú Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu Delingha 489,338
2 Haibei (Tibetan) 海北藏族自治州 Hǎiběi Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu Haiyan County 273,304
5 Hainan (Tibetan) 海南藏族自治州 Hǎinán Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu Gonghe County 441,689
6 Huangnan (Tibetan) 黄南藏族自治州 Huángnán Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu Tongren County 256,716
7 Yushu (Tibetan) 玉树藏族自治州 Yùshù Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu Yushu County 378,439
8 Golog (Tibetan) 果洛藏族自治州 Guǒluò Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu Maqên County 181,682

All of these are in turn divided into four districts, two county-level cities, thirty counties, and seven autonomous counties.

Economy

Oil well in Tsaidam (Qaidam), Qinghai

Qinghai's economy is amongst the smallest in all of China. Its nominal GDP for 2009 was just 108.1 billion RMB (US$15.8 billion) and contributes to about 0.3% of the entire country's economy. Per capita GDP was 19,407 RMB (US$2,841), the second lowest in China.[12]

Its heavy industry includes iron and steel production, located near its capital city of Xining. Oil and natural gas from the Chaidamu Basin have also been an important contributor to the economy.[13]

Outside of the provincial capital, Xining, most of Qinghai remains underdeveloped. Qinghai ranks second lowest in China in terms of highway length, and will require a significant expansion of its infrastructure to capitalize on the economic potential of its rich natural resources.[14]

Economic and Technological Development Zones

  • Xining Economic & Technological Development Zone

Xining Economic & Technological Development Zone (XETDZ) was approved as state-level development zone in July 2000. It has a planned area of 4.4 square kilometers. XETDZ lies in the east of Xining, the capital city of Qinghai Province, 5 kilometers away from downtown. Located in the east of the province, Xining stands at the upper reaches of the Huangshui River-one of the Yellow River's branches. The city is surrounded by the mountains with an average elevation of 2261 meters and the highest at 4393 meters. Xining Economic and Technological Development Zone (XETDZ) is the first of its kind at the national level on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is established to fulfill the nation's strategy of developing the west.

XETDZ enjoys a convenient transportation system, connected by the Xining-Lanzhou expressway and run through by two main roads, the broadest roads of the city. It is 4 kilometers away from the railway station, 15 kilometers from Xi'ning Airport, a grade 4D airport with 14 airlines to other cities such as Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Chengdu and Xi'an. Xining is Qinghai province's passage to the outside world, a transportation center with more than ten highways, over one hundred roads and two railways, Lanzhou-Qinghai and Qinghai-Tibet Railways in and out of the city.

It focuses on the development of following industries: chemicals based on salt lake resources, nonferrous metals, and petroleum and natural gas processing; special medicine, foods and bio-chemicals using local plateau animals and plants; new products involving ecological and environmental protection, high technology, new materials as well as information technology; and services such as logistics, banking, real estate, tourism, hotel, catering, agency and international trade.[15]

Demographics

The Dongguan Mosque in Qinghai

The population of Qinghai is approximately 5.2 million, among which the Han account for 54.5%. Other groups include the Tibetans 20.87%, Hui 16%, Tu (Monguor) 4%, Salar, and Mongols.

Culture

Qinghai's culture is heavily influenced by China proper and Tibet, given the close proximities as well as a shared history.

Transportation

See also: Transport in the People's Republic of China

The Lanqing Railway, running between Lanzhou, Gansu and Xining, the province's capital, was completed in 1959 and is the major transportation route in and out of the province. A continuation of the line, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway via Golmud and western Qinghai, has become one of the most ambitious projects in PRC history. It was completed in October 2005 and now links Tibet with the rest of China through Qinghai.

Six National Highways run through the province.

Xining Caojiabu Airport provides service to Beijing, Lanzhou, Golmud and Delingha. Smaller regional airports, such as Golmud Airport and Yushu Batang Airport, serve some of the local centers of the far-flung province; plans exist for the construction of three more by 2020.[16]

Telecommunications

See also: Telecommunications industry in China

Since the Ministry of Information Industry began its "Access to Telephones Project", Qinghai has invested 640 million yuan to provide telephone access to 3860 out its 4133 administrative villages. At the end of 2006, 299 towns had received Internet access. However, 6.6 percent of villages in the region still have no access to the telephone. These villages are mainly scattered in Qingnan Area, with 90 percent of them located in Yushu and Guoluo. The average altitude of these areas exceeds 3600 meters, and the poor natural conditions hamper the establishment of telecommunication facilities in the region.

Satellite phones have been provided to 186 remote villages in Qinghai Province as of September 14, 2007.[citation needed] The areas benefited were Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. Qinghai has recently been provided with satellite telephone access. In June 2007, China Satcom carried out an in-depth survey in Yushu and Guoluo, and made a special satellite phones for these areas. Two phones were provided to each village for free, and calls were charged at the rate of 0.2 yuan per minute for both local and national calls, with the extra charges assumed by China Satcom. No monthly rent was charged on the satellite phone. International calls were also available.

Tourism

Qinghai Lake from space, November 1994.

Many tourist attractions center on Xining, the provincial seat of Qinghai.

During the hot summer months, many tourists from the hot Southern and Eastern parts of China travel to Xining, as the climate of Xining in July and August is quite mild and comfortable, making the city an ideal summer retreat.

Qinghai Lake ([青海湖] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-s (help), qīnghǎi hú) is another tourist attraction, albeit further from Xining than Kumbum. The lake is the largest saltwater lake in China, and is also located on the "Roof of the World," the Tibetan Plateau. The lake itself lies at 3,600m elevation. The surrounding area is made up of rolling grasslands and populated by ethnic Tibetans. Most pre-arranged tours stop at Bird Island ([鸟岛] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-s (help), niǎo dǎo). An international bicycle race takes place annually from Xining to Qinghai Lake.

Colleges and universities

Also see List of universities and colleges in Qinghai

See also

References

  1. ^ Purdue - Tibetan history.
  2. ^ William Ewart Gladstone, Baron Arthur Hamilton-Gordon Stanmore (1961). Gladstone-Gordon correspondence, 1851-1896: selections from the private correspondence of a British Prime Minister and a colonial Governor, Volume 51. American Philosophical Society. p. 27. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  3. ^ William Ewart Gladstone, Baron Arthur Hamilton-Gordon Stanmore (1961). Gladstone-Gordon correspondence, 1851-1896: selections from the private correspondence of a British Prime Minister and a colonial Governor, Volume 51. American Philosophical Society. p. 27. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  4. ^ The Times Atlas of World History. (Maplewood, New Jersey: Hammond, 1989) p. 175
  5. ^ M.C. Goldstein (1994). Barnett and Akiner (ed.). Change, Conflict and Continuity among a community of nomadic pastoralists—A Case Study from western Tibet, 1950-1990., Resistance and Reform in Tibet. London: Hurst & Co.
  6. ^ Henry George Wandesforde Woodhead, Henry Thurburn Montague Bell (1969). The China year book, Part 2. North China Daily News & Herald. p. 841. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  7. ^ Louis M. J. Schram (2006). The Monguors of the Kansu-Tibetan Frontier: Their Origin, History, and Social Organization. Kessinger Publishing. p. 17. ISBN 1-4286-5932-3. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  8. ^ Graham Hutchings (2003). Modern China: a guide to a century of change (illustrated, reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 351. ISBN 0674012402. Retrieved 2010-6-28. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  9. ^ John Roderick (1993). Covering China: the story of an American reporter from revolutionary days to the Deng era. Imprint Publications. p. 104. ISBN 1879176173. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  10. ^ Felix Smith (1995). China pilot: flying for Chiang and Chennault. Brassey's. p. 140. ISBN 1574880519. Retrieved 2010-06-28. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  11. ^ Werner Draguhn, David S. G. Goodman (2002). China's communist revolutions: fifty years of the People's Republic of China. Psychology Press. p. 38. ISBN 0700716300. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
  12. ^ http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/qinghai-province/
  13. ^ http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/qinghai-province/
  14. ^ http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/qinghai-province/
  15. ^ RightSite.asia | Xining Economic & Technological Development Zone
  16. ^ Qinghai to build 3 new airports before 2020

External links

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