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Various things have been named [[in memoriam]] of John Wayne. They include [[John Wayne Airport]], in [[Orange County, California]], and the 100-plus mile trail named the "John Wayne Pioneer Trail" in Washington state's [[Iron Horse State Park]].
Various things have been named [[in memoriam]] of John Wayne. They include [[John Wayne Airport]], in [[Orange County, California]], and the 100-plus mile trail named the "John Wayne Pioneer Trail" in Washington state's [[Iron Horse State Park]].

== Iconic Status ==
In his own lifetime, John Wayne rose far beyond recognition as a famous actor to that of an enduring American icon. Wayne sought to protect his idealized image off screen by what he did on screen. In his last film ''[[The Shootist]]'' (1976), Wayne refused to allow his character to shoot a man in the back as was scripted, saying "I've made over 250 picture and have never shot a guy in the back. Change it." [http://imdb.com/title/tt0075213/trivia] This contrasted with other famous actors including [[Clint Eastwood]] and [[Humphrey Bogart]] who both played major hero and anti-hero roles.

Wayne's rise to a patriotic war hero icon began its formation five years after World War II when ''[[Sands of Iwo Jima]]'' (1949) was released and for which Wayne got a Best Actor nomination. His status grew so large and legendary that when Japanese [[Emperor Hirohito]] visited the United States in 1975 he asked to meet John Wayne. However, Wayne never actually served in the military and opted for deferements most likely to better establish his acting career. This decision was unlike many famous Hollywood actors who did enlist including [[Henry Fonda]], [[Jimmy Stewart]], [[Clark Gable]], as well as many less established actors including [[Eddie Albert]] and [[Tyrone Power]]. As a result, Wayne had several run-ins with U.S. servicemen who wondered why Wayne was also not in uniform. [http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a5_004.html] In one occurence, John Wayne in a cowboy outfit including a 10 gallon hat appeared before recuperating soldiers at a naval hospital in Hawaii. He was greeted with silence and then booed off the stage for the type of heroism he represented that had come to be despised as fake compared to the realities of war.
[http://www.virtuousempire.com/paper.html]<!-- # {{note | Manchester1987_a}} {{cite journal
| author=William Manchester
| title=The Bloodiest battle of All
| journal=New York Times Magazine
| year=1987
| volume=
| issue=June 14
| pages= 84}} -->

John Wayne's iconic war hero status was useful in rallying support during the Vietnam War where his acting and co-direction of ''[[The Green Berets]]'' (1968) became a popular hit at the box office while being critically panned for its highly idealized, fictionalized depiction of war. [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0063035/amazon]
In an interview, [[Oliver Stone]] credited his gung-ho patriotic enlistment to fight in the Vietnam War to being inspired by the "John Wayne image of America". However, while Stone returned as a decorated veteran he became an embittered anarchist, and even eventually creating ''[[Platoon]]'' a movie that starkly counters the heroic and patriotic images idealized by the John Wayne icon. [http://marccooper.com/oliver-stone-d/][http://www.virtuousempire.com/paper.html]


==[[Filmography]]==
==[[Filmography]]==

Revision as of 07:57, 6 September 2006

This article is about the actor John Wayne. For other uses of "John Wayne" and related names, see John Wayne (disambiguation).
John Wayne
File:US postal service john wayne.jpg
Official U.S. stamp of John Wayne from 2004
Born
Marion Robert Morrison
Other namesMarion Michael Morrison
Height6-ft 4-in
WebsiteWayne Enterprises

John Wayne (May 26, 1907 – June 11, 1979), popularly known as "The Duke," [1] was an Academy Award winning, American film actor whose career began in silent movies in the 1920s. He was a major star from the 1940s to the 1970s. He is most famous for his Westerns and World War II epics, but he also made a wide range of films from various Genres, biographies, romantic comedies, police dramas, and more. He epitomized a certain kind of rugged individualistic masculinity, and has become an enduring American icon.

Early life and college

John Wayne's birthplace in Winterset, Iowa

John Wayne was born Marion Robert Morrison in Winterset, Iowa in 1907, but his name was changed to Marion Michael Morrison when his parents decided to name their next son Robert. His family was Presbyterian; father Clyde Leonard Morrison was of Irish and Scottish descent and the son of an American Civil War veteran while mother Mary Alberta Brown was of Irish descent. Wayne's family moved to Glendale, California in 1911; it was neighbors in Glendale who started calling him "Big Duke" because he never went anywhere without his Airedale Terrier dog, who was Little Duke. He preferred "Duke" to "Marion", and the name stuck for the rest of his life. [1]

Duke Morrison's early life was marked by poverty; his father was a man who did not manage money well. Duke was a good and popular student. Tall from an early age, he was a star football player for Glendale High School and was recruited by the University of Southern California. [2]

Wayne applied to the U.S. Naval Academy, but was not accepted. He instead attended the University of Southern California, where he was a member of the Trojan Knights and joined the Sigma Chi Fraternity. Wayne also played on the USC football team under legendary coach Howard Jones. An injury while supposedly swimming at the beach curtailed his athletic career, however; Wayne would later note that he was too terrified of Jones' reaction to reveal the actual cause of his injury. He lost his athletic scholarship and with no funds was unable to continue at USC. [3] [4]

While at the university, Wayne began working around the local film studios. Western star Tom Mix got him a summer job in the prop department in exchange for football tickets, and Wayne soon moved on to bit parts, establishing a long friendship with director John Ford. During this period, Wayne appeared with his USC teammates as one of the featured football players in Columbia Pictures' Maker of Men (filmed in 1930 and released in 1931), which starred Richard Cromwell and Jack Holt. In the film, Wayne was billed with his given name of Marion Morrison. [5]

Acting career, production company

John Wayne in The Searchers

After two years working as a prop man at the William Fox Studios for $35 a week, his first starring role was in the 1930 movie The Big Trail; the director of that movie, Raoul Walsh, (who "discovered" Wayne) gave him the stage name "John Wayne", after Revolutionary War general "Mad Anthony" Wayne. His pay was raised to $75 a week. He was tutored by the studio's stuntmen in riding and other western skills. [6]

The Big Trail, the first "western" epic sound motion picture, established his screen credentials, although it was a commercial failure. Nine years later, his performance in the 1939 film Stagecoach made him a star. In between, he made westerns, most notably at Monogram Pictures, and serials for Mascot Studios, where he played the role of d'Artagnan in The Three Musketeers, set in modern North Africa, with co-stars Ray Corrigan and Max Terhune. In this same year (1933), Wayne had a small part in Alfred E. Green's succes de scandale Baby Face. [7] [8]

Beginning in 1928, Wayne appeared in more than twenty of John Ford's films over the next 35 years, including Stagecoach (1939), She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949), The Quiet Man (1952), The Searchers (1956), The Wings of Eagles (1957), and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962).

According to the Internet Movie Database, Wayne played the male lead in 142 of his film appearances. One of Wayne's most praised roles was in The High and the Mighty (1954), directed by William Wellman and based on a novel by Ernest K. Gann. His portrayal of a heroic airman won widespread acclaim. Island in the Sky (1953) is related to it, and both films were made one year apart with the same producers, director, writer, cinematographer, editor, and distributor.

John Wayne won an Best Actor Oscar in True Grit (1969). The award was fitting but belated as he had previously been ignored for performances in movies such as Red River (1948) and The Searchers (1956). Wayne was also nominated for Best Actor in Sands of Iwo Jima, and as the producer of Best Picture nominee The Alamo, one of two films he directed. The other was The Green Berets (1968), the only film made during the Vietnam War to support the conflict. [9]

The Searchers continues to be widely regarded as perhaps Wayne's finest and most complex performance. In 2006 Premiere Magazine ran an industry poll in which his portrayal of Ethan Edwards was rated the 87th greatest performance in film history. Spielberg and Lucas believe that his performace as Ethan Edwards was in fact the greatest performance ever by any film actor.[citation needed]

Wayne was known for his conservative ideals. He took part in creating the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, and was the president of that organization at one time. He was an ardent anti-communist, and was a vocal supporter of HUAC and the blacklisting of actors and actresses that were accused [citation needed] of being sympathetic to communist ideals.

Batjac, the production company co-founded by Wayne, was named after the fictional shipping company in The Wake of the Red Witch.

In 1964 Wayne was diagnosed with lung cancer, and underwent surgery to remove his entire left lung and two ribs. Despite rumors that the cancer was caused by filming The Conqueror in Utah where the US government had tested nuclear weapons, Wayne himself believed his 3-pack a day cigarette habit was the cause. After the operation he smoked cigars.

Perhaps due to his sheer popularity, or his status as the most famous Republican star in Hollywood, the Republican Party asked Wayne to run for President in 1968. He declined because he did not believe the public would seriously consider an actor in the White House. He did support his friend Ronald Reagan's runs for Governor of California in 1966 and 1970, however. In 1968 Wayne was also asked to be conservative Democratic governor George Wallace's running mate in the presidential election, however, this too did not come to pass. [10]

John Wayne died of stomach cancer on June 11, 1979, and was interred in the Pacific View Memorial Park cemetery in Corona del Mar. Rumours regarding Duke's death bed conversions to Catholicism circulated for a brief while following his death. However many close to John Wayne including Dave Grayson and Duke's daughter Aissa have dismissed these allegations stating that Duke was not conscious when the 'alleged' conversion actually took place.

Wayne was married three times, always to Spanish-speaking brides; to Josephine Alicia Saenz, Esperanza Baur, and Pilar Palette. He had four children with Josephine and three with Pilar, most notably actor Patrick Wayne and Aissa Wayne, who wrote a memoir of her life as the daughter of John Wayne.

His romance with Josie Saenz began when he was a college student and continued for seven years before their marriage. Miss Saenz was 15 or 16 at their first meeting at a beach party at Balboa. The daughter of a successful Spanish businessman, Josie resisted considerable opposition from her family to maintain her relationship with Duke. In the years prior to his death, Wayne was happily involved with his former secretary Pat Stacy. [11]

At the time of his death, John Wayne resided in a bayfront house in Newport Beach, California. The site of his last residence remains a point of interest in Newport Harbor. After his death, his house was torn down and replaced by the new owners.

Various things have been named in memoriam of John Wayne. They include John Wayne Airport, in Orange County, California, and the 100-plus mile trail named the "John Wayne Pioneer Trail" in Washington state's Iron Horse State Park.

Iconic Status

In his own lifetime, John Wayne rose far beyond recognition as a famous actor to that of an enduring American icon. Wayne sought to protect his idealized image off screen by what he did on screen. In his last film The Shootist (1976), Wayne refused to allow his character to shoot a man in the back as was scripted, saying "I've made over 250 picture and have never shot a guy in the back. Change it." [12] This contrasted with other famous actors including Clint Eastwood and Humphrey Bogart who both played major hero and anti-hero roles.

Wayne's rise to a patriotic war hero icon began its formation five years after World War II when Sands of Iwo Jima (1949) was released and for which Wayne got a Best Actor nomination. His status grew so large and legendary that when Japanese Emperor Hirohito visited the United States in 1975 he asked to meet John Wayne. However, Wayne never actually served in the military and opted for deferements most likely to better establish his acting career. This decision was unlike many famous Hollywood actors who did enlist including Henry Fonda, Jimmy Stewart, Clark Gable, as well as many less established actors including Eddie Albert and Tyrone Power. As a result, Wayne had several run-ins with U.S. servicemen who wondered why Wayne was also not in uniform. [13] In one occurence, John Wayne in a cowboy outfit including a 10 gallon hat appeared before recuperating soldiers at a naval hospital in Hawaii. He was greeted with silence and then booed off the stage for the type of heroism he represented that had come to be despised as fake compared to the realities of war. [14]

John Wayne's iconic war hero status was useful in rallying support during the Vietnam War where his acting and co-direction of The Green Berets (1968) became a popular hit at the box office while being critically panned for its highly idealized, fictionalized depiction of war. [15] In an interview, Oliver Stone credited his gung-ho patriotic enlistment to fight in the Vietnam War to being inspired by the "John Wayne image of America". However, while Stone returned as a decorated veteran he became an embittered anarchist, and even eventually creating Platoon a movie that starkly counters the heroic and patriotic images idealized by the John Wayne icon. [16][17]

Filmography

1920s

1930s

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

Preceded by Academy Award for Best Actor
1969
for True Grit 		Succeeded by

John Wayne in pop culture

Movies and television

Characters in numerous other movies and television shows have made imitations of John Wayne. They have easily imitated his signature swaggered walk, and especially his use of the word "pilgrim" and his famous lines like "Fill your hands you son-of-a-bitch."[18]

  • In the 1994 film, The Professional, Jean Reno's character Leon does an impersonation of John Wayne in a game of charades. Wayne is one of the few American icons whom his detached character in the film knows of aside from Gene Kelly, as he fails to recognize obvious impersonations of Charlie Chaplin, Marilyn Monroe and Madonna.
  • In the 1996 film The Birdcage, Robin Williams encourages Nathan Lane to become more "manly" by walking like Wayne. When Lane does a rather limp impression of the Duke's characteristic stride, Williams comments, "I didn't know John Wayne walked like that."
  • In the 1985 John Hughes film Weird Science, Lisa taunts the boys who are hiding in the closet from the party crashers with, "John Wayne wouldn't be hiding in the closet? Gary, played by Anthony Michael Hall, replies, "The man's dead"!
  • In the comic Preacher, the main character speaks to the ghost of John Wayne. During a flashback to Vietnam, John Wayne is featured speaking to the troops. Jesse has a lighter that was presented to his father (and other troops) by "The Duke".
  • In the 2006 film, Running Scared, Anzor Yugorsky is a very devoted John Wayne fan, lashing out at anyone who would bash Wayne. Anzor was working with the mob, but turns on them after refusing to kill his stepson. He removes his shirt and turns around, revealing a tattoo of John Wayne's face on his back. One of the mobsters kills Anzor by shooting him twice in the back, the bullets going through the eyes of the tattoo.
  • Incendiary comedian Richard Pryor paid a tribute of sorts to Wayne during the concert film Richard Pryor: Live in Concert. During a monologue about death, Pryor noted that John Wayne "kicked Death's ass twice! Motherfucker had cancer, kicked Death's ass, open heart surgery...John Wayne just said, (impersonating Wayne) 'Get the fuck outta here, Death!'"

Many comedians have imitated Wayne. Jonathan Winters did so on several occasions; Robin Williams has even imitated Winters imitating Wayne (including in the film Good Morning Vietnam). Impressionist Rich Little's take on Wayne appeared in his 1978 TV special Christmas Carol and 1982 special Robin Hood, with Wayne as Little John. Ryan Stiles impersonates Wayne on the improv comedy series Whose Line is it Anyway on a regular basis.

In an episode of Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, Tiny Tim claimed that the reason he chose his stage name was because another performer was already using his "real name" – John Wayne! (Tiny Tim's name was actually Herbert Khaury.)

The movie Gas-s-s-s begins with a cartoon of an Army general announcing a "weapons test", which turns out to spell disaster for everyone on Earth over twenty-five; the general's voice was an imitation of Wayne's.

Gary Burghoff sometimes mimicked John Wayne's voice and mannerisms in episodes of M*A*S*H, as his character Radar O'Reilly.

Clyde Kusatsu played eccentric Honolulu Detective Gordon Katsumoto on two episodes of Magnum P.I. titled "This Island Isn't Big Enough...." and "A.A.P.I." (both 1986), in which he imitated John Wayne throughout the show. The imitation went so far as that he had a bronze bust of Wayne and a white cavalry hat (like the one Wayne wore in movies Rio Grande, Fort Apache, and She Wore a Yellow Ribbon) in his office.

Full Metal Jacket, the Stanley Kubrick 1987 effort, has Matthew Modine doing his Wayne imitations. Holly Hunter and Brad Johnson both attempted, although poorly, to imitate "The Duke" in the movie Always (1989).

Kurt Russell does a John Wayne impersonation throughout the entirety of John Carpenter's Big Trouble in Little China (1986).

Various characters have been named after Wayne, including a security guard in North of Pittsburgh (1992), a character in an intergalactic zoo for Earth Minus Zero (1996), cowboy John Wayne Hart in Harts of the West (1993), the lead in French film Les Folles années du twist (1986), and in Spanish television series Marina (1980). In Shanghai Knights (2003), Jackie Chan plays Chon Wang (simplified pronunciation "John Wayne"); when he and Owen Wilson's character Roy O'Bannon consider going into the silent film industry, O'Bannon comments that the name "could work".

Wayne even parodied himself occasionally, with appearances in I Married a Woman (1958), Cancel My Reservation (1972), and episodes of the television series Gunsmoke (1955), I Love Lucy (1955), The Jack Benny Program (1960), The Dean Martin Show (1965, 1966), The Lucy Show (1966), The Beverly Hillbillies (1967), Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In (1972, 1973), and Maude (1974). This was in addition to his appearances on talk shows, game shows, variety shows, award shows, and tribute shows.

Song lyrics

  • Wayne is featured in Denis Leary's 1993 song Asshole. Leary's rapid-fire diatribe towards the end of the song contained the words, "John Wayne's not dead, he's frozen! And as soon as we find a cure for cancer, we're gonna thaw out the Duke and he's gonna be pretty pissed off. You wanna know why? You ever taken a cold shower? Well, multiply that by 15 million times; that's how pissed off the Duke's gonna be. I'm gonna get the Duke, and John Cassavetes, and Lee Marvin, and Sam Peckinpah and a case of whisky, and drive down to Texas...[19]
  • The punk rock band, MDC released a song called John Wayne Was a Nazi, saying that John Wayne had a picture of Adolf Hitler in his vest, and murdered "our Indian brothers", among other things. The song celebrated Wayne's "long and painful death". [20]
  • Tom Lehrer’s 1965 song “Send the Marines” (from That Was the Year That Was), includes the lyric, “We’ll send them all we’ve got / John Wayne and Randolph Scott / Remember those exciting fighting scenes?” satirically conflating Wayne’s war movies with the reality of military action, especially in popular consciousness.[21]
  • Wayne is mentioned in the Paula Cole song "Where Have All the Cowboys Gone?" (lyrics) from the 1996 album This Fire. In the song, sung from the female point of view, the singer is both: wanting a man, or men, who act like they did in the John Wayne Westerns ("Where is my John Wayne?") and at the same time making fun of both the men of today and the falseness of the men in the movies.
  • In 1989, Ray Stevens released the album Beside Myself, in which the song "Marion Michael Morrison" is dedicated to John Wayne. The lyrics contained the quote "Here's to you, Marion Michael Morrison. Here's to you, for all of our battles that you fought and won."
  • Jimmy Buffett mentions John Wayne prominently in his song "Incommunicado" (lyrics) on the Coconut Telegraph album of 1981. Jimmy is lamenting his loss and remembering such films as Red River and (The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valence.
  • Wayne appears in a very uncomplimentary light in the Public Enemy song "Fight the Power," from the 1990 album Fear Of A Black Planet. The lyrics state that Wayne's friend Elvis Presley was a racist who stole black music to become famous, then seems to lump Presley and Wayne together. The lyrics state that "Elvis was a hero to most, but he never meant shit to me. Straight-up racist the sucker was simple and plain. Mother fuck him and John Wayne". Wayne has frequently come under fire for extremely racist remarks he made about black people and Native American Indians in a controversial Playboy interview in May 1971. He has also been criticised for openly supporting Barry Goldwater in the 1964 presidential election, after Goldwater had voted against the Civil Rights Act, and for later supporting the segregationist Governor of Alabama George Wallace.
  • Country duo Big & Rich mention Wayne in "Save a Horse, Ride a Cowboy" from their 2004 album Horse of a Different Color.
  • In Garth Brooks' song, "Against the Grain" from the Album "Ropin' the Wind", there is a message about being yourself with the lyric "Go bustin' in like old John Wayne"
  • Queen's song "Bicycle Race" contains the lyrics "you say John, I say Wayne".
  • The song John Wayne is Big Leggy, a whimsical prodding into Wayne's personal life, was the ninth track on British new wave group Haysi Fantayzee's 1983 record Battle Hymns for Children Singing.
  • The chorus to the 1994 Bruce Dickinson song Sacred Cowboy goes "Where is our John Wayne, where's our sacred cowboy now? Where are the indians on the hill? There's no injuns left to kill."
  • Warren Zevon mentions John Wayne in his song "My Ride's Here" not only as John Wayne but later on as Marion, his birth name.
  • The Rolling Stones mention him in the lyrics of "Star Star"
  • John Wayne is the title of a song by the mainstay gogo group, the Junkyard Band.
  • Wayne was also mentioned on a G-Unit song called "Gangsta Shit". Young Buck said " I keep a holster on my shoulder like I'm John Wayne "
  • John Wayne is included in the lyrics of a Charlie Daniels Band Song "A Few More Rednecks"; "And it’s a shame ole John Wayne Didn’t live to run for president"

Trivia

  • Wayne was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers of the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum in 1974.
  • For over 40 years, John Wayne and Maureen O'Hara, who starred together in McLintock! and The Quiet Man, were best friends.
  • Owned the Culver Hotel for several years before donating it to the YMCA.
  • On Sunday evenings the "good ol' boys club" met at the John Ford Ranch in the San Fernando Valley. John Ford and John Wayne would be at the Ranch, and some others; Ben Johnson, Chill Wills, Ward Bond, Grant Withers, Harry Carey, Jr. and many of the other supporting actors that were usually in all of Wayne's pictures. Sometimes, Lee Marvin would show up. They were sometimes known as The John Ford Stock Company.
  • Along with Bob Hope, Wayne was one of Hollywood's vocal Republican supporters.
  • His official height was 6'4".
  • Although John Wayne's height is listed at 6'4", Wayne buddy Grant Withers' height, at 6'3", shows him the taller in their films together.
  • Stated he believed that discrimination against black people needed to be addressed and claimed that this should start by ensuring that black people had an equal chance of receiving education as their white counterparts had." in a 1971 interview with Playboy magazine.
  • In 1978, Wayne uncharacteristically sided with the Democrats and President Jimmy Carter against his fellow conservative Republicans over the issue of the Panama Canal, which Wayne believed belonged to the people of Panama and not the United States of America.
  • Had a life-long friendship and professional collaboration with John Ford, which spanned 50 years, despite their political differences.
  • Wayne was approached by Mel Brooks to play the part of Mr. Taggert in the film Blazing Saddles. After reading the script he said "I can't be in this picture, it's too dirty...but I'll be the first in line to see it!" The part eventually went to another cowboy actor, Slim Pickens. One can only speculate just how it would have looked with Wayne playing what could have been the biggest parody of himself in film history. [22]
  • Ron Howard remarked that Wayne told him he enjoyed working with Howard on The Shootist and that he had another potential project in mind for the two of them to star in, however this project ultimately never materialized prior to Wayne's passing.[citation needed]

Character deaths

Template:Spoiler

  • Contrary to popular belief, Wayne's character did die in seven of his films. His death is seen in the following films:
  1. The Shootist — After winning a seemingly hopeless gunfight with three opponents simultaneously, he is shot by the bartender and is then avenged by Ron Howard's character.
  2. The Cowboys — He is killed by Bruce Dern's character.
  3. The Alamo — Playing Davy Crockett, he's stabbed with a lance, then staggers into the ammunition room with a lit torch and blows it up.
  4. Sands of Iwo Jima — He is killed at the end of the film by a bullet fired by a Japanese sniper who was hiding in a concealed hole.
  5. Wake of the Red Witch — He drowns when the sunken ship he is trying to salvage shifts and drops further into the ocean, carrying him with it.
  6. The Fighting Seabees — He is shot by a sniper as he attempts to egress from a bulldozer loaded with TNT aimed at a fuel depot.
  7. Reap the Wild Wind — He is trapped inside the wreck of a sunken ship after a fight with a giant squid and drowns.
  • His character death is not shown in the following:
  1. The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance — His character is dead at the beginning of the film and the story is told in flashback by James Stewart, who is attending his funeral.
  2. The Sea Chase — Lana Turner and Wayne are on a ship when it sinks, but the possibility that the characters survived is left open.
  3. The Deceiver — Ian Keith's character died, but the corpse was played by John Wayne.
  4. Central Airport — John Wayne has a very minor role as the co-pilot of an aircraft that crashes into the ocean.
  • NO character deaths:

It is believed that the 1963 film McLintock! with Maureen O'Hara, is the only John Wayne western where no one is shot or dies.[citation needed]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ A Macro Bio

Further reading

  • Campbell, James T. "Print the Legend: John Wayne and Postwar American Culture". Reviews in American History, Volume 28, Number 3, September 2000, pp. 465-477
  • Shepherd, Donald, and Robert Slatzer, with Dave Grayson. Duke: The Life and Times of John Wayne. New York: Doubleday, 1985 ISBN 0-385-17893-X
  • Carey, Harry Jr. A Company of Heroes: My Life as an Actor in the John Ford Stock Company. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1994 ISBN 0-8108-2865-0
  • Clark, Donald & Christopher Anderson. John Wayne's The Alamo: The Making of the Epic Film. New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1995 ISBN 0-8065-1625-9 (pbk.)
  • Eyman, Scott. Print the Legend: The Life and Times of John Ford. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999 ISBN 0-684-81161-8
  • McCarthy, Todd. Howard Hawks: The Grey Fox of Hollywood. New York: Grove Press, 1997 ISBN 0-8021-1598-5
  • Zolotow, Maurice., Shooting Star: A Biography of John Wayne. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974 ISBN 671-80211-9 Template:Invalid isbn

Notes

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Wayne.
Wikiquote has quotations related to John Wayne.
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