Portal:Law

The Law Portal Lady Justice, often used as a personification of the law, holding a sword in one hand and scales in the other. Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and as the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a group legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes; by the executive through decrees and regulations; or established by judges through precedent, usually in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals may create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that adopt alternative ways of resolving disputes to standard court litigation. The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and also serves as a mediator of relations between people. Legal systems vary between jurisdictions, with their differences analysed in comparative law. In civil law jurisdictions, a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates the law. In common law systems, judges may make binding case law through precedent, although on occasion this may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature. Historically, religious law has influenced secular matters and is, as of the 21st century, still in use in some religious communities. Sharia law based on Islamic principles is used as the primary legal system in several countries, including Iran and Saudi Arabia. The scope of law can be divided into two domains: public law concerns government and society, including constitutional law, administrative law, and criminal law; while private law deals with legal disputes between parties in areas such as contracts, property, torts, delicts and commercial law. This distinction is stronger in civil law countries, particularly those with a separate system of administrative courts; by contrast, the public-private law divide is less pronounced in common law jurisdictions. (Full article...) Selected article The Court of Chancery was a court of equity in England and Wales that followed a set of loose rules to avoid a slow pace of change and possible harshness (or "inequity") of the common law. The Chancery had jurisdiction over all matters of equity, including trusts, land law, the estates of lunatics and the guardianship of infants. Its initial role differed somewhat: as an extension of the lord chancellor's role as Keeper of the King's Conscience, the court was an administrative body primarily concerned with conscientious law. Thus the Court of Chancery had a far greater remit than the common-law courts (whose decisions it had the jurisdiction to overrule for much of its existence) and was far more flexible. (Full article...) Selected biography William Mark Felt Sr. (August 17, 1913 – December 18, 2008) was an American law enforcement officer who worked for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from 1942 to 1973 and was known for his role in the Watergate scandal. Felt was an FBI special agent who eventually rose to the position of Deputy Director, the Bureau's second-highest-ranking post. Felt worked in several FBI field offices prior to his promotion to the Bureau's headquarters. In 1980, he was convicted of having violated the civil rights of people thought to be associated with members of the Weather Underground, by ordering FBI agents to break into their homes and search the premises as part of an attempt to prevent bombings. He was ordered to pay a fine, but was pardoned by President Ronald Reagan during his appeal. In 2005, at age 91, Felt revealed to Vanity Fair magazine that during his tenure as Deputy Director of the FBI he had been the anonymous source known as "Deep Throat", who provided The Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein with critical information about the Watergate scandal, which ultimately led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974. Woodward, who had long vowed not to reveal Deep Throat's identity while the source was still alive, quickly confirmed Felt's claim. Though Felt's identity as Deep Throat was suspected, including by Nixon himself, it had generally remained a secret for 30 years. Felt finally acknowledged that he was Deep Throat after being persuaded by his daughter to reveal his identity before his death. (Full article...) Selected statute A statute is a formal written enactment of a legislative body, a stage in the process of legislation. Typically, statutes command or prohibit something, or declare policy. Statutes are laws made by legislative bodies; they are distinguished from case law or precedent, which is decided by courts, regulations issued by government agencies, and oral or customary law. Statutes may originate with the legislative body of a country, state or province, county, or municipality. (Full article...) The Act on National Flag and Anthem (国旗及び国歌に関する法律, Kokki Oyobi Kokka ni Kansuru Hōritsu), abbreviated as 国旗国歌法, is a law that formally established Japan's national flag and anthem. Before its ratification on August 13, 1999, there was no official flag or anthem for Japan. The nisshōki (日章旗) flag, commonly referred to as the hinomaru (日の丸), had represented Japan unofficially since 1870; "Kimigayo" (君が代) had been used as Japan's de facto anthem since 1880. After Japan's defeat in World War II, there were suggestions to legislate the hinomaru and Kimigayo as the official symbols of Japan. However, a law to establish the hinomaru and Kimigayo as official in 1974 failed in the National Diet, due to the opposition of the Japan Teachers Union that insists they have a connection with Japanese militarism. It was suggested that both the hinomaru and Kimigayo should be made official after a school principal in Hiroshima committed suicide over a dispute regarding the use of the flag and anthem in a school ceremony. After a vote in both houses of the National Diet, the law was passed on August 9, 1999. Promulgated and enforced on August 13, 1999, it was considered one of the most controversial laws passed by the National Diet in the 1990s. The debate surrounding the law also revealed a split in the leadership of the opposition Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) and the unity of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and coalition partners. The passage of the law was met with mixed reactions. Although some Japanese hailed the passage, others felt that it was a shift toward restoring nationalistic feelings and culture: It was passed in time for the tenth anniversary of the Emperor Akihito's reign. In the countries that Japan had occupied during World War II, some felt that the law's passage, along with debates on laws related to military affairs and Yasukuni Shrine, marked a shift in Japan toward the political right. Regulations and government orders issued in the wake of this law, especially those issued by the Tokyo Board of Education, were also challenged in court by some Japanese due to conflicts with the Japanese constitution. (Full article...) Did you know... ... that the Digital Switchover (Disclosure of Information) Act 2007 allows social security information to be passed to the BBC? ... that after the crash of United Airlines Flight 297 in 1962, the Federal Aviation Administration created new regulations that required airplanes to better withstand bird strikes? ... that in Re A (conjoined twins) an English court permitted the separation of two conjoined twins knowing that one would die? ... that although Elizabeth Richards Tilton (pictured) was a central figure in a six-month-long trial, she was never allowed to speak in court? ... that under modern principles of vicarious liability in English law, employers are answerable for the intentional wrongdoings of their employees? ... that although John Fortescue listed ten Inns of Chancery, only nine are known? ... that oppositionist delegates to the Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971 were among the first to be arrested when Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law in the Philippines? Selected images Painting of a jury deliberating King Hammurabi receiving the code of laws from the Mesopotamian sun god Shamash The Langdell Library of Harvard Law School The defendants sitting in the dock during the Nuremberg Trials Jawaharlal Nehru at the Allahabad High Court Emperor Justinian I (527–565) of the Byzantine Empire who ordered the codification of Corpus Juris Civilis. Jeremy Bentham's writings influenced law for generations. The Constitution of India Chief Justice John Marshall (1755 – 1835), an American statesman and jurist who greatly influenced constitutional law' Statue of Lady Justice holding scales A courtroom in Tokyo, Japan Signing of the Magna Carta Legal systems of the world The first Supreme Court of Puerto Rico Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States as of October 2020 Selected case Case law, also used interchangeably with common law, is a law that is based on precedents, that is the judicial decisions from previous cases, rather than law based on constitutions, statutes, or regulations. Case law uses the detailed facts of a legal case that have been resolved by courts or similar tribunals. These past decisions are called "case law", or precedent. Stare decisis—a Latin phrase meaning "let the decision stand"—is the principle by which judges are bound to such past decisions, drawing on established judicial authority to formulate their positions. (Full article...) Eng Foong Ho v Attorney-General was a 2009 judgment of the Court of Appeal of Singapore, on appeal from a 2008 decision of the High Court. The main issue raised by the case was whether the Collector of Land Revenue had treated the plaintiffs (later appellants), who were devotees of the Jin Long Si Temple, unequally by compulsorily acquiring for public purposes the land on which the temple stood but not the lands of a Hindu mission and a Christian church nearby. It was alleged that the authorities had acted in violation of Article 12(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore, which guarantees the rights to equality before the law and equal protection of the law. The High Court held that the plaintiffs lacked locus standi to bring the action as they were not the temple's legal owners. In any case, as there was evidence that the authorities had rational reasons for treating the temple property differently from the property of the Mission and the Church, the High Court found that there had been no breach of Article 12(1). Furthermore, the Court determined that the plaintiffs were guilty of inordinate delay in bringing the action. On appeal, this decision was upheld in part by the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal found that the plaintiffs (appellants) had locus standi to bring the action as they were members of a Buddhist association, for whose benefit the temple property was held by its trustees. In addition, the Court found that the plaintiffs had not been guilty of inordinate delay in commencing the suit. However, the Court agreed with the trial judge that the Collector had not acted in violation of Article 12(1). In determining this issue, the Court held that the test to be applied is "whether there is a reasonable nexus between the state action taken and the object of the law". Such a nexus will be absent if the action amounts to "intentional and arbitrary discrimination" or intentional systematic discrimination. It is insufficient if any inequality is due to "inadvertence or inefficiency", unless this occurs on a very substantial scale. In addition, inequalities arising from a reasonable administrative policy or which are mere errors of judgment are insufficient to constitute a violation of Article 12(1). (Full article...) More Did you know (auto-generated) ... that it will soon be illegal for government employees to gamble in the country of Georgia? ... that after Joseph S. Bartley was sentenced to twenty years in prison for embezzlement, he tried to have himself declared legally dead? ... that as part of illegal wildlife trading, Oophaga solanensis frogs are bought for US$3 in their native Colombia and sold for up to US$1,000 overseas? ... that The Outdoor Circle opposed a 2009 visit to Hawaii by the Wienermobile, believing its presence in the state was illegal? ... that Haley and Hanna Cavinder made over US$1 million in student athlete compensation in the year after the National Collegiate Athletic Association legalized the monetization of personality rights? ... that in the 2021 case Fedotova and Others v. Russia, the European Court of Human Rights unanimously ruled that lack of legal recognition for same-sex couples violated human rights? Legal news Wikinews Crime and law portal April 28: Reports: US judge Matthew Kacsmaryk redacted name of corporation he owned stock in on disclosure forms April 22: Russia sentences opposition activist Vladimir Kara-Murza to 25 years in penal colony April 21: Paris judge acquits Airbus, Air France of involuntary manslaughter in 2009 crash that killed 228 April 12: Russian authorities charge US reporter Evan Gershkovich with espionage April 11: Maryland, US attorney general's office alleges historic child sexual abuse by Catholic Church officials April 10: Former US President Donald Trump pleads not guilty to 34 felony charges in Manhattan April 5: Russia charges peace activist in assassination of pro-war blogger in Saint Petersburg April 2: 'Unfounded and unsubstantiated': London policemen cleared of beating Muslim March 29: 'Carlos the Jackal' on trial in France for third life sentence March 13: Sydney, Australia woman who "spontaneously" murdered boyfriend in "fatal explosion of emotion" sentenced March 9: Islamabad High Court temporarily suspends arrest warrant against former Pakistani PM Imran Khan February 26: Canadian soldier who filmed himself sexually abusing colleague has appeal dismissed Related portals General images The following are images from various law-related articles on Wikipedia. Mill believed law should create happiness. (from Jurisprudence) The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution for a country, containing 444 articles, 12 schedules, numerous amendments and 117,369 words (from Legal history) The Supreme Court Building houses the Supreme Court of the United States, the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. (from Judiciary) King John of England signs the Magna Carta (from Legal history) Aristotle, by Francesco Hayez (from Jurisprudence) Image of pages from the Decretum of Burchard of Worms, an 11th-century book of canon law (from Canon law) Bentham's utilitarian theories remained dominant in law until the twentieth century. (from Jurisprudence) Oliver Wendell Holmes was a self-styled legal realist. (from Jurisprudence) Corpus Iuris Civilis, 1607 (from Judiciary) Plato (left) and Aristotle (right), a detail of The School of Athens (from Jurisprudence) Lady Justice (Latin: Justicia), symbol of the judiciary. Statue at Shelby County Courthouse, Memphis, Tennessee (from Judiciary) Thomas Aquinas was the most influential Western medieval legal scholar. (from Jurisprudence) Philosophers of law ask "what is law, and what should it be?" (from Jurisprudence) Gratian (from Judiciary) Topics Quality content Extended content Featured articles New Jersey's 1927 biannual elections proposal US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement Act of Independence of Lithuania Afroyim v. Rusk Raymond Pace Alexander Herman Vandenburg Ames Ashford v Thornton Shooting of James Ashley Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Baxter Healthcare Pty Ltd Hugh Beadle Cora Agnes Benneson Will P. Brady Brown Dog affair John Edward Brownlee sex scandal William Calcraft Carucage City of Champaign v. Madigan Coinage Act of 1873 Coinage Act of 1965 Court of Chancery Harold Davidson Treaty of Devol Eastbourne manslaughter Epsom riot Ex parte Crow Dog Freedom for the Thought That We Hate Fuck (2005 film) Fuck: Word Taboo and Protecting Our First Amendment Liberties Melville Fuller Robert Garran William Garrow Robert Goff, Baron Goff of Chieveley Gray's Inn Greek case Debora Green Learned Hand Hanged, drawn and quartered Heffernan v. City of Paterson Horse Protection Act of 1970 Illinois Public Access Opinion 16-006 1981 Irish hunger strike Irish nationality law Israeli citizenship law Jena Six Murder of Dwayne Jones Jamie Kalven Mathew Charles Lamb LaRouche criminal trials Law school of Berytus Albert Levitt Marcel Lihau Malkin Tower Marshalsea Menominee Tribe v. United States New Zealand nationality law Nuremberg trials Ole Miss riot of 1962 Ordinances of 1311 Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co. Pendle witches Pepper (Inspector of Taxes) v Hart Regents of the University of California v. Bakke John Rolph Rosewood massacre Royal baccarat scandal Wiley Rutledge Samlesbury witches Death of Mark Saunders Henry W. Sawyer Saxbe fix Antonin Scalia Schmerber v. California Sega v. Accolade Elliott Fitch Shepard Shostakovich v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders Addie Viola Smith Melford Stevenson Stonewall riots William Howard Taft Throffer Tichborne case To Kill a Mockingbird Treaty of Lutatius Treaty of Guînes United States v. Kagama United States v. Lara United States v. Progressive, Inc. United States v. Washington United States v. Wong Kim Ark A Vindication of the Rights of Men Voting Rights Act of 1965 Washington v. Texas Featured lists Chief Justice of the Common Pleas List of County Court venues in England and Wales High courts of India List of politicians, lawyers, and civil servants educated at Jesus College, Oxford List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office List of Washington (state) ballot measures List of attorneys general of West Virginia List of chief justices of India List of former county courts in Wales List of justices of the Supreme Court of Canada Master of the Rolls National Trails System List of presidents of India Sakharov Prize Timeline of Brexit Did you know? articles 501(h) election 1794 Treason Trials New Jersey's 1927 biannual elections proposal 1953 Show trial of the Kraków Curia US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement 1963 Danish land laws referendum 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement 1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia 2001 Botswana judicial reform referendum 2005 Armenian constitutional referendum 2011 Malawian Air Fouling Legislation 2012 Oregon Ballot Measure 80 2013 Canadian federal budget 2014 California Proposition 47 2014 Canadian federal budget 2014 District of Columbia Attorney General election 2020 Hong Kong national security law 2022 British barristers' industrial action 2022 Ohio Issue 1 AGRIF Aboriginal Legal Service of Western Australia Aboriginal title statutes in the Thirteen Colonies Aboriginal title in the United States Aboriginal title Aboriginal title in California Aboriginal title in New Mexico Aboriginal title in New York Aboriginal title in the Marshall Court Aboriginal title in the Taney Court Abortion in Northern Cyprus Abraham Lincoln's patent Abuse defense Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005 Accessibility of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Accurate News and Information Act Act of Independence of Central America Act of Independence of Lithuania Ángela Acuña Braun Administrative detention Administrative law in China Administrative law in Singapore Adobe Systems, Inc. v. 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New Mexico Arlington County Board v. Richards William Honyman, Lord Armadale James Dillon Armstrong Robert P. Armstrong William Armstrong (Virginia politician) Arnett v. Kennedy Carl Jacob Arnholm Arson in royal dockyards Article 9 of the Constitution of Singapore Article 12 of the Constitution of Singapore Article 14 of the Constitution of Singapore Article 15 of the Constitution of Singapore Ashcroft v. Iqbal Ashford v Thornton Ashokan Edicts in Delhi Asia Bibi blasphemy case Assa Singh v Menteri Besar of Johore Assembly Members (Reduction of Numbers) Act (Northern Ireland) 2016 Assize of Bread and Ale Associated Press v. Meltwater U.S. Holdings, Inc. 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Stephen Barnett Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination Henry Barron (judge) John Vincent Barry Bartley-Fox Law Baseball Rule Basque witch trials Bhicoo Batlivala Batman's Treaty Batman v. Commissioner Baxter v. United States Bayev and Others v. Russia Walker Keith Baylor Bayonne Statute Hugh Beadle Beard v. Banks Adolf Beck case Beck v. Eiland-Hall Bedding ceremony Beerhouse Act 1830 Fathima Beevi Befehlsnotstand Begging (Prohibition) Act, 1962 Begum v Home Secretary Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement Bell v. Cone Daniel Bellemare Belzer v. Bollea Benelux Court of Justice Cora Agnes Benneson Benson Commission Bensusan Restaurant Corp. v. King Berghuis v. Thompkins Bergregal Jessica Berman Donald N. Bersoff The Best American Magazine Writing 2007 Best Bakery case William Beverley Beyond the First Amendment Rana Bhagwandas Bierut Decree Big Apple Pothole and Sidewalk Protection Committee Bigby v. Dretke Harry Bigelow Bill Graham Archives v. 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Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Ass'n C. C. Bridgewater Lorentz Brinch 2011 British privacy injunctions controversy Broccoli mandate Treaty of Bromberg Bronfman kidnapping Bronston v. United States Janine Brookner Bropho v Western Australia Brown Dog affair Raymond A. Brown Brown v. Hotel and Restaurant Employees Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association Brown v. Maryland John Edward Brownlee sex scandal Buchwald v. Paramount Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. Cardegna Budget Control Act of 2011 Bug River property Dagmar Burešová Jon Burge Burgos trials Burning of women in England Daniel Higford Davall Burr Burton v. United States By-elections in Singapore Byelaws in the United Kingdom Peter Bynoe Byron v. 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United States District Court Bin Cheng Gloria Ana Chevesich Chief Justice of Hungary Child prostitution Children's rights Chng Suan Tze v Minister for Home Affairs Choate (law) Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1996 Chris Murphy gun control filibuster 2008 Christmas massacres Christou v. Beatport, LLC Church of Atheism of Central Canada v Canada (National Revenue) Church of England Marriage Measure 2008 Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams Circuit split Citizenship of the United States City News & Novelty, Inc. v. City of Waukesha City of Champaign v. Madigan City of Erie v. Pap's A. M. Civil Harassment Restraining Order Civil investigative demand Claim club Sir James Clark, 1st Baronet Thomas Clarke (judge) William C. Clayton Clerk of assize Clerk of the Parliaments Cleveland v. United States (2000) Clinton v. Jones Close case Closed city William Coblentz (attorney) Cathy Cochran Code of Ur-Nammu Code of Lipit-Ishtar Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council Barry Cohen (attorney) Morris L. Cohen Coleman v. Schwarzenegger Collaborative practice agreement College Network, Inc. v. Moore Educational Publishers, Inc. The Color of Law Coloured vote constitutional crisis Columbia Journal of Environmental Law Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. v. Fung Dan Jack Combs Sara Walter Combs Commission Directive 91/71/EEC Commissioner of Taxation v La Rosa Common land Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana Commonwealth v. Dent Communications Workers of America v. Beck Communist crimes (Polish legal concept) Community court Community design Compagnie Francaise de Navigation a Vapeur v. Louisiana Board of Health Comparative hearing Competency evaluation (law) Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne CompuServe Inc. v. Cyber Promotions, Inc. 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Crawfurd v The Royal Bank Cream Holdings Ltd v Banerjee Henry Pering Pellew Crease Creation of express trusts in English law Creation of legal relations in English law Crime of aggression Crimes Act of 1790 Crimes Act of 1825 Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act Criminal-justice financial obligations in the United States Criminal law in the Chase Court Criminal law in the Marshall Court Criminal law in the Taney Court Criminal law in the Waite Court Criminalization of homosexuality Death of Patrick Cronin Cross v. United States (1871) Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation) Cruel and Unusual (2006 film) Wayne Cryts William James Cullen, Lord Cullen Donald L. Cunningham Emma Cunningham Cyber Rights D'Emden v Pedder DPP v Santana-Bermudez Charles P. Daly Daniels v. United States Marzuki Darusman David v. Poe Harold Davidson Keith Davidson John F. Davis (lawyer) Davis v. Ayala Davis v. 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