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==Relations with Superpower: 1947-1991==
==Relations with Superpower: 1947-1991==
{{MergeFrom|Pakistan–Soviet Union relations|date=April 2012}}<!------ This sections needs a new diplomatic page with "Pakistan-Soviet Union relations".----->
{{Main|Pakistan–Soviet Union relations}}
{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan–Soviet Union|Pakistan|Soviet Union|filetype=svg}}

====Democratic governments (1947-1958)====
{{Main|First Five-Year Plans (Pakistan)#First Five-Year Plans (Pakistan)|l1=Soviet-style economic planning in Pakistan|Communism in Pakistan|Pakistan Communist Party}}
The '''Soviet Union-Pakistan relations''' ([[Russian language|Russian]]: '''Союз Советских Социалистических Республик -Пакистан''') dated back to 1948 when Moscow directed a farewell message to then-[[Prime minister of Pakistan|Prime minister]] [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]. Pakistan was [[Creation of Pakistan|established]] during the penultimate times of [[Cold War (1947–1953)|cold war]], and the Soviet influence on [[Pahlavi dynasty|Imperial Iran]] had deepened, and the [[Military history of Imperial Russia|Russian military involvement]] in Afghanistan had a long history, going back to [[Russian Empire|Tsarist]] times in the so-called "[[The Great Game|Great Game]]" between [[Imperial Russia|Russia]] and [[Great Britain]].<ref name="Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad">{{cite web|last=Adnan Ali Shah|title=Pakistan-Soviet Union Relations|url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:7ieoz5IjDQYJ:www.issi.org.pk/old-site/ss_Detail.php%3FdataId%3D179+pakistan+soviet+union+relations&cd=23&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|work=Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad|publisher=Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad|accessdate=26 February 2012}}</ref>
{{Rquote|left|Pakistan cannot afford to wait. She must take her friends where she finds them...!|Liaquat Ali Khan calling the Soviet Union and China.|<ref name="The Dawn Newspaper, October 17, 2010">{{cite news|last=Shahid M. Aminv|first=(Former Pakistan Ambassador to Soviet Union)|title=The foreign policy of Liaquat Ali Khan|url=http://www.dawn.com/2010/10/17/the-foreign-policy-of-liaquat-ali-khan-2.html|accessdate=31 January 2012|newspaper=The Dawn Newspaper, October 17, 2010|date=October 17, 2010}}</ref> }}
According to the studies conducted by the [[Institute of Strategic Studies]] (ISS), the Soviet Union did not welcomed the [[Partition of India|Indian partition]], fluctuating from cool to antagonistic and hostile relations.<ref name="Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad"/> Moscow gave vehement criticism to [[United Kingdom]] for partitioning the region, regarded as the "''[[Divide and rule]]'' strategy of [[British foreign policy|foreign policy]] of [[Great Britain]], and had earlier labeled the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] as a tool of the British, from its very inception.<ref name="Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad"/> [[Joseph Stalin]] and officials at [[Moscow]] did not send any congratulatory message to [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]] [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]]— [[Quaid-e-Azam|founder]] of Pakistan.<ref name="Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad"/> Rather the Soviet Union extended relations after the [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah#Illness and death|death]] of Jinnah, after sending the invitation to Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan on April 1948.<ref name="Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad"/> During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|1947 war]], Soviet Union remained neutral non-committal attitude, while the [[Western world|Western]] countries moved the [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir dispute]] to [[United Nations Security Council]], to settle the dispute.<ref name="Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad"/> The [[Status quo]] was more acceptable to [[India]], not by Pakistan, initially influence Moscow to vote in favor of India in 1947.<ref name="Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad"/> During 1947-53, Pakistan was an early member of [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM) facing the challenging issues involving the [[Economy of Pakistan|economic default]], [[National Security Council of Pakistan|internal unrest]], [[Foreign policy of Pakistan|challenges in foreign policy]], [[Objectives Resolution|constitutional crises]], and the problems at the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan|Constituent Assembly]] after the death of Jinnah.<ref name="Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad"/> Initially, Pakistan waited to see if any nation was willing to help the country to re-build its massive military and economical aid, and leading bureaucrat at this time, Sir Firoz Ali Khan had revealed that:

{{quote|1=If the Hindus give (us) and Pakistan, then the Hindus are her best friends. If the [[Great Britain|British]] give it to her then the Brits are our best friends. If [[India–United Kingdom relations|neither]] will give it to us the freedom..... Then the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia]] is our best friend.... |2=Firoze Ali Khan, 1946|3=source<ref name="Ashgate Pub Co (June 30, 2005)">{{cite book|last=Hilali|first=A.Z.|title=US-Pakistan Relationship: Soviet Invasion Of Afghanistan|date=(June 30, 2005)|publisher=Ashgate Pub Co (June 30, 2005)|location=U.S. and U.K (Multiple places)|isbn=978-0-7546-4220-6|pages=304|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nhqRa0glD9oC&pg=PA37&dq=pakistan+soviet+union+relations&hl=en&ei=Z8JJT4HnHamaiQLUm4DcDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=2&ved=0CDYQ6wEwAQ#v=onepage&q=pakistan%20soviet%20union%20relations&f=true}}</ref>}}

In April 1948, at the [[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific|UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Far East]], Pakistan's [[Foreign Office of Pakistan|foreign officers]] of Pakistan announced that "she (Pakistan) would accept aid from any source", but the Soviets did not respond to that request.<ref name="Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad"/> In 1948, Prime minister Ali Khan made several attempts to Soviet Union to established the relations, but Soviet remained quiet. On April 1948, [[Foreign Minister of Pakistan|Foreign minister]] [[Muhammad Zafarullah Khan|Sir Zafarullah Khan]] held talks with [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)|Deputy Foreign minister]] [[Andrei Gromyko]], subjecting the diplomatic relation.<ref name="Dawn Newspaper, Pakistan Institute of International Affairs (1950)">{{cite news|last=Ardeshir Cowasjee|title=A recap of Soviet-Pakistan relations|url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/03/13/a-recap-of-soviet-pakistan-relations.html|accessdate=26 February 2012|newspaper=Dawn Newspaper, Pakistan Institute of International Affairs (1950)|date=13 March 2011}}</ref> During this time, Pakistan saw relations with the Soviet Union from the prism of relations with India just as these days it sees ties with the United States.<ref name="Dawn Newspaper, Pakistan Institute of International Affairs (1950)"/>
{{Rquote|right|There are important divergences of outlook between Pakistan, with its Islamic background, and the Soviet Union with its background of [[Marxism]] which is [[Atheist state|atheistic]].... Pakistan had noticed the subservience which was forced upon the allies of the Soviet Union... Furthermore, there was the question whether Russia could supply the aid, both material and technical, which Pakistan so urgently needed...|[[Pakistan Institute of International Affairs]], 1950|<ref name="Dawn Newspaper, Pakistan Institute of International Affairs (1950)"/>}}
However, the policy was changed after Soviet Union witnessed two events particularly forcing them to respond to Pakistan when India decided to remain within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth Nations]], it was a clear sign that India was leaning towards the Western countries under the [[Untied States|U.S.]] auspicious.<ref name="Dawn Newspaper, Pakistan Institute of International Affairs (1950)"/> The second event was the [[Prime Minister of India|Indian premier]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s announcement to pay the [[state visit]] to the [[United States]] on May 7, 1949. To a reaction, Soviet Union extended an invitation to Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, in 1949 to visit Moscow, becoming the first prime minister from the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] to visit the communist country, but Soviet Union herself did not materialized the dates or the plans.<ref name="Dawn Newspaper, Pakistan Institute of International Affairs (1950)"/> Instead, Prime minister Ali Khan went onto paid a state visit to [[United States]], taking the largest diplomatic and military convey with him, a clear rebuff to Soviet Union.<ref name="Dawn Newspaper, Pakistan Institute of International Affairs (1950)"/> According to studies completed by [[Pakistan Institute of International Affairs]] (PIIA), the real motives, goals and objectives, were to an economic and technical assistance. "There are important divergences of outlook between Pakistan, with its Islamic background, and the Soviet Union with its background of [[Marxism]] which is [[Atheist state|atheistic]]....Pakistan had noticed the subservience which was forced upon the allies of the Soviet Union... Furthermore, there was the question whether Russia could supply the aid, both material and technical, which Pakistan so urgently needed..." [[Pakistan Institute of International Affairs|PIIA]] noted.<ref name="Dawn Newspaper, Pakistan Institute of International Affairs (1950)"/>

The relations suffered setback when members of [[Communist Party of Pakistan|Communist Party]] led by communist [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]], sponsored by [[Major-General]] [[Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)|Akbar Khan]], hatched a [[Rawalpindi conspiracy|coup d'état]] against Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan in 1950 (See [[Rawalpindi conspiracy|Rawalpindi conspiracy case]]).<ref name="Dawn Newspaper, Pakistan Institute of International Affairs (1950)"/> Soon, three years after, Prime minister [[Liaqat Ali Khan]] [[Assassination of liaqat ali khan|assassinated]] while campaigning for his electoral term. During 1954-58, the relations were strained and hostility against each other as time passes. In 1954, Pakistan became member of [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization|SEATO]] and [[Central Treaty Organization|CENTO]] in 1955, which Soviet Union did not welcomed, overtly opting the Pro-Indian policy and regarding the Kashmir as part of India.<ref name="Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad"/>
[[File:Russia-India 1865.png|thumb|left|200px|The border of [[British Indian Empire|British India]] (now Pakistan's border) showing the Russian Empire neighboring with Pakistan.]]
As a result of [[Elections in Pakistan|1954-55 elections]], Prime minister [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Huseyn Suhrawardy]], a left-wing prime minister, made deliberate attempts to improve relations. On March–April 1954, a delegation of the Soviet cultural troupe toured Pakistan and a festival of the Soviet films was held in Karachi.<ref name="Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad"/> To reciprocate this, the [[Pakistan Government]] also sent a delegation to study the Soviet industrial and agricultural development In 1956, [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Soviet premier]] [[Nikolai Bulganin]] offered technical and scientific assistance to Prime minister Suhrawardy for the peaceful uses of [[Nuclear energy in Pakistan|nuclear energy]], offering Soviet contribution after Suhrawardy submitted the plan to established the [[Nuclear power in Pakistan|nuclear power]] against India. In 1958, Soviet Union agreed to give Pakistan an handful aid in agriculture, economic, science, control of pest, flood control, desalination, soil erosion and technical assistance to Pakistan.<ref name="Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad"/> In 1958, Pakistan and Soviet Union finally established an oil consortium, [[Pakistan Oilfields]], and expressing interests in establishing the country's first steel mills.<ref name="Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad"/>

====Military dictatorships (1958-1971)====
In July 1957, Prime minister [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Suhrawardy]] approved the leasing of the secret [[ISI (Pakistan)|''ISI'']] installation, [[Peshawar Air Station]], to [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]].<ref name="Jang Publishers, 1992">{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Syed Amjad|title=Glimpses|year=1992|publisher=Jang Publishers, 1992|location=Lahore, Punjab Province, mjad Ali, the Pakistan ambassador to the US at the time, narrated in his book "Glimpses" (Lahore: Jang Publisher's, 1992) that the personal assistant of Suhrawardy advised embassy staff of the Prime Minister's agreement to the US facility on Pakistan soil.|isbn=B002PB17NQ|url=http://www.amazon.com/Glimpses-Syed-Amjad-Ali/dp/B002PB17NQ}}</ref> After commencing the [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|military coup d'état]] against [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Iskander Mirza]], [[Army Chief of Staff (Pakistan)|Army Commander]] [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] visited [[United States]], further enhancing relations with the U.S. while at same time, trying establishing link with Soviet Union through [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]].<ref name="Jang Publishers, 1992"/>
{{Rquote|right|Pakistan felt deceived because the U.S. had kept her in the dark about such clandestine spy operations launched from Pakistan’s territory|General [[Khalid Mahmud Arif|K.M. Arif]], [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]].|<ref name="Hamid Hussain, 2002"/> }}
In 1959, Ayub Khan permitted the flights of reconnaissance and covert surveillance flights of [[Lockheed U-2|''U-2'']], giving the authorization of final ''U-2'' flight, piloted by [[United States Air Force|USAF]] [[Captain (United States)|Captain]] [[Francis Gary Powers]]. This operation ended violently when [[Soviet Air Defence Forces]] shot down the ''U-2'', capturing its pilot near at the vicinity. Overall, Ayub Khan knew of this operation, understanding the consequences and aftermath, and shuddered his shoulders when he was notified in London, by the USAF and the CIA.<ref name="Oxford University Press, USA; 1 edition"/>

The [[U-2 incident]] severely compromised Pakistan security and worsened relations between the Soviet Union and Pakistan, with Soviet now backing India.<ref name="Oxford University Press, USA; 1 edition">{{cite book|last=Arif, PA|first=Khalid Mahmood|title=Khaki Shadows: Pakistan 1947-1997|date=(August 16, 2001)|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA; 1 edition|location=United States|isbn=978-0-19-579396-3|pages=452 pages|url=http://www.amazon.com/Khaki-Shadows-1947-1997-General-Arif/dp/019579396X/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1330236372&sr=1-1}}</ref> During this time, the [[Indian nuclear programme]] expanded and progressed at very exponential level.<ref name="Oxford University Press, USA; 1 edition"/> As an attempt to put up a bold front, former [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|chief of army staff]] General [[Khalid Mahmud Arif]] while commenting on the incident stated that, "Pakistan felt deceived because the U.S. had kept her in the dark about such clandestine spy operations launched from Pakistan’s territory".<ref name="Oxford University Press, USA; 1 edition"/>

A great Soviet ire was on Pakistan, and the Soviets threatened to bomb the base if future missions were flown from it.<ref name="Oxford University Press, USA; 1 edition"/> Soviet Union paid back its revenge on [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]], emerged as the biggest supplier of military hardware to India.<ref name="Discovery Publishing House,">{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Ram|title=India-USSR relations|year=1999|publisher=Discovery Publishing House,|location=U.S.|isbn=81-7141-486-9.}}</ref> India on other hand, distanced from the [[Western world|Western countries]], developed close relations with the Soviet Union.<ref name="Discovery Publishing House,"/> Soviet Union and India used the diplomacy, convincing the U.S. and Western powers to keep a ban on Pakistan's military and hardware.<ref>{{cite book|last=Duncan|first=Peter|title=The Soviet Union and India|year=1989.|publisher=Routledge, 1989.|isbn=0-415-00212-5.}}</ref> After the 1965 war, the arms race between India and Pakistan became even more asymmetric and India was outdistancing Pakistan by far.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zeev|first=Moa|title=Paradoxes of war: on the art of national self-entrapmen|year=1999|publisher=Routledge, 1990.|isbn=0004445113X{{Please check ISBN|reason=Invalid length.}}}}</ref>

=====Relations with West and East Pakistan=====
The Soviet Union had far more better relations with [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]], and had strong ties with [[Pakistan Communist Party|Communist Party]] after successfully staging the [[Bengali Language Movement|protest]] (see [[Bengali Language Movement]]) to give national recognition to the language as compare to [[Urdu language|''Urdu'']] in [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|1956 constitution]].<ref name="Oxford University Press, 2003">{{cite book|last=Kazmi|first=Muhammad Raza|title=Liaquat Ali Khan: his life and work|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press, 2003|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-19-579788-6|pages=354|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xBduAAAAMAAJ&q=liaquat+ali+khan&dq=liaquat+ali+khan&hl=en&ei=FiMmT_DKB8mSiQKM77iACA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CD0Q6wEwAA}}</ref> The Communist Party had ensure the complete elimination of [[Pakistan Muslim League]] once and for all, leading the collapse of central government of Pakistan Muslim League in the federal government.<ref name="Oxford University Press, 2003"/> The tendency of [[Democracy in Pakistan|democracy]] and the [[Anti-American sentiment]] was greater in [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]], which highly benefited the [[Soviet Union]] in 1971.<ref name="Hamid Hussain, 2002">{{cite web|last=Hamid Hussain|title=Tale of a love affair that never was: United States-Pakistan Defence Relations|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/june/loveaffair.htm|work=Defence Journal of Pakistan|publisher=Hamid Hussain, 2002|accessdate=26 February 2012}}</ref> When the mutual defence treaty, following the arrival of military advsers from the [[Military Assistance Advisory Group|MAAG]] group, which was announced in February 1954, there was a great outcry in East-Pakistan. Many demonstrations, led by [[Pakistan Communist Party|communist party]] were held and the 162 newly elected members of [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly|East-Pakistan Parliament]] signed a statement, which denounced Pakistan's government for signing a military pact with United States.<ref name="Hamid Hussain, 2002"/>

In [[West Pakistan|West-Pakistan]], the Soviet relations with West-Pakistan was improved after the formation of leading [[democratic socialist]] [[Pakistan Peoples Party]].<ref name="Jang Publishers, 1992"/> The tendency of [[Socialism in Pakistan|socialism]] was greater in West Pakistan, in contrast to East Pakistan were the tendency of communism was at its height.<ref name="Jang Publishers, 1992"/> After the [[1965 war]], Soviet relations with socialist mass, [[Awami National Party]], [[Pakistan People's Party]], and the [[Pakistan Socialist Party]], impulsively improved. In 1972, the [[List of Speakers of the West Pakistan Legislative Assembly|West-Pakistan Parliament]] passed the resolution which called for establishing ties with Soviet Union.<ref name="Jang Publishers, 1992"/> During the 1980s when the purged took place under the [[Zia regime]], the socialists members escaped to [[Soviet Union]] through [[Afghanistan]], seeking the political asylum there.<ref name="Jang Publishers, 1992"/>

=====Role in Indo-Pakistani war of 1971=====
The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the [[1971 Indo-Pakistani War|1971 Winter war]], first signing the [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation]].<ref name="theworldreporter.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.theworldreporter.com/2011/10/1971-india-pakistan-war-role-of-russia.html|title=1971 India Pakistan War: Role of Russia, China, America and Britain|work=The World Reporter|publisher=|accessdate=2011-10-30}}</ref> The Soviet Union sympathized with the [[Bangladeshis]], and supported the [[Indian Army]] and [[Mukti Bahini]] during the war, recognizing that the independence of [[Bangladesh]] would weaken the position of its rivals—the [[United States]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and [[People's Republic of China|China]].<ref name="theworldreporter.com"/>

On 6 December and 13 December 1971, the [[Soviet Navy]] dispatched [[Squadron (naval)|two groups]] of cruisers and destroyers and a [[nuclear submarine]] armed with nuclear missiles from [[Vladivostok]];<ref name="theworldreporter.com"/> they trailed U.S. [[Task Force 74]] into the [[Indian Ocean]] from 18 December 1971 until 7 January 1972. The Soviets also had a nuclear submarine to help ward off the threat posed by USS ''Enterprise'' task force in the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.html|title=Cold war games|work=Bharat Rakshak|publisher=|accessdate=2009-10-20}}</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/birth-of-a-nation/552795/3 Birth of a nation]. Indianexpress.com (2009-12-11). Retrieved on 2011-04-14.</ref> The [[Soviet Navy]]'s presence put a threat of existence of Pakistan, with the Soviet nuclear submarines' [[Soviet submarine K-320|''K-320'']] and [[Charlie class submarine|''Charlie'']], movements were picked up by [[Pakistan Navy]]'s submarines.<ref name="theworldreporter.com"/> The Pakistan Navy's submarines [[PNS Ghazi|''Ghazi'']], [[PNS Hangor|''Hangor'']], and ''Mangor'' had sent solid evidence of Soviet Navy's covert involvement helping the Indian Navy, and Soviet Navy's own secret operations against the Pakistan Navy.<ref name="theworldreporter.com"/> Pakistan Navy avoided aggressive contacts with the Soviet Navy due to possible nuclear retaliation by Soviet nuclear submarines in Karachi.<ref name="theworldreporter.com"/>

====Democratic government (1971-1977)====
{{Main|Pakistan Steel Mills#Soviet Contribution to Steel Mill|l1=Soviet Contribution to Pakistan Steel Mills|Nationalization in Pakistan|1977 Pakistani coup d'état}}
[[File:U2 GrandSlam.png|thumb|350px|right|Map showing Distance from [[Islamabad]] to [[Moscow]].]]
The democratic socialist alliance led by then-[[Prime minister of Pakistan|Prime minister]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] made an effort to improve relations with the Soviet Union, and the for the first time in the [[History of Pakistan|history]] of Pakistan, Soviet Union's ties with Pakistan began to warm and relations were quickly improved. Reviving his foreign policy, Bhutto relieved Pakistan from [[SEATO]] and [[CENTO]], breaking off the relations with the [[United States]] under the [[American President|President]] [[Jimmy Carter]]. In 1974, Bhutto paid a tiring and lengthy state visit to Soviet Union, becoming the first prime minister since the independence of Pakistan in 1947. Bhutto and his delegation was met with great jubilation, a warm-heated celebration took place after Bhutto was received by [[Alexei Kosygin]] in Moscow.<ref name="DOc Kazi">{{cite web|last=DOc Kazi|title=Bhutto's arrival in Russia|url=http://www.flickriver.com/photos/pimu/tags/zulfiqar/|publisher=DOc Kazi|accessdate=26 February 2012}}</ref> The honorary guard of honor was bestowed by the [[Soviet Armed Forces]], and strong interaction was made during Bhutto's democratic era.<ref name="DOc Kazi"/> Bhutto also met with [[Leonid Brezhnev]] where Pakistan reached agreements with Soviet Union on mutual trust, cooperation, technical assistance, and friendship<ref>{{cite web|last=DOc Kazi|title=ZAB with Leonid Brezhnev|url=http://www.flickr.com/photos/pimu/5600310787/in/set-72157602213300583/|publisher=DOc Kazi}}</ref>

At there, Bhutto succeeded to convince Soviet Union to established the [[Pakistan Steel Mills|integrated steel mills]] which prompted the Soviet Union to established the billion dollar worth Steel mill on its own expanse.<ref name="Rashid Ahmad Malk of The News International">{{Cite web
| last =Malik
| first =Rashid Ahmad
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =Warming Ties With Russia
| work =The Foreign Intelligence of News Intertional
| publisher =Rashid Ahmad Malk of The News International
| date =15 October 2010
| url =http://orientalreview.org/2011/05/25/warming-ties-with-russia/
| doi =
| accessdate =2011 }}</ref> Prime Minister Bhutto made a deliberate attempt to warm relations with Russia as he was trying to improve relations with the Communist bloc.<ref name="Rashid Ahmad Malk of The News International"/> Bhutto sought to developed and alleviated the [[Pakistan-Russia relations|Soviet-Pak Relations]], with Soviet Union established [[Pakistan Steel Mills]] in 1972.<ref name="Pakistan Steel Mills">{{Cite web
| last =(PSM)
| first =Pakistan Steel Mills
| authorlink =Pakistan Steel Mills
| coauthors =
| title =Pakistan Steel: Our History
| work = Pakistan Steel Mills
| publisher =Pakistan Steel Mills
| date =Updated
| url =http://www.paksteel.com.pk/organ_our_history.html
| doi =
| accessdate =2011 }}</ref> The foundation stone for this gigantic project was laid on 30 December 1973 by the then Prime minister Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. Facing inexperience for the erection work of the integrated steel mill, Bhutto requested Soviet Union to send its experts.<ref name="Pakistan Steel Mills"/> Soviet Union sends dozens of advisors and experts, under Russian scientist Mikhail Koltokof, who supervised the construction of this integrated Steel Mills, with a number of industrial and consortium companies financing this mega-project.<ref name="Pakistan Steel Mills"/>

During the 1973 till 1979, Soviet Union and Pakistan had enjoyed a strong relations with each other which also benefited the Soviet Union.<ref name="Rashid Ahmad Malk of The News International"/> This interaction was short lived after the [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto#Popular unrest and military coup|popular unrest]] began to take place after the [[Pakistani general election, 1977|1977 elections]].<ref name="University of Pennsylvania Press">{{cite book|last=Kamminga|first=Menno T.|title=Inter-State Accountability of Violation of Human Rights|year=1992|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=University of Pennsylvania, U.S.|isbn=0-8122-317-7|pages=19–198|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UbzdVHXyTsAC&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=brezhnev+and+Bhutto&source=bl&ots=F6ZInza-Du&sig=t5EJYtP_aWQYJIthZ8yWBvzDnA4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cN1JT7aCNsfliAKOhbzbDQ&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> With the support provided by United States and CIA-sponsored operation, codename [[Operation Fair Play|''Fair Play'']], against Bhutto at which he was removed in 1977. The Soviet relations with Pakistan went down on April 4, 1979, when Bhutto was [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto#Death sentence and appeal|executed]] by the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]].<ref name="University of Pennsylvania Press"/> Earlier, Leonid Brezhnev, Alexei Kosygin, and other members of [[Soviet Politburo|Politburo]] had send repeated calls for clemency to [[Chief Martial Law Administrator|CMLA]] General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] who forcefully rejected the Soviet requests.<ref name="University of Pennsylvania Press"/> Breznev maintained the issue of Bhutto was Pakistan's internal matter but did not wish to seem him executed. When Bhutto was hanged, Brezhnev condemned the act, marking as out of "purely humane motives".<ref name="University of Pennsylvania Press"/>

====Military dictatorship (1977-1988)====
{{Main|Operation Cyclone}}
[[File:Afghanistan insurgency 1985.png|right|300px|thumb|[[Soviet Afghanistan]]: Map showing areas involving heavy fighting. ''Note'': Areas adjacent to [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan province]] are remained untouched (white region, south) from the fighting while the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|NWFP]] (north-west) inflicted with heavy fighting.]]
Shortly after the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, [[Chief Martial Law Administrator|military ruler]] General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] called for a meeting of senior military members and technocrats of his [[:Category:Military Government of Pakistan (1977–1988)|military government]].<ref name="Jang Publishers, 1991">{{cite book|last=Yousaf, PA|first=Brigadier General (retired) Mohammad|title=Silent soldier: the man behind the Afghan jehad General Akhtar Abdur Rahman|year=1991|publisher=Jang Publishers, 1991|location=Karachi, Sindh|pages=106 pages|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cAoNAAAAIAAJ&q=Silent+soldier:+The+man+behind+the+Afghan+Jehad+by+Mohammad+Yousaf&dq=Silent+soldier:+The+man+behind+the+Afghan+Jehad+by+Mohammad+Yousaf&hl=en&ei=q3bDTuTyK473sQKDy_GZCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CDQQ6wEwAA}}</ref> At this meeting, General Zia-ul-Haq asked the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] General [[Khalid Mahmud Arif]] (veteran of [[1965 war|1965]] and [[1971 war]]) and the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Joint Chiefs of Staff]] Admiral [[Mohammad Shariff|Muhammad Shariff]] (who was made [[Prisoner of War|POW]] by India during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971) to lead a specialized civil-military team to formulate a geo-strategy to counter the Soviet aggression.<ref name="Jang Publishers, 1991"/> At this meeting, the [[Director-General]] of the [[Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence|''ISI'']] at that time, [[Lieutenant-General]] [[General Akhtar Abdur Rahman|Akhtar Abdur Rahman]] advocated for an idea of covert operation in Afghanistan by arming the Islamic extremist, and was loudly heard saying: "''Kabul must burn! Kabul must burn!''".<ref name="Jang Publishers, 1991"/> As for Pakistan, the Soviet war with Islamist mujaheddin was a complete revenge in retaliation for the Soviet Union's long unconditional support of regional rival, India, notably during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 wars]], which led the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|loss]] of [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="Jang Publishers, 1991"/>

The U.S. viewed the conflict in Afghanistan as an integral [[Cold War]] struggle, and the [[CIA]] provided assistance to [[anti-Soviet]] forces through the [[Pakistani intelligence services|''ISI'']], in a program called ''[[Operation Cyclone]]''.<ref name=HOW-THE-CIA-CREATED-OSAMA-BIN-LADEN>{{cite news
|title=How the CIA created Osama bin Laden
|url=http://www.greenleft.org.au/2001/465/25199
|date=September 19, 2001
|publisher=[[Green Left Weekly]]
|accessdate=January 9, 2007 }}</ref><ref name=1986-1992-CIA-AND-BRITISH-RECRUIT-AND-TRAIN-MILITANTS-WORLDWIDE-TO-HELP-FIGHT-AFGHAN-WAR>{{cite web
|title=1986–1992: CIA and British Recruit and Train Militants Worldwide to Help Fight Afghan War
|url=http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=a86operationcyclone
|publisher= History Commons
|accessdate=January 9, 2007}}</ref> The siphoning off of aid weapons, in which the weapons logistics and coordination were put under the [[Pakistan Navy]] in the [[Karachi Port|port city]] of [[Karachi]], contributed to disorder and violence there, while heroin entering from Afghanistan to pay for arms contributed to addiction problems.<ref>Kepel, ''Jihad'', (2002), p.143-4</ref> The Pakistan Navy coordinated the foreign weapons into Afghanistan, while some of its high-ranking admirals were responsible for storing the weapons in the Navy logistics depot, later coordinated the weapons supply to Mujaheddin, out of complete revenge of Pakistan Navy's brutal loss and defeat at the hands of [[Soviet Navy]] in 1971.<ref name="Jang Publishers, 1991"/>

In November 1982, General Zia traveled to the [[Soviet Union]] to attend the [[Death and funeral of Leonid Brezhnev|funeral]] of [[Leonid Brezhnev]], then-[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]] of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]].<ref name="Abhinav Publications">{{cite book|last=Anthony Hyman, Muhammed Ghayur, Naresh Kaushik|title=Pakistan, Zia and after§Zia The Ringmaster|year=1989|publisher=Abhinav Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7017-253-5|pages=130|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cjPgESaC-7sC&pg=PR5&dq=zia+ul+haq&hl=en&ei=8lvDTvaqJKORiALZg9ncCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=9&ved=0CF4Q6wEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=zia%20ul%20haq&f=false}}</ref> [[Soviet Presidents|Soviet President]] [[Andrei Gromyko]] and the new Secretary-General [[Yuri Andropov]] met with Zia where a brief meeting took place at the [[Kremlin]].<ref name="Abhinav Publications"/> The Soviet Union and the new Secretary General Yuri Andropov were angry at Pakistan's covert involvement in the support of Afghan resistance against the Soviet Union and her satellite state, [[Soviet Afghanistan]], and expressed his indignation to the General.<ref name="Abhinav Publications"/> Then General Zia took his hand and told him that, "Mr. Secretary General... Believe me, Pakistan wants nothing but good and healthy relations with the Soviet Union".<ref name="Abhinav Publications"/> According to [[Andrei Gromyko]], Zia's sincerity had caught off guards and in the meeting, everyone believed him but sadly found out that his words were not followed by his actions.<ref name="Abhinav Publications"/> Ironically, Zia directly dealt with the [[Israel]], working to build covert relations with Israel, allowing the country to actively participate in Soviet war in Afghanistan. Helped by ''ISI'', the Mossad channeled Soviet reversed engineered weapons to Afghanistan.<ref name="The Economist">{{cite news|last=Editorial|title=Tricky diplomacy|url=http://www.economist.com/node/1957930|work=Jul 31, 2003|work=The Economist|accessdate=January 4, 2012|date=July 31, 2003}}</ref> In [[Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)|Charlie Wilson]]'s own word, Zia reported to have remarked to Israeli intelligence service: "Just don't put any stars of David on the boxes".<ref name="The Economist"/>


====Democratic governments (1989-1991)====
====Democratic governments (1989-1991)====
[[File:RIAN archive 476780 Meeting at Pakistan Embassy.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Mothers of Soviet soldiers meeting at the [[Diplomatic missions of Pakistan|Pakistani Embassy, Moscow]] appealing to the [[Benazir Bhutto|Bhutto government]] for rescuing Soviet soldiers from captivity. It was not until 1992 when the [[Nawaz Sharif|Sharif government]] released the details of soldiers.]]
[[File:RIAN archive 476780 Meeting at Pakistan Embassy.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Mothers of Soviet soldiers meeting at the [[Diplomatic missions of Pakistan|Pakistani Embassy, Moscow]] appealing to the [[Benazir Bhutto|Bhutto government]] for rescuing Soviet soldiers from captivity. It was not until 1992 when the [[Nawaz Sharif|Sharif government]] released the details of soldiers.]]
Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] (daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto authorized further aggressive military operations in Afghanistan to topple the fragile communist regime and to end the Soviet influence.<ref name="Yousaf"/> One of her military authorizations was a military action in [[Jalalabad]] of [[Afghanistan]] in retaliation for the Soviet Union's long unconditional support of India, a [[proxy war]] in Pakistan, and Pakistan's loss in the 1965 and 1971 wars.<ref name="Yousaf">{{cite web
Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] (daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto authorized further aggressive military operations in Afghanistan to topple the fragile communist regime and to end the Soviet influence.<ref name="Jang Publishers, 1991">{{cite book|last=Yousaf, PA|first=Brigadier General (retired) Mohammad|title=Silent soldier: the man behind the Afghan jehad General Akhtar Abdur Rahman|year=1991|publisher=Jang Publishers, 1991|location=Karachi, Sindh|pages=106 pages|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cAoNAAAAIAAJ&q=Silent+soldier:+The+man+behind+the+Afghan+Jehad+by+Mohammad+Yousaf&dq=Silent+soldier:+The+man+behind+the+Afghan+Jehad+by+Mohammad+Yousaf&hl=en&ei=q3bDTuTyK473sQKDy_GZCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CDQQ6wEwAA}}</ref> One of her military authorizations was a military action in [[Jalalabad]] of [[Afghanistan]] in retaliation for the Soviet Union's long unconditional support of India, a [[proxy war]] in Pakistan, and Pakistan's loss in the 1965 and 1971 wars.<ref name="Yousaf">{{cite web
|last= Yousaf, Mohammad and Adkin, Mark|first=|url=http://www.sovietsdefeatinafghanistan.com/beartrap/english/18.htm|title=''Afghanistan - The bear trap - Defeat of a superpower''|publisher=[http://www.sovietsdefeatinafghanistan.com/]|accessdate= 2007-07-27}}</ref> This operation was "a defining moment for her [Benazir's] government" to prove the loyalty to Pakistan Armed Forces.<ref name="Yousaf"/> This operation planned by then-Director General of the [[Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence|Inter-Services Intelligence (''ISI'')]] Lieutenant-General [[General Hamid Gul|Hamid Gul]], with inclusion of [[United States Ambassador to Pakistan|U.S. ambassador to Pakistan]] [[Robert B. Oakley|Robert Oakley]].<ref name="Yousaf"/> Known as [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)|Battle of Jalalabad]], it was intended to gain a conventional victory on [[Soviet Union]] after Soviet Union had [[Soviet troop withdrawal from Afghanistan|withdrawn]] its troops. But the operation failed miserably and the Afghan army supported by Soviet [[scuds]] won the battle resulting in ISI chief being sacked by the Prime Minister<ref name="Yousaf"/>
|last= Yousaf, Mohammad and Adkin, Mark|first=|url=http://www.sovietsdefeatinafghanistan.com/beartrap/english/18.htm|title=''Afghanistan - The bear trap - Defeat of a superpower''|publisher=[http://www.sovietsdefeatinafghanistan.com/]|accessdate= 2007-07-27}}</ref> This operation was "a defining moment for her [Benazir's] government" to prove the loyalty to Pakistan Armed Forces.<ref name="Yousaf"/> This operation planned by then-Director General of the [[Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence|Inter-Services Intelligence (''ISI'')]] Lieutenant-General [[General Hamid Gul|Hamid Gul]], with inclusion of [[United States Ambassador to Pakistan|U.S. ambassador to Pakistan]] [[Robert B. Oakley|Robert Oakley]].<ref name="Yousaf"/> Known as [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)|Battle of Jalalabad]], it was intended to gain a conventional victory on [[Soviet Union]] after Soviet Union had [[Soviet troop withdrawal from Afghanistan|withdrawn]] its troops. But the operation failed miserably and the Afghan army supported by Soviet [[scuds]] won the battle resulting in ISI chief being sacked by the Prime Minister<ref name="Yousaf"/>


Revision as of 06:42, 12 July 2012

Pakistan–Russia relations
Map indicating locations of Pakistan and Russia

Pakistan
Russia

Pakistan–Russian relations (Russian: Российско-пакистанские отношения; or Russo-Pakistan relations) refers to the bilateral, historical, cultural, and international relations between the State of Pakistan and the Russian Federation. Russian Federation and Pakistan first established the diplomatic and bilateral relations on 1 May 1948.[1]

For the most of the Cold War, the Soviet Union relations with Pakistan have seen ups and down during the different periods of Pakistan. In 1947-50s, Soviet Union enjoyed relatively healthy and strong relations with Pakistan when it was under the civilian control but the relations went ultimately cold soon after the U.S.-backed 1958 military coup d'état, although attempts to warm the relations were made after the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war and in midst of 1970s, the relations were quickly improved and warmed. In the late 1980s, Pakistan allied with the United States and Saudi Arabia to support of Mujahideen rebels during Soviet occupation of Afghanistan.

Historical relations

Main articles: Peshawar Conspiracy Cases and Socialism in Pakistan
A Russo-Pakistani dish, Shashlik.

Soviet relations with Pakistan dated back to 1922 after the Bolshevik Revolution. From 1922-27, people who entered from Soviet Union into territory (now Pakistan) hold by British Indian Empire, attempted to start a communist revolution against the British Empire. The series of coups known as Peshawar Conspiracy Cases; the British Empire was terrified after the intelligence on attempted communist revolution in India were revealed to authorities. From 1947-50 and 1965–69, the trade, educational, and cultural exchanges between two countries increased. But the Soviet efforts were undermined by Soviet Union by itself when Soviet criticism of Pakistan's position in the 1971 war with India weakened bilateral relations, and many people of Pakistan believed that the August 1971 Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Peace and Cooperation encouraged India invasion of East Pakistan. Subsequent Soviet arms sales to India, amounting to billions of dollars on concessional terms, reinforced this argument. The USSR also kept vetoing every resolution regarding the East Pakistan situation that Pakistan brought to the United Nations.

Relations with Superpower: 1947-1991

Main article: Pakistan–Soviet Union relations

Democratic governments (1989-1991)

Mothers of Soviet soldiers meeting at the Pakistani Embassy, Moscow appealing to the Bhutto government for rescuing Soviet soldiers from captivity. It was not until 1992 when the Sharif government released the details of soldiers.

Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto (daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto authorized further aggressive military operations in Afghanistan to topple the fragile communist regime and to end the Soviet influence.[2] One of her military authorizations was a military action in Jalalabad of Afghanistan in retaliation for the Soviet Union's long unconditional support of India, a proxy war in Pakistan, and Pakistan's loss in the 1965 and 1971 wars.[3] This operation was "a defining moment for her [Benazir's] government" to prove the loyalty to Pakistan Armed Forces.[3] This operation planned by then-Director General of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) Lieutenant-General Hamid Gul, with inclusion of U.S. ambassador to Pakistan Robert Oakley.[3] Known as Battle of Jalalabad, it was intended to gain a conventional victory on Soviet Union after Soviet Union had withdrawn its troops. But the operation failed miserably and the Afghan army supported by Soviet scuds won the battle resulting in ISI chief being sacked by the Prime Minister[3]

At the end years of Cold War, Soviet Union announced to established a 1000MW commercial nuclear power plant in Pakistan, but after witnessing its aging technology Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, later followed by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, did not authorized the purchase and showed any interests in aging Soviet technology.[3]

In 1992, Prime minister Nawaz Sharif released the details and company of Soviet soldiers to the Russian government when Alexander Rutskoy visited the country, after meeting in a committee led by Deputy Foreign Minister of Pakistan, Shahryar Khan.[4]

Fall of Communism and 21st Century

Pakistan—Russia Federation relations

17 Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya street Moscow, Russia, where the Embassy of Pakistan located.

After the Soviet Union troop withdrawal withdrawing the combatant troops from Communist Afghanistan, relations began to normalize with Pakistan. In the wake of fall of communism, Russian-Pakistan relations were warmed rapidly. In 1989, Soviet ambassador to Pakistan offered Pakistan to install a commercial nuclear power plant in the country, however after the U.S. intervention the plans were sent into cold storage. In 1994-95, Benazir Bhutto attempted to warm the relations with Russia but suffered a major setback with Benazir Bhutto's government recognized Taliban-controlled government in Afghanistan as a legitimate government. In 1996, Russia willingly agreed to launch Pakistan's second satellite, Badr-B, from its Baikonur Cosmodrome for the lowest possible charges.

Pervez Musharraf shakes hands with a smiling Vladimir Putin (left), 2002.

In 1997, Prime minister Nawaz Sharif attempted to warm the relations with Russia after sending farewell messages to Russian Federation. In 1998, although Russian congratulated India for conducting second nuclear tests, (see Pokhran-II), Russia did not immediately criticized Pakistan for performing its nuclear tests (see Chagai-I and Chagai-II) in the end week of May 1998. In 1999, Russia welcomed Pakistan and India for making a breakthrough in their relations after proceeding the Lahore Declaration, but vehemently criticized Pakistan for holding Pakistan responsible for the outbreak of Indo-Pakistani War of 1999. During this time, Russia played a major role in ending the war but remained hostile towards Pakistan.

Russia condemned the military coup d'état against Prime minister Nawaz Sharif in 1999 to remove the prime minister from power. In the wake of September 11, 2001 attacks, the relations were warmed rapidly when Pakistan denounced the government of Taliban and joined the NATO coalition to hunt down the Jihadist organizations and al-Qaeda. The decision of Pakistan to join the international struggle against terrorism has led to Russia-Pakistan relations being greatly improved. Russia also played a integral role to ease off the nuclear 2001 Indo-Pakistan tensions.

Improvement in relations

Dmitry Medvedev (right) meeting Asiff Zhardari (left) in 2010.

Russia vowed its support for Pakistan as Pakistan fight against the Taliban militants. In 2007, the relations between Pakistan and the Russian Federation were reactivated after the 3-day official visit of Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov. He was the first Russian prime minister to visit Pakistan in the post Soviet-era in 38 years. He had "in-depth discussions" with President Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz.

Dmitry Medvedev engaged in conversation with Asif Zardari, 2010.

The major focus of the visit was to improve bilateral relations with particular emphasis on ways and means to enhance economic cooperation between the two countries. Under the Presidency of Asif Ali Zardari and Prime Minister Yousef Raza Gilani, relations between Pakistan and Russia have improved significantly. In 2010, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin of Russia stated that Russia was against developing strategic and military ties with Pakistan because of Russia desire to place emphasis on strategic ties with India.[5] In 2011, Russia changed its policy and Putin publicly endorsed Pakistan bid to join the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and said that Pakistan was a very important partner in South Asia and the Muslim world for Russia. Putin offered Russia's assistance in expansion of Pakistan Steel Mills and provision of technical support for the Guddu and Muzaffargarh power plants and Russia was interested in developing the Thar Coal Project[6]

Hina Kharr meeting with Russian deputy foreign minister A.N. Borodavkin, 2012.

In 2011, Russia strongly condemned the NATO strike in Pakistan and the Russian foreign minister stated it is unacceptable to violate the sovereignty of a state, even when planning and carrying out counter-insurgent operations.[7] In January 2012, reports emerged that Pakistan foreign minister Hina Rabbani Khar was set to leave for Moscow in the first half of February to formally invite Russian president Dmitry Medvedev to pay a state visit to Pakistan. If Medvedev accepts the invitation, he would be the first Russian head of state to visit the country. The move is believed to be part of changes in Pakistan's foreign policy which include efforts to open up relations with other regional powers following strains in relations with the United States.[8] In 2012, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced to pay a state visit to Pakistan soon after his re-election.

References

  1. ^ Speech of H.E. Mr. Sergey Peskov, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan at the Jubilee Function on the occasion of celebration of the 60th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Russia and Pakistan - Official Website of the Embassy of the Russian Federation in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
  2. ^ Yousaf, PA, Brigadier General (retired) Mohammad (1991). Silent soldier: the man behind the Afghan jehad General Akhtar Abdur Rahman. Karachi, Sindh: Jang Publishers, 1991. pp. 106 pages.
  3. ^ a b c d e Yousaf, Mohammad and Adkin, Mark. "Afghanistan - The bear trap - Defeat of a superpower". [1]. Retrieved 2007-07-27. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ E. Kirichenko. "Восставшие в аду Бадабера". Trud. Retrieved 2007-05-10. Template:Ru icon
  5. ^ Russia against developing military ties with Pakistan
  6. ^ [2]
  7. ^ Reuters 28 November 2011. "No excuse to violate Pakistan sovereignty: Russia". Dawn.com. Retrieved 29 November 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ "Khar off to Russia with love". Express Tribune. 21 January 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
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