List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe: Difference between revisions
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| The ship ''Uyir'' measured a pressure of 920.2 hPa south east of Greenland on December 15, 1986. The [[Met Office]] estimated a central pressure of 916 hPa. The West German weather Service estimated the low could have reached as low as 912–913 hPa. |
| The ship ''Uyir'' measured a pressure of 920.2 hPa south east of Greenland on December 15, 1986. The [[Met Office]] estimated a central pressure of 916 hPa. The West German weather Service estimated the low could have reached as low as 912–913 hPa. |
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| 916 |
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| <ref name="MetO2004">{{cite web|title=Great weather events: A record-breaking Atlantic weather system|url= |
| <ref name="MetO2004">{{cite web|title=Great weather events: A record-breaking Atlantic weather system |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/corporate/pressoffice/anniversary/recordlow1986.html |website=Met Office |accessdate=29 May 2016 |date=11 August 2004 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040811204048/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/corporate/pressoffice/anniversary/recordlow1986.html |archivedate=August 11, 2004 }}</ref><ref name="Burt1986"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Masters|first1=Jeff|title=Mighty North Atlantic low bombs to 930 mb {{!}} Dr. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/mighty-north-atlantic-low-bombs-to-930-mb|accessdate=30 May 2016|work=www.wunderground.com|publisher=Wunderblog|date=26 January 2013}}</ref> |
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| 1989, 4–5 January |
Revision as of 13:17, 23 June 2016
This article is missing information about article is being transferred in stages from a user sandbox.(November 2015) |
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The following is a List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe and the extratropical Northern Atlantic (it does not include localised events, such as those which may occur in tornados).
Land-based observations in Europe
Land-based records for Europe:
- Highest observed air pressure record:
- 22–23 January 1907 in Pärnu, Estonia and Riga, Latvia at 1067.1 mbar reported in peer-reviewed literature.[1]
Other high values have been reported:
- 23 January 1907 in Riga at 1068.7 hPa, this value is from a student generated report from the Free University of Berlin Adopt a Vortex scheme.[2]
- 17 February 1954 in northern Russia >1060 hPa,[3] This high is claimed to have a pressure over 1070 hPa by a Free University of Berlin student generated report.[4]
- 16 February 1956, northern Urals 1070 hPa mentioned in student generated reports from FUB.[4] 1067 hPa in another student report from FUB.[2] Others give a figure for this high of 1065 mslp.[5] isobar of 1072 over Russia on Met Office Daily Weather Report 16 February 1956 centred about the town of Vorkuta, Komi Republic.[6]
- 31 January 2012 Khoseda-Khardsky directly west of Urals a value reported by SMHI of 1068.3 hPa (mslp?),[7] from a high pressure area named "Cooper/Dieter" by the Free University of Berlin in January 2012[4] which brought the Early 2012 European cold wave.
Pressure is thought to have risen above 1060 hPa in Europe on only 12 occasions between 1871–2010, in the years 1893, 1899, 1907, 1915, 1920, 1938, 1944, 1946, 1956, 1972, 1995 and 2008.[8] To this list might also be included high pressure anticyclones in 1954 and 2012 (see above). The most notable high in Europe is that which reached peak in January 1907, this was an unusual development which brought high pressure to the west,[8] this intense high pressure area holds the record across multiple countries in northeast Europe (Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, Germany, Slovakia).
- Lowest air pressure:
Another value reported:
- 6–7 January 1839, recorded at Sumburgh Head, Shetland during the Night of the big wind storm 27.25 inches of mercury (922.8 hPa) this value is from non-standardised equipment, and is not fully supported by values at neighbouring stations (unknown if corrected for MSLP).[10] The conversion to hPa above assumes an Inch of mercury at 0 °F = 3376.85 Pa, if value assumes inHg at 60 °F = 3376.38 Pa the value could be as low as 920.2 hPa.
Iceland
Iceland list of atmospheric pressure over 1050 hPa
High pressure in Iceland has exceeded 1050 hPa 4 times in the twentieth century and five times in the nineteenth century.[11]
Date | Location | pressure hPa |
---|---|---|
23 December 1836 | Reykjavik | 1050.9 |
3 January 1841 | Reykjavik | 1058.0 |
11 December 1846 | Reykjavik | 1051.7 |
6 March 1883 | Stykkishólmur | 1050.7 |
26 February 1890 | Stykkishólmur | 1050.0 |
16 December 1917 | Stykkishólmur | 1054.2 |
26 February 1962 | Akureyri | 1051.7 |
17 January 1977 | Galtarviti, Keflavik | 1051.1 |
14—15 April 1991 | Several stations | 1050 |
Climatic Research Unit Emulate data 1874–2002, also gives values on 10 March 1887 at Stykkishólmur 1052.43 hPa and also 9 January 1977 at the same location 1050.47 hPa.[12]
In July the pressure in Iceland has only dropped below 975 hPa or lower three times over the entire record extending back to the 1820s. These cases were 974.1 hPa in Stykkishólmur on 18 July 1901, 974.3 hPa in Stykkishólmur on 19 July 1923 and 975.0 hPa in Reykjavík 11 July 1912.[13] A recent low pressure on 30 December 2015 was recorded at Kirkjubaejarklaustur (associated with an area of low pressure known as Eckard/Frank) at 930.2 hPa, the lowest pressure recorded on land in Iceland since 1989.[14]
Faroe Islands
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/BraerStorm1993.png/220px-BraerStorm1993.png)
The Danish Meteorological Institute report record atmospheric pressure for the Faroe Islands (since 1961) as:
- Lowest air pressure: 11 January 1993, Vágar Airport during the Braer Storm 930.3 hPa.[15]
Climatic Research Unit Emulate data 1874–2002 give 3 dates when pressure exceeded 1050 hPa in Tórshavn.[16]
Date | pressure hPa |
---|---|
8 January 1896 | 1052.64 |
1 February 1902 | 1052.43 |
21 February 1944 | 1050.33 |
Ireland
Met Éireann list the following national records for atmospheric pressure:
- Highest air pressure: 28 January 1905, Valentia Island, Co.Kerry 1051.9 hPa.
- Lowest air pressure: 28 November 1838, Limerick 931.2 hPa.§
(§ note the lowest recorded pressure value for the island of Ireland is 8 December 1886, in Belfast 927.2 hPa.)
Ireland monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure
Month | Date | Location | pressure hPa | |
---|---|---|---|---|
January | 28 January 1905 | Valentia, Co. Kerry | 1051.9 | Listed at 1053.2 in Met Office Monthly Weather Report Feb 1921.[18] |
February | 7 February 1964 | Kilkenny and Mullingar[1] | 1049.1 | |
March | 1047.1 | |||
April | 1042.8 | |||
May | 16 May 1943 | Dublin Airport | 1042.2 | An alternate value on 12 May 2012 at Valentia observatory of 1043.0 hPa has also been reported.[19] |
June | 14 June 1959 | Clones, Co Monaghan | 1043.1 | |
July | 1037.9 | |||
August | 1035.6 | |||
September | 10–11 September 2009 | Malin Head[20] | 1041.3 | |
October | 1043.0 | |||
November | 10 November 1999 | Belmullet[21] | 1044.9 | |
December | 24 December 1926 | Malin Head[1] | 1049.5 |
Ireland monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure
Month | Date | Location | pressure hPa |
---|---|---|---|
January | 936.6 | ||
February | 4 February 1951 | Midleton, Co. Cork | 942.3 |
March | 950.1 | ||
April | 1 April 1948 | Malin Head, Co. Donegal | 952.9 |
May | 970.3 | ||
June | 975.3 | ||
July | 978.0 | ||
August | 14 August 1954 | Belmullet, Co. Mayo | 967.7 |
September | 21 September 1953 | Claremorris, Co. Mayo | 957.1 |
October | 957.5 | ||
November | 28 November 1838 | Limerick | 931.2 |
December | 942.8 |
United Kingdom and Ireland
For the United Kingdom, the Met Office record the record figures for atmospheric pressure (which are nominally since 1870) as:
- Highest air pressure: 31 January 1902, Aberdeen Scotland 1053.6 hPa.
- Lowest air pressure: 26 January 1884, Ochtertyre Scotland 925.6 hPa.
Though the lowest pressure may be second to the Night of the big wind low which saw a value of 27.25 inches of mercury (923 hPa) at Sumburgh Head, Shetland on non-calibrated, non-standard equipment 6–7 January 1839, with the mainland at Cape Wrath reporting an observed pressure of 27.32 inches of mercury (925 hPa).[10]
A low pressure of 914.0mb affected the UK during the Braer Storm on 10 January 1993, however this figure is discounted as this reading was not recorded in the UK.
United Kingdom monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure
Month | Date | Location | pressure hPa | Alternative and UK only records |
---|---|---|---|---|
January | 31 January 1902 | Aberdeen Observatory, Aberdeenshire | 1053.6† | |
February | 1 February 1902 | Aberdeen Observatory, Aberdeenshire | 1052.9 | |
March | 9 March 1953 | St Mary's Airport, Isles of Scilly | 1047.9 | An alternative value is reported 9 March 1953, Tynemouth 1048.6 hPa[23] |
April | 11 April 1938 | Eskdalemuir, Dumfriesshire | 1044.5 | |
May | 16 May 1943 | Dublin Airport, Ireland | 1042.2 | UK value: 1881, Aberdeen, Glasgow and Armagh 1042 hPa.[23] |
June | 14 June 1959 | Clones Co. Monaghan | 1043.1 | UK value: 14 June 1959, "Northern Ireland" 1043 hPa (Irish record is within 1 km of UK border).[23] 15 June 1874 Scotland >1040 hPa.[24] |
July | 16 July 1996 | Aboyne, Aberdeenshire | 1039.2 | |
August | 25 August 1968 | Kirkwall, Orkney | 1037.4 | |
September | 11 September 2009 | Ballykelly, Co. Londonderry | 1042.0 | |
October | 31 October 1956 | Dyce, Aberdeenshire | 1045.6 | |
November | 10 November 1999 | Aviemore, Invernessshire | 1046.7 | |
December | 24 December 1926 | Wick, Caithness | 1051.9 |
(† note the value of 1054.7 reported in some literature is an incorrect conversion.[25])
United Kingdom list of atmospheric pressure over 1050 hPa
Date | Location | pressure hPa |
---|---|---|
24 February 1808 | Gordon Castle, Moray Scotland | 1050.0 |
8—9 January 1820 | Kinfauns Castle, Perth Scotland | 1051.7 |
9 January 1896 | Ochtertyre, Perth Scotland | 1053.4 |
31 January 1902 | Aberdeen, Scotland (UK record) | 1053.6 |
28 January 1905 | Falmouth, Cornwall | 1053.1 |
23 January 1907 | Aberdeen, Scotland | 1051.8 |
24 December 1926 | Wick, Scotland | 1051.9 |
26 January 1932 | Stonyhurst, Sheffield and Meltham, West Yorshire | 1051.0 |
16 January 1957 | Belmullet, Co Mayo Ireland | 1050.9 |
In the period of instrumental measurement the atmospheric pressure has exceeded 1048 hPa somewhere over the United Kingdom and Ireland on 17 occasions.[1] On 9 of these times the pressure has exceeded 1050 hPa- a value which has not been exceeded since 1957 in Ireland, but has not been surpassed since 26 January 1932 over the UK.[1] Intense high pressure is usually seen during midwinter with 7 of the 9 occasions where 1050 hPa has been exceeded occurring in January.[1]
Pressure values have been recorded to have exceeded 1050 hPa in all areas of the UK and Ireland except south east England, though values close to this are documented from January 1882 and January 1905.[1]
United Kingdom monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure
Month | Date | Location | pressure hPa | Alternative and UK only records |
---|---|---|---|---|
January | 26 January 1884 | Ochtertyre, Perthshire | 925.6 | Alternative: 6–7 January 1839, Sumburgh Head, Shetland during the Night of the big wind storm 27.25 inches of mercury (922.8 hPa), (value from non-standardised equipment).[10] |
February | 4 February 1951 | Midleton, Co. Cork | 942.3 | UK value: 9 February 1988, Benbecula 944.0 hPa.[23] |
March | 9 March 1876 | Wick, Caithness | 946.2 | |
April | 1 April 1948 | Malin Head, Co. Donegal | 952.9 | UK value: 1 April 1948, The Hebrides 953 hPa.[23] |
May | 8 May 1943 | Sealand, Flintshire (listed as Cheshire) | 968.0 | |
June | 28 June 1938 | Lerwick, Shetland | 968.4 | |
July | 8 July 1964 | Sule Skerry, Northern Isles | 967.9 | |
August | 14 August 1954 | Belmullet, Co. Mayo | 967.7 | UK value: 26 August 1912, Great Yarmouth 978 hPa.[23] |
September | 21 September 1953 | Claremorris, Co. Mayo | 957.1 | UK value: 16–17 September 1935, "Central England" 960 hPa.[23] |
October | 14 October 1981 | Cawdor Castle, Highland (listed as Nairnshire) | 946.8 | **Cyclone Oratia |
November | 11 November 1877 | Monach Lighthouse, Outer Hebrides | 939.2 | |
December | 8 December 1866 | Belfast, Antrim | 927.2 | On the morning of 8 December 1886, the barometer may have fallen as low as 924 mbar over northern Ireland, although the lowest authenticated value was 927.2 mbar at Belfast at 1330h, close to the centre of the depression.[26] |
Cyclone Oratia is estimated to have reached a low of 941 hPa in peer reviewed literature, though the lowest pressure occurred between Aberdeen and Norway over the North Sea and is not a land-based observation. The lowest land-based reported UK pressure during this storm was recorded from RAF Fylingdales at 951.2 hPa.[27]
On 7 September 1995, Scilly Isles, reported a low pressure of 966 hPa.[28] The lowest minimum recorded values for the months May to August lie within 0.5 of 968 hPa.
The 20th Century low pressure record in the UK occurred on 20 December 1982 at Sule Skerry it may have dropped as low as 936 mbar.[29]
United Kingdom list of atmospheric pressure below 950 hPa (incomplete)
- 1821 December 25, London 27.93 inches of mercury (946 hPa).[30]
- 1839 January 7, Night of the big wind, pressure below 28 inches of mercury (950 hPa) at Inchkeith, Peterhead and Aberdeen.[30]
- 1865 December 31, Butt of Lewis Lighthouse 27.69 inches of mercury (938 hPa), with a report of 27.63 inches of mercury (936 hPa) from Hoy which is not supported by observation from Cantick head lighthouse on South Walls.[30]
- 1884 January 26, Ochtertyre, record lowest pressure value for the UK.
- 2013 December 24, Cyclone Dirk
Norway
Yr.no the joint venture between the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation and the Norwegian Meteorological Institute give the national pressure records as:
- Highest air pressure: 23 January 1907, Dalen, Telemark 1 061 hPa.[31]
- Lowest air pressure: 27 January 1907, Bergen 936 hPa.[31]
A value of 702.0 mm Hg at Bergen Lungegård Hospital on January 27 1884 (935.8 hPa) is also reported.[32] Other sources give a pressure value of 939.8 hPa or 939.7 hPa in Bergen on 27 January 1884.[33][34][35]
Both records in same winter as each other and those of Denmark.
Denmark
The Danish Meteorological Institute report record barometric pressure for the Denmark (since 1874) as:
Danish records both occurred within a month during the same winter, and same winter as Norwegian records.[38]
The Danish September record was beaten on 29 September 2015 with pressure over 1042.2 hPa recorded in Østerbro Copenhagen, the previous September record dated from September 18, 1904, where the pressure came up to 1038.8 hPa at Hammer Odde Lighthouse, Bornholm.[39][40]
Denmark list of barometric pressure over 1050 hPa
Date | Location | pressure hPa | |
---|---|---|---|
7 February 2012 | Thyborøn | 1050.3 | 8 February 2012 north jutland >1050 hPa.[42] |
18 November 1985[43] | Thyborøn | 1050.3 | |
1962 | Denmark | 1052 | |
23 January 1907 | Skagen | 1062.5 |
Sweden
The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute give the nation's barometric records as:
Sweden monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure
Month | Date | Location | pressure hPa | ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
January | 23 January 1907 | Kalmar and Visby | 1063.7 | [46] | |
February | 1 February 2012 | Haparanda | 1058.0 | [47] | |
March | 1 March 1971 | Svartbyn-Överkalix | 1055.7 | [48] | |
April | 15 April 1860 | Uppsala | 1047.1 | [49] | |
May | 7 May 1893 | Umeå | 1048.0 | [50] | |
June | 3 June 1979 | Sveg | 1044.8 | [51] | |
July | 28 July 1963 | Sveg and Särna | 1035.6 | [52] | |
August | 25 August 1968 | Riksgränsen | 1038.8 | [53] | |
September | 29 September 2015 | Hagshult (Småland) | 1042.9 | [54] | *Previously 16 September 1903, Sveg 1042.0 hPa.[55] |
October | 14 October 1896 | Stockholm | 1048.6 | [56] | |
November | 18 November 1985 | Malung and Rännberg-Östmark, Värmland. | 1056.0 | [57] | |
December | 15 December 1946 | Sveg | 1059.2 | [58] |
Sweden monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure
Month | Date | Location | pressure hPa | ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
January | 30 January 2000 | Krångede, Jämtland | 946.2 | [59] |
February | 27 February 1990 | Understen, Uppland | 940.5 | [60] |
March | 8 March 1920 | Abisko, Lapland | 948.3 | [61] |
April | 6 April 1943 | Gäddede, Jämtland | 960.3 | [62] |
May | 12 May 1898 | Karlstad | 971.3 | [63] |
June | 29 June 1938 | Storlien | 976.2 | [64] |
July | 9 July 1931 | Ulricehamn | 977.1 | [65] |
August | 6 August 1941 | Måseskär | 975.7 | [66] |
September | 29 September 1956 | Klutmark, Västerbotten | 960.9 | [67] |
October | 19 October 1970 | Edsbyn | 954.1 | [68] |
November | 1 November 1921 | Holmögadd, . | 948.3 | [69] |
December | 6 December 1895 | Härnösand | 938.4 | [70] |
Finland
According to the Finnish Meteorological Institute:
Though a reported low value by Weather Underground weather historian Christopher Burt on 1 March 1990 at an unknown location is reported at 939.7 hPa.[72]
Baltics
Maximum pressure in Europe 22–23 January 1907 recorded in Pärnu, Estonia and Riga, Latvia at 1067.1 mbar.[1] The Free University of Berlin state the European air pressure record is 23 January 1907 in Riga at 1068.7 hPa.[2]
Estonia
As reported by the Estonian Weather Service
- Highest air pressure: 23 January 1907, Tallinn 1060.3 hPa.‡
- Lowest air pressure: 16 December 1982 Väike-Maarja 936.0 hPa.
‡The Estonian Weather Service report on their website the record maximum observed air pressure in the country as 1060.3 hPa recorded 23 January 1907 in Tallinn.[73] This figure is not supported by NOAA reanalysis charts[74] and the values reported from neighbouring Finland and Latvia probably make this figure an underestimation or error. A possible maximum pressure value for the whole of Europe is thought to have occurred during the 22–23 January 1907 high pressure event with a record set in Pärnu, Estonia and Riga, Latvia at 1067.1 mbar.[1] Though this value is exceeded by the value on 23 January 1907 in Riga reported at 1068.7 hPa by the Free University of Berlin's student generated reports.[2]
Latvia
- Highest air pressure: 22–23 January 1907 Liepāja 1065.9 hPa
- Lowest air pressure: 13 February 1962 Vidzeme Upland 932.9 hPa
Lithuania
23 January 1907 1065.1 hPa.[8]
Kaliningrad/Königsberg
- Highest air pressure: 23 January 1907 1064.7 hPa[8]
Jersey
France
Météo-France figures from 1951-2012.[76]
- Highest air pressure: 3 March 1990, Pointe de Chémoulin, Saint-Nazaire Loire-Atlantique 1048.9 hPa.[77]
- Lowest air pressure: 25 February 1989, Cap de La Hague, Cherbourg 951.8 hPa.[77]
though other figures are also listed which predate Météo-France's records.[citation needed]
- Highest air pressure: 6 February 1821 Paris 1050.4 hPa.[78]
- Lowest air pressure: 25 December 1821 Boulogne sur mer 947.1 hPa.
29 January 1905, a powerful anticyclone covers all of Europe and the atmospheric pressure reached a record value of 1049.3 hPa in Paris.[79][80]
Belgium
The Belgian Royal Meteorological Institute gives the national record values as:
- Highest air pressure: 27 January 1932, Uccle 1048 hPa.[81]
- Lowest air pressure: 25 February 1989, Blankenberge 954 hPa.[81]
Netherlands
The Dutch Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute lists the following as national records:
Netherlands monthly maximum figures for atmospheric pressure
Month | Date | Location | pressure hPa | ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
January | 26 January 1932 | De Bilt | 1050.0 | [83] |
February | 2 February 1993 | De Bilt | 1042 | [83] |
March | 6 March 1852 | Utrecht | 1046.9 | [84] |
April | 7 April 2015 | 1036.7 | [85] | |
September | 29 September 2015 | 1039.5 | [85] | |
November | De Bilt | 1044.2 | [83] | |
December | De Bilt | 1047.0 | [83] |
Netherlands monthly minimum figures for atmospheric pressure
Month | Date | Location | pressure hPa | ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
January | 23 January 2009 | Hoek van Holland | 961.0 | [86] |
February | 25 February 1989 | Vlissingen | 954.4 | [86] |
April | 1 April 1994 | 978.0 | [85] | |
May | 5 May 2000 | De Bilt | 983.5 | [87] |
September | 24 September 2012 | 985.6 | [85] | |
November | 27 November 1983 | Eelde, Drenthe | 954.2 |
Germany
The German weather service (DWD) give the
- Highest air pressure: 23 January 1907,Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1060.8 hPa.[88]
- Lowest air pressure: 27 November 1983 in Emden, Lower Saxony at 954.4 hPa.[88]
Other record figures and locations are also presented:
- 23 January 1907 Dahlem (Berlin) 1057.8 hPa.[89][90] It is claimed this is an incorrect correction to mslp and correct value is 1056.7 hPa.[91] (neither figure is higher than the DWD value)
- 27 November 1983 Bremen 955.4 hPa.[89][90] (which is also not lower than the DWD value).
- 26 February 1989 in Osnabrück 949.5 hPa.[92][93]
Poland
- In Poland the record high pressure is listed on 16 December 1997 with 1054.4 hPa recorded in Suwalki.
It is likely 23 January 1907 saw a pressure of 1064.8 ± 0.5 mbar over polish territory.[8] Other high pressures are reported as 1051.1 hPa January 22, 2006, 1050 hPa January 3, 1993 and 1048 hPa 10 December 1991.
Reanalysis data show a low record likely occurred on 17 January 1931 when a below 960 hPa low moved over the Baltic skirting the very north of today's Polish territory.[95]
Iberia
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Analisi_sfc_color.png/220px-Analisi_sfc_color.png)
Spain
- A provisional highest atmospheric pressure: 9 January 2015 Castile and León ~1050 hPa.[96][97]
- A low air pressure: February 1941, Santander 950 hPa.[98]
Balearic islands
- Highest air pressure: 9 January 2015, Ibiza Airport 1041.1 hPa.[99] The 9 January 2015 air pressure was 0.3 hPa more than the previous record from January 1983.[99]
Portugal
Notable non-tropical pressures over the North Atlantic
Notable atmospheric pressure reports from offshore and in the North Atlantic are:
- High pressure, 28 January 2003 saw high of 1057 centred at 51° N, 27° W (approx. 1000km north of Azores).[1]
A lower value is reported from 27–28 February 1988 at 1053 hPa centred at approximately 53.5° N, 25.6° W.[1]
- Low pressure, Two or three (possibly four) non-tropical areas of low pressure with central low pressure over the North Atlantic below 920 hPa have been reported, with a further unverified instance during the Night of the Big Wind (see above), these represent globally the lowest non-tropical large-scale synoptic values.
- 13 January 1993 Braer Storm dropped 78 hPa in 24 hours,[75][104] to a central pressure out in the Atlantic at 62° N, 15° W of 914.0 hPa, and was likely the deepest cyclone on record for the North Atlantic, and very probably for any temperate latitude.[105]
- 14–15 1986 December, The British Meteorological Office assessed the centre of a depression to be about 916 hPa, the West German Meteorological Service enclosed the depression with a 915 hPa isobar, indicating a pressure possibly as low as 912-913 hPa.[106]
For comparison the lowest Atlantic basin tropical cyclone low pressure is Hurricane Wilma in 2005 which holds the record at 882 hPa.[107]
Similarly low extra-tropical values elsewhere have only been documented near Antarctica, with 919 hPa observed at Casey Station on the Windmill Islands (just outside the Antarctic Circle) on August 8-9, 1976 at Vincennes Bay (66°17’S 110°31’E).[108] Though this value is considerably lower than any other on record and could conceivably be a fault with the recording instrument, though values are internally consistent with readings below 940 mb at this time.[72]
The two lowest extra-tropical pressures reported from the Pacific basin are the 8 November 2014 Bering Sea cyclone at 924 hPa (warnings for the low to reach 920 hPa were released by the Japan Meteorological Agency[109]),[110] and the 13 December 2015 North Pacific low at 924 hPa.[111]
North Atlantic low pressures below 940 hPa
The frequency of very deep depressions (central pressure below about 940 hPa) in the North Atlantic is thought to have increased significantly since the winter of 1982/83 to 1993.[105]
Table of North Atlantic low pressures below 940 hPa (incomplete) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Date | Location | Notes | pressure hPa | ref |
1824, 4 January | Reykjavik, Iceland | Onshore reading | 924 | [106] |
1838, 28 November | Limerick, Ireland | Onshore reading | 931.2 | [106] |
1839, 6 January | Northwest of Scotland | During the Night of the Big Wind low pressure may have reached a low of 914 hPa, though a value of 918 hPa is generally accepted. | 918 | [112] |
1865, 31 December | Butt of Lewis Lighthouse, Scotland | A report of 27.63 inches of mercury (936 hPa) from Hoy, Orkney which is not supported by observation from Cantick Head Lighthouse on South Walls. | 937.7 | [30] |
1870, 5 February | 49° N, 26° W | The ship Neier (49° N, 26° W) reported and observation of 921.1 hPa, supported by an observation on the HMS Tarifa (51° N, 26° W) of 925.5 hPa. | 921.1 | [106] |
1877, 11 November | Monach Lighthouse, Outer Hebrides | Onshore observation | 939.2 | [22] |
1884, 26 January | Ochtertyre, Perthshire | Lowest land based observation in the UK. On 27 January 1884 Bergen in Norway reported an onshore observation of 939.7 hPa.[113] | 925.6 | [106] |
1886, 8 December | Belfast | Land observation, the low probably reached values of around 924 hPa over Northern Ireland, lowest value reported on the island of Ireland. | 927.2 | [106] |
1895, 6 December 1895 | Härnösand, Sweden | 939.5 hPa was reported at Lungö Lighthouse (62° N, 18° E) on 6 December 1895.[114] | 938.4 | [44] |
1907, 27 January | Bergen | Onshore observation | 936 | [31] |
1907, 20 February | East of the Shetland Islands | Low brought record observed low pressure to Denmark. (nadir ~934) | 934 | [115] |
1914, 27 December | Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland | 929.0 | [116] | |
1929, 2 December | Stórhöfði peninsula, Heimaey | Onshore observation (could be same system as 4 December 1929)[117] The reading could have been as low as 919.7 hPa.[116] | 923.6 | [9] |
1929, 4 December | Unknown | Reported by the ship SS Westpool in an unknown location in the North Atlantic (could be same system as 2 December 1929).[117] | 925.5 | [106] |
1933, 3 January | Reykjavik, Iceland | Onshore reading of a low thought to be filling. 931.4 hPa recorded at Akureyri, the lowest pressure measured there.[116] | 927.2 | [106] |
1941, 15 February | Évora, Portugal | Onshore reading | 931 | [103] |
1945, 19 December | Between Iceland and Ireland | Lowest onshore measurement reported from Valentia, Ireland at 948.6 hPa, estimated central minimum of 927 hPa. | 927 | [106] |
1949, 25 January | Dalatangi lighthouse, Mjóifjörður, east Iceland | Onshore report of 941 hPa with a central pressure offshore thought to be 940 hPa. | 940 | [118] |
1952, 27 October | 53° N, 18.5° W | A vigorous development deepened around to a proposed low of 922 hPa, though the contemporary reports suggest 935–936 hPa as a more probable value. | 935.5 | [106] |
1962, 16 January | 56° N, 19° W Ocean Weather ship 'Lima' | 931.1 | [106] | |
1962, 13 February | Vidzeme Upland, Latvia | 932.9 | ||
1974, 10–11 January | 56° N, 22.5° W | North west of Ireland, Met Éireann estimated the low deepened to a low of 936 hPa at 57° N, 21° W.[119] | 934 | [106] |
1982, 16 December | Väike-Maarja, Estonia | 16 December an extreme low airpressure was identified in Sweden, centred on Sundsvall where recording instuments showed 939 hPa, nearly equalling the Swedish national record.[120] 940.1 according to SMHI.[121] | 936.0 | [73] |
1982, 19–20 December | 58.5° N, 15° W | The 20th Century low pressure record onshore in the UK occurred on 20 December 1982 at Sule Skerry dropping as low as 936 hPa. 937.6 hPa was recorded at Stornoway on 20 December 1982 as the lowest barometric pressure observed anywhere in the British Isles since 1886. | 931 | [122] |
1983, 5 January | South of Iceland | 929.9 hPa reported from Stórhöfði, Vestmannaeyjar.[116] | 930 | [106] |
1983, 26 December | South east of Greenland | 936 | [106] | |
1986, 14–15 December | 61° N, 32° W | The ship Uyir measured a pressure of 920.2 hPa south east of Greenland on December 15, 1986. The Met Office estimated a central pressure of 916 hPa. The West German weather Service estimated the low could have reached as low as 912–913 hPa. | 916 | [123][106][124] |
1989, 4–5 January | Offshore Nova Scotia | Post-analysis suggested that the pressure fell to a possible low of to 928 hPa. This was the lowest pressure ever observed in an Atlantic extratropical cyclone south of 40 degrees latitude in the 20th century. | 936 | [125] |
1989, 15 February | Ocean weather station Mike, Norwegian sea 66° N, 2° E | Pressure likely to have dropped to 935.5 hPa, as the recorder was not able to print the lowest pressure. | 937.1 | [113][126] |
1989, 24 December | South west of Iceland | Estimated to be a little below 920 hPa. 929.5 hPa reported from Stórhöfði, Vestmannaeyjar.[116] | 920 | [75] |
1990, 1 March | Finland | This value is not reported by the Finnish Meteorological Institute. | 939.7 | [117] |
1992, 2 March | Offshore of Newfoundland | 926 | [75] | |
1993, 10 January | 62° N, 15° W North Atlantic west of Faroe Islands | Braer storm was the deepest cyclone on record for the North Atlantic, and very probably for any temperate latitude 912–915 hPa. Low claimed to have reached a nadir of 913, with 916 confirmed.[127] 914 [128][129] | 914 | [105] |
1999, 15–16 January | South of Iceland | Ship Dettifoss (P3BK4) reported 928 hPa. | 926 | [130][131][132] |
2003, 8 March | Central Atlantic | 924 | [133] | |
2006, 10 December | 62° N, 37° W | 928 | [134] | |
2013, 26 January | Named "Jolle" by Free University of Berlin | 932 | [135][136][137] | |
2013, 24 December | Cyclone Dirk, this was the lowest barometric pressure observed at any site in the British Isles, and the deepest depression to pass close to the British Isles, since 8 December 1886, 936.4 hPa at Stornoway was reported on minute observations at 12:29, with 936.8 hPa recorded at the 13:00 hourly observation. [138] | 927 | [139][140] | |
2015, 29 December | South east of Iceland | Frank/Eckhardt.[141] | 928 | |
January | Ireland | January record observed low pressure Ireland | 936.6 | [17] |
See also
- Climate of Europe
- Climate of the United Kingdom
- United Kingdom weather records
- List of weather records
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