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==Victims==
==Victims==
Johnson killed five officers, injured eight more and two others.<ref name=theatlantic20160707>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/07/dallas-protest-shooting/490451/|title=The Dallas Shootings: What We Know|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=July 7, 2016|accessdate=July 7, 2016|first=Matt|last=Ford}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/two-officers-reportedly-shot-at-black-lives-matter-protests-in-dallas-a7126271.html|title=Dallas shooting: Five officers killed and six wounded by snipers at protest|date=July 7, 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=July 8, 2016|first1=Justin|last1=Carissimo|first2=Feliks|last2=Garcia|first3=Samuel|last3=Osborne}}</ref>
Johnson killed five officers, injured eight more and two bystanders.<ref name=theatlantic20160707>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/07/dallas-protest-shooting/490451/|title=The Dallas Shootings: What We Know|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=July 7, 2016|accessdate=July 7, 2016|first=Matt|last=Ford}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/two-officers-reportedly-shot-at-black-lives-matter-protests-in-dallas-a7126271.html|title=Dallas shooting: Five officers killed and six wounded by snipers at protest|date=July 7, 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=July 8, 2016|first1=Justin|last1=Carissimo|first2=Feliks|last2=Garcia|first3=Samuel|last3=Osborne}}</ref>


Johnson shot most of the victims during the protests, and at least one officer during a shootout.<ref name=CNN.Killed>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/08/us/philando-castile-alton-sterling-protests/|title=Dallas sniper attack: 5 officers killed, suspect identified|publisher=CNN|date=July 7, 2016|accessdate=July 7, 2016|first1=Faith|last1=Karimi|first2=Catherine E.|last2=Shoichet|first3=Ralph|last3=Ellis|quote="Five police officers were killed and seven others were injured in the ambush. It was the deadliest single incident for U.S. police since September 11, 2001. Two civilians also were wounded in the shootings, the Dallas mayor's office said."}}</ref><ref name="ksl-deadliest">{{cite news | url = https://www.ksl.com/?sid=40564629&nid=157&title=5-dallas-officers-slain-deadliest-day-for-police-since-911 | title = Dallas suspect amassed personal arsenal at suburban home | first = Will | last = Weissert | date = July 8, 2016 | work = KSL.com | publisher = KSL Broadcasting | location = [[Salt Lake City]] | accessdate = July 8, 2016 }}</ref> The dead comprised one [[Dallas Area Rapid Transit]] (DART) officer and four [[Dallas Police Department]] (DPD) officers.<ref name=NYTimes.Identified/> Four of the injured officers were from DPD, one was from [[El Centro College]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Injured by bullets and broken glass, El Centro officers kept protecting|url=http://www.wfaa.com/news/local/injured-by-bullets-and-broken-glass-el-centro-officers-kept-protecting/269116782|accessdate=July 10, 2016|work=WFAA|date=July 10, 2016|first=Landon|last=Haaf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=El Centro College Officers Injured During Ambush|url=http://dfw.cbslocal.com/2016/07/10/el-centro-college-officers-injured-during-ambush/|accessdate=July 10, 2016|agency=CBS DFW|date=July 10, 2016}}</ref> and the remaining three were from DART.<ref name=LATimes.Journal/> Several injured officers were transported to [[Parkland Memorial Hospital]].<ref name=StarTelegram.Arrested/> Two officers underwent surgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/shots-fired-dallas-amid-protest-recent-police-killings/story?id=40422456|title=Dallas Ambush Shooting Was 'Well-Planned' and 'Thought Out,' Police Say|publisher=ABC News|date=July 7, 2016|accessdate=July 8, 2016|first1=David|last1=Caplan|first2=Emily|last2=Shapiro|first3=Morgan|last3=Winsor}}</ref> Johnson shot one member of the public in the back of the leg and broke her tibia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/woman-shot-dallas-1.3672738|title=Woman shot by Dallas sniper was trying to protect her sons|work=CBC News|date=July 10, 2016|accessdate=July 10, 2016}}</ref>
Johnson shot most of the victims during the protests, and at least one officer during a shootout.<ref name=CNN.Killed>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/08/us/philando-castile-alton-sterling-protests/|title=Dallas sniper attack: 5 officers killed, suspect identified|publisher=CNN|date=July 7, 2016|accessdate=July 7, 2016|first1=Faith|last1=Karimi|first2=Catherine E.|last2=Shoichet|first3=Ralph|last3=Ellis|quote="Five police officers were killed and seven others were injured in the ambush. It was the deadliest single incident for U.S. police since September 11, 2001. Two civilians also were wounded in the shootings, the Dallas mayor's office said."}}</ref><ref name="ksl-deadliest">{{cite news | url = https://www.ksl.com/?sid=40564629&nid=157&title=5-dallas-officers-slain-deadliest-day-for-police-since-911 | title = Dallas suspect amassed personal arsenal at suburban home | first = Will | last = Weissert | date = July 8, 2016 | work = KSL.com | publisher = KSL Broadcasting | location = [[Salt Lake City]] | accessdate = July 8, 2016 }}</ref> The dead comprised one [[Dallas Area Rapid Transit]] (DART) officer and four [[Dallas Police Department]] (DPD) officers.<ref name=NYTimes.Identified/> Four of the injured officers were from DPD, one was from [[El Centro College]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Injured by bullets and broken glass, El Centro officers kept protecting|url=http://www.wfaa.com/news/local/injured-by-bullets-and-broken-glass-el-centro-officers-kept-protecting/269116782|accessdate=July 10, 2016|work=WFAA|date=July 10, 2016|first=Landon|last=Haaf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=El Centro College Officers Injured During Ambush|url=http://dfw.cbslocal.com/2016/07/10/el-centro-college-officers-injured-during-ambush/|accessdate=July 10, 2016|agency=CBS DFW|date=July 10, 2016}}</ref> and the remaining three were from DART.<ref name=LATimes.Journal/> Several injured officers were transported to [[Parkland Memorial Hospital]].<ref name=StarTelegram.Arrested/> Two officers underwent surgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/shots-fired-dallas-amid-protest-recent-police-killings/story?id=40422456|title=Dallas Ambush Shooting Was 'Well-Planned' and 'Thought Out,' Police Say|publisher=ABC News|date=July 7, 2016|accessdate=July 8, 2016|first1=David|last1=Caplan|first2=Emily|last2=Shapiro|first3=Morgan|last3=Winsor}}</ref> Johnson shot one member of the public in the back of the leg and broke her tibia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/woman-shot-dallas-1.3672738|title=Woman shot by Dallas sniper was trying to protect her sons|work=CBC News|date=July 10, 2016|accessdate=July 10, 2016}}</ref>

Revision as of 15:37, 11 July 2016

2016 shooting of Dallas police officers
LocationMain Street and S. Lamar Street, Dallas, Texas, United States[1]
Coordinates32°46′46.4″N 96°48′15.4″W / 32.779556°N 96.804278°W / 32.779556; -96.804278
DateJuly 7–8, 2016
8:58 p.m. – c. 2:30 a.m. (CT)
TargetWhite police officers in Dallas
Attack type
Mass shooting[2][3]
Weapons
Deaths6 (including the perpetrator)
Injured10
PerpetratorMicah Xavier Johnson
MotiveAnger about Black Lives Matter and recent police shootings of black men, anger towards white people[4][5][6]

On July 7, 2016, Micah Xavier Johnson ambushed and shot a group of people in Dallas, Texas, killing five police officers and injuring eight. Two members of the public were also hurt. Johnson was an Army Reserve Afghan War veteran who was reportedly angry over police shootings of black men and stated that he wanted to kill white people, especially white police officers. The shooting happened at the end of a peaceful Black Lives Matter protest against police killings of Alton Sterling in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and Philando Castile in Falcon Heights, Minnesota, which had occurred in the preceding days.

Following the shooting, police confronted Johnson at a parking garage, and a standoff ensued. In the early hours of July 8, police killed Johnson with a bomb attached to a remote control bomb disposal robot. It was the first time an American police department used a robot to kill a suspect.

The shooting was the deadliest incident for U.S. police since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, surpassing a pair of shootings in March 2009 in Oakland, California and a November 2009 shooting in Lakewood, Washington, both of which killed four officers.

Background

A Black Lives Matter protest[7][8][9] was organized in Dallas by the Next Generation Action Network in response to the killings of two men, Alton Sterling and Philando Castile, by police officers in Louisiana and Minnesota, respectively, days before.[10] The Dallas protest was one of several held across the United States on the night of July 7.[11] Around 800 protesters were involved, and around 100 police officers were assigned to protect the event and the surrounding area.[5] Before the shooting occurred, no other incidents were reported, and the event was peaceful.[12] About 20 to 30 open-carry gun rights activists joined the protest march, some wearing gas masks, bulletproof vests and fatigues according to Dallas Police Chief David Brown.[13][14][15][16]

Events

Johnson began shooting at 8:58 p.m.[17] A bystander reported hearing 50 to 75 shots.[12] Chief Brown said that some of the officers were shot in the back, and that Johnson had some knowledge of the protest route.[17][18] He later said that Johnson had driven his vehicle ahead of the protesters to observe their path, and found an opportunity to shoot from nearby elevated positions in buildings.[19] Dallas Mayor Mike Rawlings said that Johnson fired from different floors of a nearby building.[20] At least twelve officers fired back.[21] During the shooting, officers, unaware where the shots were coming from, scrambled to block intersections and were exposed to gunfire as a result.[19]

Another bystander, who recorded cell phone video of the event from his hotel balcony, reported observing Johnson, clad in tactical clothing and armed with a rifle, at street level. The bystander said Johnson loaded his rifle and began firing indiscriminately to draw officers near his position. When one officer approached a corner, Johnson engaged him in a gunfight, forcing the officer to take cover behind a concrete pillar. Johnson fired at one side of the pillar, then ran over to the other side, ambushed the officer, and shot him multiple times from behind at point-blank range, killing him. After firing additional gunshots into the officer's body, Johnson fled upon being shot at by additional officers.[22][23]

Following the shooting, Johnson was hit by bullets and fled into a nearby parking garage. Following his blood trail, officers confronted Johnson and fired at him, apparently hitting and wounding him again.[24] He then engaged the officers in a standoff at the garage, firing intermittently at them. One officer was injured in the shootout. A suspicious package was discovered near the garage and was secured by a bomb squad.[5][24][25][26] Chief Brown later said Johnson had declared that the end was near, his intentions were to kill more police, and that he had placed explosives all over the garage and downtown Dallas.[17][27] Brown also said, "We had negotiated with him for about two hours, and he just basically lied to us, playing games, laughing at us, singing, asking how many did he get and that he wanted to kill some more."[28]

During negotiations, Johnson said that he acted alone and was not part of any group. He also reportedly demanded to speak to black police officers only. After negotiations failed,[29] the standoff ended at about 2:30 a.m. the next day,[30] when Johnson was killed by about 1 pound (0.45 kilograms) of C-4 explosive deployed and set off by a bomb disposal remote control vehicle.[24][31][32][33][34] A sweep of downtown Dallas found no presence of explosives.[10] According to Chief Brown, Johnson had written the letters "RB" and other markings in blood while holed up in the parking garage, leading Brown to speculate that Johnson may have been wounded before being killed and that he had been trying to write a message.[28][35][36]

Victims

Johnson killed five officers, injured eight more and two bystanders.[37][38]

Johnson shot most of the victims during the protests, and at least one officer during a shootout.[25][39] The dead comprised one Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) officer and four Dallas Police Department (DPD) officers.[10] Four of the injured officers were from DPD, one was from El Centro College,[40][41] and the remaining three were from DART.[30] Several injured officers were transported to Parkland Memorial Hospital.[17] Two officers underwent surgery.[42] Johnson shot one member of the public in the back of the leg and broke her tibia.[43]

The officers killed were identified as:

  • DPD Sgt. Michael Smith, 55, a former Army Ranger[44] who had been with the department since 1989.[10][45][46]
  • DPD Senior Cpl. Lorne Ahrens, 48, who had been with the department since 2002.[10][47][48]
Micah Xavier Johnson
File:PV2 Micah Xavier Johnson, U.S. Army.jpg
Johnson in 2009
DiedJuly 8, 2016
Dallas, Texas, U.S.
Cause of deathBlunt trauma resulting from explosion[31]
NationalityAmerican
Occupation(s)U.S. Army reservist, caregiver
  • DPD Officer Michael Krol, 40, who had been with the department since 2007.[10][47][49]
  • DPD Officer Patrick Zamarripa, 32, a former Navy sailor[50] and Iraq War veteran who had been with the department since 2011.[10][51]
  • DART Officer Brent Thompson, 43, a former Marine[50] who had been with the department since 2009. Thompson was the first DART officer to be killed in the line of duty since the department's inception in 1989.[10][26]

This was the deadliest single incident for police officers in the United States since 72 died in the September 11 attacks,[1] surpassing two 2009 shootings in Lakewood, Washington, and Oakland, California, where four officers each were killed.[52][53]

Perpetrator

Micah Xavier Johnson (c. 1991 – July 8, 2016) was a resident of Mesquite, Texas.[10][23][26] When he was four, his parents divorced. Johnson attended John Horn High School and participated in its Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps program, according to the Mesquite Independent School District.[54] He graduated from high school in 2009.[55] In the spring of 2011, he enrolled in four classes at Richland College, but never completed any of them.[56]

At the time of his death, Johnson was working as an in-home caregiver for his mentally disabled adult brother. Both men lived with their mother in her home.[57][55] He had no criminal record in Texas.[10]

Military service and discharge

Johnson had served in the U.S. Army Reserve from March 2009 to April 2015, serving as a carpentry and masonry specialist.[58] Johnson held the rank of private first class and was deployed to Afghanistan from November 2013 to July 2014[18][59] with the 420th Engineer Brigade.[60] For his deployment, he went through basic training, which required qualification on handling of an M16 rifle or M4 carbine, basic rifles for U.S. military personnel.[61] People who knew Johnson during his time in the Army described him as openly religious and often socializing with white soldiers.[56]

In May 2014, during his deployment, he was accused of sexual harassment by a female soldier, who sought a restraining order against him and said that he needed mental health counseling. After the Army initiated proceedings to dishonorably discharge him, Johnson, at the advice of his lawyer, waived his right to a hearing in exchange for a lesser charge. He was sent back to the U.S. with an Army recommendation of other than honorable discharge, considered by his lawyer to be a "highly unusual" decision. However, Johnson was instead honorably discharged in September 2014.[62][63]

Johnson received an Afghanistan Campaign Medal with a campaign star, an Army Achievement Medal, a National Defense Service Medal, a Global War on Terrorism Service Medal, an Army Service Ribbon, an Armed Forces Reserve Medal, and a NATO Medal for his tour of duty in Afghanistan. The awards are frequently issued to military personnel who served in a war zone.[29][60]

Motive

Chief Brown said that Johnson, who was black, was upset about recent police shootings and the Black Lives Matter movement, and "stated he wanted to kill white people, especially white officers."[5][6] Johnson's now-deactivated Facebook page was found by the Southern Poverty Law Centre (SPLC) to have showed that he had "liked" the pages of "Black Lives Matter: Tampa", "Black Lives Matter", & "Black Lives Matter: Saint Paul".[64] A friend and former coworker of Johnson's described him as "always [being] distrustful of the police."[54] Another former coworker said he seemed "very affected" by recent police shootings of black men.[56] A friend said that Johnson had anger management problems and would repeatedly watch video of the 1991 beating of Rodney King by police officers.[65]

Investigators have found no ties between Johnson and international terrorist or domestic extremist groups.[58] An investigation into his online activities uncovered his interest in black nationalist groups.[62] Johnson was also found by SPLC & news media outlets to have "liked" the pages of black nationalist organizations such as the New Black Panther Party (NBPP), African American Defense League, Nation of Islam, Black Israelites, & Black Riders Liberation Army (BRLA), all groups listed by the SPLC as hate groups, and also posted critiques against white people.[55][66][64] According to community activist Quanell X, Johnson had been a member of the New Black Panther Party chapter in Houston for six months.[67] The NBPP, according to the SPLC, was "formed in Dallas, and its leaders have long expressed virulently anti-white and anti-Semitic opinions [blaming] Jews for the 9/11 terrorist attacks and for the slave trade". Late former NBPP chairman Khalid Abdul Muhammad is quoted as having said that "there are no good crackers, and if you find one, kill him before he changes".[64] The NBPP website furthermore provides a "Nationalist Manifesto" which "claims that white men have a secret plan to commit genocide against the non-white races", words echoing Valerie Castile, mother of Philando Castile, following his shooting death at the hands of a law enforcement officer.[68] Within the same document, mixed-race lovers are referred to as "modern day Custodians [sic] of Uncle Tom's Cabin".[64] The African American Defense League, whose leader, Dr. Mauricelm-Lei Millere, called for the murders of police officers across the U.S. following the fatal 2014 shooting of Laquan McDonald.[62] In response to the police killing of Alton Sterling, the organization had "posted a message earlier in the week encouraging violence against police".[63]

Johnson's Facebook profile photo depicted Johnson raising his arm in a Black Power salute, along with images of a Black Power symbol and a flag associated with the Pan-Africanism movement.[62][66] These symbols have long represented nonviolent black empowerment, "but have also been co-opted by extremist groups with racist views."[62]

Conversely, people familiar with Johnson during his military service believed he may have been severely stressed with serving in a combat zone. They also said he had little interest in the topics of racial injustice and the shooting of Trayvon Martin that occurred at the time.[56]

Planning

Chief Brown said that while Johnson had been planning the shooting before the deaths of Sterling and Philando Castile, both incidents served as the trigger to commit the shooting and that he saw the Dallas protest as "an opportunity" to attack police officers.[69] Johnson had offered to work security at an anti-Donald Trump rally led by Dallas civil rights activist Reverend Peter Johnson on June 16, but he insisted on bringing a gun, so the reverend declined.[70]

According to police and a neighbor, Johnson practiced military exercises in his backyard.[71][72] In 2014, Johnson received training and instruction at a private self-defense school that teaches special tactics such as "shooting on the move", in which a gunman quickly fires and then changes position before resuming gunfire.[73] The tactic was designed to keep a gunman's location uncertain and create the impression of multiple shooters.[74] Investigators believed that he began amassing his arsenal around the same time, stockpiling guns and gathering chemicals and electronic devices needed to build explosives and PVC piping.[61][75]

Aftermath

DART suspended service in downtown Dallas after the shooting, but resumed the next morning with the exception of West End station.[1][76] The Federal Aviation Administration issued a temporary flight restriction for civil aviation for the immediate vicinity in which the shooting occurred, allowing only police aircraft in the airspace.[77] El Centro College cancelled all classes on July 8.[1]

Investigation

Police determined that Johnson used an SKS semi-automatic rifle and a handgun with a high-capacity magazine.[71] He was also wearing a bulletproof vest.[71][78] The day after the shooting, searches were conducted on Johnson's family home.[79] Bomb-making materials, ballistic vests, rifles, ammunition, and a "personal journal of combat tactics" containing "instruction on shooting techniques and tactical movements" were recovered from the home by detectives.[30][34][80] Chief Brown said that recovered evidence pointed to Johnson practicing detonations and having enough explosive material to cause "devastating effects" throughout Dallas and the North Texas area.[19] 200 officers were interviewed during the course of the investigation.[21] Investigators are examining Johnson's laptop, journal, and cell phone.[19]

Officials initially said two or more snipers carried out the shooting, but later said that Johnson appears to have been the lone gunman, with all of the gunshots traced back to him. Three other people were taken into custody by police, "but officials have not said what roles they may have played."[6][78][81] These three included two persons seen carrying camouflage bags and leaving the shooting scene on Lamar Street. They were both stopped and detained after a six-mile chase.[82] The detained persons were all later determined to be fleeing protesters who were either armed or carrying ammunition gear.[80] However, police announced on July 9 that they were continuing to investigate whether Johnson acted alone or conspired with others in planning the shooting.[83]

Use of a police robot to kill Johnson

Some experts believed this was the first time in United States history a robot was used by police to deliver lethal force against a suspect.[84] The Remotec Model F-5,[85] a bomb disposal remote control vehicle used by police, was rigged with about 1 pound (0.45 kilograms) of C-4 explosive, killing Johnson and ending the standoff.[24][31][32][33][34] The decision was made after it was concluded that the heavily-armed Johnson had secured himself behind a brick corner, with no safe way for police to rush Johnson or reach him with a sniper.[86]

There were various reactions to the lethal use of a robot by police. P. W. Singer, a robotics expert at the New America Foundation, said it was the first instance of which he was aware of a robot being used lethally by police.[87][88][89] Seth Stoughton, an assistant professor of law at the University of South Carolina, said, "This is sort of a new horizon for police technology. Robots have been around for a while, but using them to deliver explosives raises some new issues."[90]

To this effect, Stoughton said, "I'm not aware of any police department having on hand something that is intended to be used as a weaponized explosive." He believed that the manner in which the police used the robot was justified due to Johnson being an imminent threat to police, stating, "The circumstances that justify lethal force justify lethal force in essentially every form."[90] Stoughton added, "This also opens the door for criminals or citizens to use lethal explosive force. We typically don't use explosives on American citizens for a number of reasons. It's extremely irresponsible."[25] Security researcher Matt Blaze tweeted that he was concerned about how the control link to the robot was secured.[91]

Reactions

President Obama delivering a statement on the shooting

Texas Governor Greg Abbott ordered the director of the Texas Department of Public Safety to offer any assistance to Dallas when requested. He also said: "In times like this we must remember—and emphasize—the importance of uniting as Americans."[92] Texas Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick attributed the violence to individuals on social media, "former Black Lives Matter protesters" and others with anti-police views,[93] later expressing regret for his statement.[94]

President Barack Obama called the shootings a "vicious, calculated, despicable attack" and a "tremendous tragedy".[95] He also made immediate calls for gun control.[96] The Fraternal Order of Police, the largest police union in the U.S., called for the shooting to be investigated as a hate crime[2][97][98] and criticized President Obama's response, saying that he needed to speak for everyone and not give one speech for police officers and another speech for African Americans.[97]

Attorney General Loretta Lynch said that agents from the ATF, FBI, Marshals Service, and other U.S. Department of Justice agencies were on the scene working with state and local agencies. Lynch stated that the proper response to uncertainty and fear "is never violence" but rather is "calm, peaceful, collaborative and determined action."[99][100] Lynch said: "To all Americans, I ask you, I implore you, do not let this week precipitate a new normal in this country."[100]

Leaders associated with the Black Lives Matter movement condemned the shooting.[101] After the shootings at Dallas, Louisiana, and Minnesota, the Bahamian government issued a travel advisory telling citizens to use caution when traveling to the U.S. due to racial tensions. They specifically advised that young men use "extreme caution" when interacting with police and to be non-confrontational and cooperative.[102][103]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Sniper Ambush Kills 5 Officers, Injures 7 in Dallas Following Peaceful Protest". NBC DFW. July 7, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  2. ^ a b Steinbuch, Yaron; Halper, Daniel; Schram, Jamie (July 8, 2016). "Dallas sniper identified, wanted to 'kill whites'". The New York Post. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  3. ^ Winsor, Morgan (July 8, 2016). "Black Reporter's Arrest During Rochester, New York, Protest Captured on Live TV". ABC News. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  4. ^ "Dallas Police shed light on gunman's possible motives". ABC News. July 8, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2016. The suspect said he was upset about Black Lives Matter. He said he was upset about the recent police shootings. The suspect said he was upset at white people. The suspect stated he wanted to kill white people, especially white officers.
  5. ^ a b c d Bruton, F. Brinley; Smith, Alexander; Chuck, Elizabeth; Helsel, Phil (July 7, 2016). "Dallas Police 'Ambush': 12 Officers Shot, 5 Killed During Protest". NBC News. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
  6. ^ a b c Shapiro, Emily; Jacobo, Julia; Wash, Stephanie (July 9, 2016). "Dallas Shooting Suspect Micah Xavier Johnson Had Rifles, Bomb-Making Materials in His Home, Police Say". ABC News. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  7. ^ "Dallas Shootings: Sniper Fire Kills Five Police Officers at Black Lives Matter Protest". Newsweek. Reuters. July 7, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  8. ^ Legum, Judd (July 7, 2016). "12 Officers Shot, 5 Killed, At Black Lives Matter Protest in Dallas". Think Progress. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  9. ^ Workneh, Lilly (July 8, 2016). "Don't Blame Black Lives Matter For The Deaths Of Dallas Cops". The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j McGee, Patrick; Fernandez, Manny; Bromwich, Jonah Engel (July 7, 2016). "Snipers Kill 5 Dallas Officers at Protest Against Police Shootings". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
  11. ^ Gunaratna, Shanika (July 7, 2016). "12 officers shot at Dallas protest against police shootings". CBS News. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
  12. ^ a b "11 Dallas Police and DART Officers Wounded, 5 Fatally, at Rally to Protest Police Shootings". Dallas Observer. July 7, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
  13. ^ "Friend or foe? Open-carry law poses challenge to police". Retrieved July 11, 2016.
  14. ^ "Friend or foe? Open-carry law poses challenge to police". Retrieved July 11, 2016.
  15. ^ "Man falsely connected to the shooting by Dallas police is now getting 'thousands' of death threats". Washington Post. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
  16. ^ Newton-Small/Dallas, Jay. "Falsely Accused Dallas 'Suspect' Now Fears for His Life". TIME.com. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
  17. ^ a b c d Williams, Lee; Mitchell, Mitch; Osborne, Ryan (July 7, 2016). "5 officers killed, others wounded in Dallas shooting; suspects arrested". Star-Telegram. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  18. ^ a b Achenbach, Joel; Wan, William; Berman, Mark; Balingit, Moriah (July 8, 2016). "Five Dallas police officers were killed by a lone attacker, authorities say". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  19. ^ a b c d Blinder, Alan; Williams, Timothy (July 10, 2016). "Dallas Gunman Had Plans for Wider Attack, Police Say". The New York Times. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
  20. ^ "Dallas Police Shooting: Inside the Mind of Micah Johnson". Newsweek. Reuters. July 8, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  21. ^ a b Young, Stephen (July 8, 2016). "Dallas Police Release Additional Details About Cop Shooter Micah Johnson". Dallas Observer. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  22. ^ Ap, Tiffany (July 8, 2016). "Dallas shooting eyewitness: "It looked like an execution"". CNN. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  23. ^ a b "Dallas shooting: Who was gunman Micah Xavier Johnson?". BBC News. July 8, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  24. ^ a b c d Davis, Todd L.; Friedman, Scott (July 9, 2016). "Lone Gunman Laughed, Sang During Standoff: Sources". NBC DFW. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  25. ^ a b c Karimi, Faith; Shoichet, Catherine E.; Ellis, Ralph (July 7, 2016). "Dallas sniper attack: 5 officers killed, suspect identified". CNN. Retrieved July 7, 2016. Five police officers were killed and seven others were injured in the ambush. It was the deadliest single incident for U.S. police since September 11, 2001. Two civilians also were wounded in the shootings, the Dallas mayor's office said.
  26. ^ a b c "What we know so far about deadly ambush in downtown Dallas". The Dallas Morning News. July 7, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  27. ^ "Gunman 'Blasted Out' After Five Police Killed". Sky News. July 8, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
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