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the global early-warning service, P1, Jane's Information Group, 2009</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/contending-with-the-pkks-narco-terrorism |title=Contending with the PKK's Narco-Terrorism |last= Freedman |first=Benjamin |last2= Levitt |first2=Matthew |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy |date=December 8, 2009 |accessdate=2016-02-26 |quote=the Treasury Department also listed the Free Life Party of Kurdistan (PJAK), which is under the control of the Kongra-Gel }}</ref> Both groups are members of the [[Kurdistan Communities Union]] or KCK ({{lang-ku|Koma Civakên Kurdistan}}), an umbrella group of Kurdish political and insurgent groups in Turkey, Iran, Syria, and Iraq.<ref name="kurdish-info.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.kurdish-info.net/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=4053|title=Kurdish Info - The PKK and PJAK fighters of Qendil<!-- Bot generated title -->|publisher=|accessdate=23 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="Kurdish rebels kill Turkey troops">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6537751.stm | work=BBC News | title=Kurdish rebels kill Turkey troops | date=April 8, 2007 | accessdate=May 22, 2010}}</ref>
the global early-warning service, P1, Jane's Information Group, 2009</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/contending-with-the-pkks-narco-terrorism |title=Contending with the PKK's Narco-Terrorism |last= Freedman |first=Benjamin |last2= Levitt |first2=Matthew |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy |date=December 8, 2009 |accessdate=2016-02-26 |quote=the Treasury Department also listed the Free Life Party of Kurdistan (PJAK), which is under the control of the Kongra-Gel }}</ref> Both groups are members of the [[Kurdistan Communities Union]] or KCK ({{lang-ku|Koma Civakên Kurdistan}}), an umbrella group of Kurdish political and insurgent groups in Turkey, Iran, Syria, and Iraq.<ref name="kurdish-info.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.kurdish-info.net/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=4053|title=Kurdish Info - The PKK and PJAK fighters of Qendil<!-- Bot generated title -->|publisher=|accessdate=23 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="Kurdish rebels kill Turkey troops">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6537751.stm | work=BBC News | title=Kurdish rebels kill Turkey troops | date=April 8, 2007 | accessdate=May 22, 2010}}</ref>


The membership of PJAK's armed wing, the Eastern Kurdistan Units or YRK, is estimated to be 3,000 and come from [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], [[Iraq]], [[Syria]], and the [[Kurdish diaspora]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/middle-east/dreaming-and-fighting-the-kurdish-guerillas-who-say-to-be-free-you-must-accept-suffering|title=Dreaming and fighting, the Kurdish guerillas who say 'to be free you must accept suffering'|author=James Calderwood|publisher=|accessdate=24 March 2015}}</ref> The group is considered a terrorist organisation by [[Iran]],<ref name="IT">{{cite news|url=http://televisionwashington.com/floater_article1.aspx?lang=en&t=1&id=17022|title=Kurdish prisoner executed in Iran|newspaper=WashingtonTV|date=2010-01-30|last=Narina|first=E|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6M8Y4vuKU|archivedate=2013-12-25|accessdate=2013-12-25}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref name="TT">{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=turkey-iran-step-up-fights-on-pkk-pjak-2011-07-26|title=Turkey, Iran step up fights on PKK, PJAK|date=26 July 2011|publisher=Hürriyet Daily News|accessdate=18 March 2014}}</ref> and the [[United States]],<ref name="US-brands"/> but not by the [[European Union|EU]], [[United Nations|UN]] or [[Russia]].<ref name="US-brands"/>
The membership of PJAK's armed wing, the Eastern Kurdistan Units or YRK, is estimated to be 3,000 and come from [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], [[Iraq]], [[Syria]], and the [[Kurdish diaspora]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/middle-east/dreaming-and-fighting-the-kurdish-guerillas-who-say-to-be-free-you-must-accept-suffering|title=Dreaming and fighting, the Kurdish guerillas who say 'to be free you must accept suffering'|author=James Calderwood|publisher=|accessdate=24 March 2015}}</ref> The group is considered a terrorist organisation by [[Iran]],<ref name="IT">{{cite news|url=http://televisionwashington.com/floater_article1.aspx?lang=en&t=1&id=17022 |title=Kurdish prisoner executed in Iran |newspaper=WashingtonTV |date=2010-01-30 |last=Narina |first=E |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6M8Y4vuKU?url=http://news.kodoom.com/en/iran-politics/kurdish-prisoner-executed-in-iran/story/670742/ |archivedate=2013-12-25 |accessdate=2013-12-25 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref name="TT">{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=turkey-iran-step-up-fights-on-pkk-pjak-2011-07-26|title=Turkey, Iran step up fights on PKK, PJAK|date=26 July 2011|publisher=Hürriyet Daily News|accessdate=18 March 2014}}</ref> and the [[United States]],<ref name="US-brands"/> but not by the [[European Union|EU]], [[United Nations|UN]] or [[Russia]].<ref name="US-brands"/>


==Policies and structure==
==Policies and structure==
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The PKK is also a member of KCK,<ref name="kurdish-info.net"/><ref name="Kurdish rebels kill Turkey troops"/> and according to the ''[[New York Times]]'', the PJAK and PKK "appear to a large extent to be one and the same, and share the same goal: fighting campaigns to win new autonomy and rights for Kurds. The only difference is that the PJAK fights in Iran, and PKK fights in Turkey. They share leadership, logistics and allegiance to[Abdullah Ocalan, the PKK leader currently imprisoned in Turkey."<ref name="OPPEL Jr">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/23/world/middleeast/23kurds.html?_r=1&oref=slogin | work=The New York Times | title=In Iraq, Conflict Simmers on a 2nd Kurdish Front | first=RICHARD A. | last=OPPEL Jr | date=October 23, 2007 | accessdate=May 22, 2010}}</ref>
The PKK is also a member of KCK,<ref name="kurdish-info.net"/><ref name="Kurdish rebels kill Turkey troops"/> and according to the ''[[New York Times]]'', the PJAK and PKK "appear to a large extent to be one and the same, and share the same goal: fighting campaigns to win new autonomy and rights for Kurds. The only difference is that the PJAK fights in Iran, and PKK fights in Turkey. They share leadership, logistics and allegiance to[Abdullah Ocalan, the PKK leader currently imprisoned in Turkey."<ref name="OPPEL Jr">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/23/world/middleeast/23kurds.html?_r=1&oref=slogin | work=The New York Times | title=In Iraq, Conflict Simmers on a 2nd Kurdish Front | first=RICHARD A. | last=OPPEL Jr | date=October 23, 2007 | accessdate=May 22, 2010}}</ref>


Like the present PKK goals in Turkey, PJAK leaders say their long-term goals are to establish an autonomous [[Iranian Kurdistan]] within the Iranian state.<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/> The PJAK leadership claims that the group's goals are mainly focused on replacing Iran's [[theocracy]] with a "democratic and federal government", where "self-rule is granted to all ethnic minorities of Iran, including [[Arabs]], [[Azeris]], and Kurds".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2370030|title=Terrorism Monitor - The Jamestown Foundation|publisher=|accessdate=24 March 2015}}</ref>
Like the present PKK goals in Turkey, PJAK leaders say their long-term goals are to establish an autonomous [[Iranian Kurdistan]] within the Iranian state.<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/> The PJAK leadership claims that the group's goals are mainly focused on replacing Iran's [[theocracy]] with a "democratic and federal government", where "self-rule is granted to all ethnic minorities of Iran, including [[Arabs]], [[Azeris]], and Kurds".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2370030 |title=Terrorism Monitor - The Jamestown Foundation |publisher= |accessdate=24 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011060500/http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2370030 |archivedate=11 October 2008 |df= }}</ref>


==Armed conflict and arrests==
==Armed conflict and arrests==
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The male armed wing of the PJAK, the '''Eastern Kurdistan Units''' or YRK (Kurdish: ''Yekîneyên Rojhilatê Kurdistan''), has been engaged in an armed conflict with the Iranian authorities since 2004.
The male armed wing of the PJAK, the '''Eastern Kurdistan Units''' or YRK (Kurdish: ''Yekîneyên Rojhilatê Kurdistan''), has been engaged in an armed conflict with the Iranian authorities since 2004.


[[Istanbul]]'s [[Cihan News Agency]] claimed that over 120 members of the Iranian security forces were killed by PJAK during 2005.<ref name="zaman">[http://www.zaman.com/?bl=hotnews&alt=&trh=20060410&hn=31854 Iran Arrests 7 PKK], April 10, 2006, Cihan News Agency/zaman.com</ref>
[[Istanbul]]'s [[Cihan News Agency]] claimed that over 120 members of the Iranian security forces were killed by PJAK during 2005.<ref name="zaman">[http://www.zaman.com/?bl=hotnews&alt=&trh=20060410&hn=31854 Iran Arrests 7 PKK] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605055133/http://www.zaman.com/?bl=hotnews&alt=&trh=20060410&hn=31854 |date=2011-06-05 }}, April 10, 2006, Cihan News Agency/zaman.com</ref>


PJAK killed 24 members of Iranian security forces on 3 April 2006, in retaliation for the killing of 10 Kurds demonstrating in [[Maku, Iran|Maku]] by Iranian security forces.<ref name="washingtontimesgrowing"/> On April 10, 2006, seven PJAK members were arrested in [[Iran]], on suspicion that they had killed three Iranian security force personnel. PJAK set off a bomb on 8 May 2006 in [[Kermanshah]], wounding five people at a government building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jir/jir060628_1_n.shtml|title=Defence & Security Intelligence & Analysis - IHS Jane's 360|publisher=|accessdate=24 March 2015}}</ref>
PJAK killed 24 members of Iranian security forces on 3 April 2006, in retaliation for the killing of 10 Kurds demonstrating in [[Maku, Iran|Maku]] by Iranian security forces.<ref name="washingtontimesgrowing"/> On April 10, 2006, seven PJAK members were arrested in [[Iran]], on suspicion that they had killed three Iranian security force personnel. PJAK set off a bomb on 8 May 2006 in [[Kermanshah]], wounding five people at a government building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jir/jir060628_1_n.shtml|title=Defence & Security Intelligence & Analysis - IHS Jane's 360|publisher=|accessdate=24 March 2015}}</ref>


As early as mid-2006, the Iranian security forces have confronted PJAK guerrillas in many different occasions along the border inside [[Iran]]. Since then, the [[United States]] news channel [[MSNBC]] claims that the [[Iranian military]] has begun bombardments of [[Kurdish People|Kurdish]] villages in [[Iraqi Kurdistan|Iraq]] along the [[Iran]]ian border while claiming that their primary targets have been PJAK militants. A number of civilians have died.<ref name="msnbc.msn.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20759540/site/newsweek/page/2/|title=Trouble on the Iran-Iraq Border - Newsweek: World News - MSNBC.com<!-- Bot generated title -->|publisher=|accessdate=23 April 2017}}</ref> PJAK claims its guerrillas fight inside Iran, and in August 2007, managed to destroy an Iranian [[military helicopter]] that was conducting a forward operation of bombardment by Iranian forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ozgurgundem.net/haber.asp?haberid=41878|title=PJAK helikopter düşürdü<!-- Bot generated title -->|publisher=|accessdate=23 April 2017}}</ref>
As early as mid-2006, the Iranian security forces have confronted PJAK guerrillas in many different occasions along the border inside [[Iran]]. Since then, the [[United States]] news channel [[MSNBC]] claims that the [[Iranian military]] has begun bombardments of [[Kurdish People|Kurdish]] villages in [[Iraqi Kurdistan|Iraq]] along the [[Iran]]ian border while claiming that their primary targets have been PJAK militants. A number of civilians have died.<ref name="msnbc.msn.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20759540/site/newsweek/page/2/|title=Trouble on the Iran-Iraq Border - Newsweek: World News - MSNBC.com<!-- Bot generated title -->|publisher=|accessdate=23 April 2017}}</ref> PJAK claims its guerrillas fight inside Iran, and in August 2007, managed to destroy an Iranian [[military helicopter]] that was conducting a forward operation of bombardment by Iranian forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ozgurgundem.net/haber.asp?haberid=41878 |title=PJAK helikopter düşürdü |publisher= |accessdate=23 April 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430182337/http://www.ozgurgundem.net/haber.asp?haberid=41878 |archivedate=30 April 2008 |df= }}</ref>


On 24 April 2009, PJAK rebels attacked a police station in [[Kermanshah province|Kermanshah]] province. According to Iranian government sources, 18 policemen and 8 rebels were killed in a fierce gun battle.<ref>[http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=288366&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17 Death toll 26 in battle with rebels], Gulf Times, May 2009.</ref> Iran responded a week later by attacking [[Kurdish People|Kurdish]] villages in the border area of Panjwin inside [[Iraqi Kurdistan|Iraq]] using helicopter gunships. According to [[Iraq]]i border guards officials, the area attacked by [[Iran]] was not considered a stronghold of PJAK, that appeared to have been the target of the raid. According to the [[ICRC]], more than 800 Iraqi Kurds have been forced from their homes by the recent cross-border violence.<ref>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g6m-ToDsaFGVjTxLXC5jOcBK_VWQ Iran helicopters strike Iraq Kurd villages], [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]], May 2009.</ref>
On 24 April 2009, PJAK rebels attacked a police station in [[Kermanshah province|Kermanshah]] province. According to Iranian government sources, 18 policemen and 8 rebels were killed in a fierce gun battle.<ref>[http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=288366&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17 Death toll 26 in battle with rebels], Gulf Times, May 2009.</ref> Iran responded a week later by attacking [[Kurdish People|Kurdish]] villages in the border area of Panjwin inside [[Iraqi Kurdistan|Iraq]] using helicopter gunships. According to [[Iraq]]i border guards officials, the area attacked by [[Iran]] was not considered a stronghold of PJAK, that appeared to have been the target of the raid. According to the [[ICRC]], more than 800 Iraqi Kurds have been forced from their homes by the recent cross-border violence.<ref>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g6m-ToDsaFGVjTxLXC5jOcBK_VWQ Iran helicopters strike Iraq Kurd villages], [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]], May 2009.</ref>
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Both the [[United States]] and PJAK have always denied any form of cooperation between themselves. Since February 2009, PJAK has even been blacklisted as a terrorist organization by the US government, freezing any assets the PJAK has under U.S. jurisdiction and prohibiting American citizens from doing business with the organization. Officials have cited PJAK's connections to the PKK as the basis for this designation—the US has [[Kurdistan Workers' Party#Designation as a terrorist group|proscribed]] the PKK as a "[[United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|Foreign Terrorist Organisation]]" since 1997 in support of Turkey, a staunch regional ally of the US and fellow [[NATO]] member.<ref name="US-brands">{{cite news |title=U.S. brands anti-Iran Kurdish group terrorist |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN04297671 |work= |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=February 4, 2009 |accessdate=February 9, 2009}}</ref> Nevertheless, Iranian media and government figures have frequently charged that PJAK is covertly supported by the [[United States]] and its allies in order to undermine Iranian state power. For example, the Iranian news agency [[PressTV]] alleged that US military officials met in Iraq with members of PJAK in early August 2011 and promised them weapons and financial aid.<ref>[http://www.presstv.ir/detail/193275.html US promises PJAK financial, military aid]| PressTV| 10 August 2011</ref> Iranian officials have also claimed that PJAK attacks come "with the support of America and the Zionist regime".<ref name=Reuters/>
Both the [[United States]] and PJAK have always denied any form of cooperation between themselves. Since February 2009, PJAK has even been blacklisted as a terrorist organization by the US government, freezing any assets the PJAK has under U.S. jurisdiction and prohibiting American citizens from doing business with the organization. Officials have cited PJAK's connections to the PKK as the basis for this designation—the US has [[Kurdistan Workers' Party#Designation as a terrorist group|proscribed]] the PKK as a "[[United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|Foreign Terrorist Organisation]]" since 1997 in support of Turkey, a staunch regional ally of the US and fellow [[NATO]] member.<ref name="US-brands">{{cite news |title=U.S. brands anti-Iran Kurdish group terrorist |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN04297671 |work= |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=February 4, 2009 |accessdate=February 9, 2009}}</ref> Nevertheless, Iranian media and government figures have frequently charged that PJAK is covertly supported by the [[United States]] and its allies in order to undermine Iranian state power. For example, the Iranian news agency [[PressTV]] alleged that US military officials met in Iraq with members of PJAK in early August 2011 and promised them weapons and financial aid.<ref>[http://www.presstv.ir/detail/193275.html US promises PJAK financial, military aid]| PressTV| 10 August 2011</ref> Iranian officials have also claimed that PJAK attacks come "with the support of America and the Zionist regime".<ref name=Reuters/>


Iranian allegations have found some support from several figures in the West. On 18 April 2006, [[US Congress]]man [[Dennis Kucinich]] sent a letter to then-president [[George W. Bush]] in which he asserted that the US is likely to be supporting and coordinating with PJAK, since PJAK operates and is based in [[Iraqi Kurdistan|Iraqi]] territory under the control of the [[Kurdistan Regional Government]].<ref name="kucinich">[http://kucinich.house.gov/News/DocumentSingle.aspx?DocumentID=42505 Kucinich Questions The President On US Trained Insurgents In Iran: Sends Letter To President Bush], [[Dennis Kucinich]], April 18, 2006.</ref> In November of the same year, journalist [[Seymour Hersh]], writing in ''[[The New Yorker]]'', supported this claim, further stating that the US military and [[Israel]] are giving the group equipment, training, and targeting information in order to create internal pressures in Iran.<ref name="hersh_next_act">{{cite news|first=Seymour M.|last=Hersh|pages=|title=The Next Act|date=November 20, 2006|publisher=[[The New Yorker]]|url=http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/061127fa_fact|accessdate=2006-11-19}}</ref>
Iranian allegations have found some support from several figures in the West. On 18 April 2006, [[US Congress]]man [[Dennis Kucinich]] sent a letter to then-president [[George W. Bush]] in which he asserted that the US is likely to be supporting and coordinating with PJAK, since PJAK operates and is based in [[Iraqi Kurdistan|Iraqi]] territory under the control of the [[Kurdistan Regional Government]].<ref name="kucinich">[http://kucinich.house.gov/News/DocumentSingle.aspx?DocumentID=42505 Kucinich Questions The President On US Trained Insurgents In Iran: Sends Letter To President Bush] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525160327/http://kucinich.house.gov/News/DocumentSingle.aspx?DocumentID=42505 |date=2006-05-25 }}, [[Dennis Kucinich]], April 18, 2006.</ref> In November of the same year, journalist [[Seymour Hersh]], writing in ''[[The New Yorker]]'', supported this claim, further stating that the US military and [[Israel]] are giving the group equipment, training, and targeting information in order to create internal pressures in Iran.<ref name="hersh_next_act">{{cite news|first=Seymour M.|last=Hersh|pages=|title=The Next Act|date=November 20, 2006|publisher=[[The New Yorker]]|url=http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/061127fa_fact|accessdate=2006-11-19}}</ref>


Hersh's claims sparked much fury in the Turkish media due to the ties between PJAK and the PKK, which has waged a [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict|decades-long armed campaign]] against Turkish state forces for rights and self-determination for [[Kurds in Turkey]]. [[Ross Wilson (ambassador)|Ross Wilson]], the US ambassador to Turkey, quickly issued an official denial of any kind of American assistance to PJAK in an effort to quell the uproar;<ref name="dailystar-bayik"/> Wilson also sent a classified cable to Washington in December 2007 (which was later released by [[WikiLeaks]]) in which he strongly urged the US government to officially blacklist PJAK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=07ANKARA2918|title=#07ANKARA2918|date=1 September 2011|publisher=WikiLeaks|accessdate=18 March 2014}}</ref> In the wake of this incident, high-ranking PKK commander [[Cemil Bayık]] asserted in an interview with [[Agence France-Presse]] that while US officials had made contact with PJAK, America had provided no support whatsoever to the insurgent group. Maintaining that the PKK was the founder and only real supporter of PJAK, Bayık further stated that "if the US is interested in PJAK, then it has to be interested in the PKK as well", which would contradict the established hostility of the US toward the PKK.<ref name="dailystar-bayik">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=2&article_id=77119|title=PKK commander says Washington 'has contact' with Kurdish rebels fighting Iran|author=Agence France Presse (AFP)|work=The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon|accessdate=24 March 2015}}</ref>
Hersh's claims sparked much fury in the Turkish media due to the ties between PJAK and the PKK, which has waged a [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict|decades-long armed campaign]] against Turkish state forces for rights and self-determination for [[Kurds in Turkey]]. [[Ross Wilson (ambassador)|Ross Wilson]], the US ambassador to Turkey, quickly issued an official denial of any kind of American assistance to PJAK in an effort to quell the uproar;<ref name="dailystar-bayik"/> Wilson also sent a classified cable to Washington in December 2007 (which was later released by [[WikiLeaks]]) in which he strongly urged the US government to officially blacklist PJAK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=07ANKARA2918|title=#07ANKARA2918|date=1 September 2011|publisher=WikiLeaks|accessdate=18 March 2014}}</ref> In the wake of this incident, high-ranking PKK commander [[Cemil Bayık]] asserted in an interview with [[Agence France-Presse]] that while US officials had made contact with PJAK, America had provided no support whatsoever to the insurgent group. Maintaining that the PKK was the founder and only real supporter of PJAK, Bayık further stated that "if the US is interested in PJAK, then it has to be interested in the PKK as well", which would contradict the established hostility of the US toward the PKK.<ref name="dailystar-bayik">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=2&article_id=77119|title=PKK commander says Washington 'has contact' with Kurdish rebels fighting Iran|author=Agence France Presse (AFP)|work=The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon|accessdate=24 March 2015}}</ref>

Revision as of 23:41, 8 May 2017

Kurdistan Free Life Party
Partiya Jiyana Azad a Kurdistanê (PJAK)
پارتی ژیانی ئازادی کوردستان
LeaderSiamand Moini and Zîlan Vejîn
Founded2004
Armed wingEastern Kurdistan Units (YRK)
Women's wingWomen's Defence Forces (HPJ)
IdeologyKurdish nationalism
Democratic Confederalism
Democratic socialism
Libertarian socialism
Political positionLeft-wing
International affiliationKurdistan Communities Union (KCK)

The Kurdistan Free Life Party or PJAK (Template:Lang-ku) is a Kurdish political and militant organisation which has waged an intermittent armed struggle since 2004 against the Iranian government to seek self-determination for Kurds in Iranian Kurdistan.[1][2][3]

Some experts describe PJAK as an offshoot of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK).[4][5] Both groups are members of the Kurdistan Communities Union or KCK (Template:Lang-ku), an umbrella group of Kurdish political and insurgent groups in Turkey, Iran, Syria, and Iraq.[6][7]

The membership of PJAK's armed wing, the Eastern Kurdistan Units or YRK, is estimated to be 3,000 and come from Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and the Kurdish diaspora.[8] The group is considered a terrorist organisation by Iran,[9] Turkey,[10] and the United States,[11] but not by the EU, UN or Russia.[11]

Policies and structure

The exact history of PJAK is widely disputed.[12] Turkey and Iran claim that PJAK is an offshoot of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).[12] According to some sources, members of the PKK founded the PJAK in 2004 as an Iranian equivalent to their leftist-nationalist insurgency against the Turkish government.[13]

According to founding members of PJAK, however, the group began in Iran around 1997 as an entirely peaceful student-based human rights movement.[12] The group was inspired by the success of Iraq's Kurdish autonomous region and by the PKK's struggle in Turkey.[12] Discouraged by the failure of previous Kurdish revolts, however, PJAK's leaders initially worked only to maintain and build a Kurdish national identity and to thwart the Iranian government's attempts to re-brand Iranian Kurds as ethnic Persians or Aryans.[12] After a series of government crackdowns against Kurdish activists and intellectuals, the group's leadership moved to the safety of Iraqi Kurdistan in 1999.[12] There they settled in the area controlled by the PKK on the slopes of Mount Qandil, less than 10 miles from the Iraq-Iran border.[12] Once established at Qandil and operating under the PKK's security umbrella, PJAK adopted many of the political ideas and military strategies of the PKK's leader Abdullah Ocalan, whose theories had initially inspired PJAK's founders while they were still in Iran.[12] The PKK's ideological influence also transformed PJAK from a civil rights movement to a more ambitious and multi-directional independence movement, aided by the transfer of many seasoned PKK fighters of Iranian origin into PJAK.[12]

The present leader of the organisation is Abdul Rahman Haji Ahmadi. According to the Washington Times, half the members of PJAK are women, many of them still in their teens.[14] The group actively recruits female guerrillas and states that its "cruelest and fiercest fighters" are women drawn to the movement's "radical feminism".[15]

PJAK is a member of the Kurdistan Communities Union or KCK (Template:Lang-ku), which is an alliance of outlawed Kurdish groups and divisions led by an elected Executive Council. The KCK is in charge of a number of decisions, and often releases press statements on behalf of its members.

The PJAK also has sub-divisions:[16]

  • Armed wing - Eastern Kurdistan Units (Yekîneyên Rojhilatê Kurdistan, YRK)
  • Women's branch - Women's Defence Forces (Hêzên Parastina Jinê, HPJ), led by Gulistan Dogan.[17]
  • Youth and student branch

The PKK is also a member of KCK,[6][7] and according to the New York Times, the PJAK and PKK "appear to a large extent to be one and the same, and share the same goal: fighting campaigns to win new autonomy and rights for Kurds. The only difference is that the PJAK fights in Iran, and PKK fights in Turkey. They share leadership, logistics and allegiance to[Abdullah Ocalan, the PKK leader currently imprisoned in Turkey."[18]

Like the present PKK goals in Turkey, PJAK leaders say their long-term goals are to establish an autonomous Iranian Kurdistan within the Iranian state.[19] The PJAK leadership claims that the group's goals are mainly focused on replacing Iran's theocracy with a "democratic and federal government", where "self-rule is granted to all ethnic minorities of Iran, including Arabs, Azeris, and Kurds".[20]

Armed conflict and arrests

Eastern Kurdistan Units
Yekîneyên Rojhilatê Kurdistan (YRK)
LeaderAbdul Rahman Haji Ahmadi
Dates of operation2004–2011
MotivesTo establish semiautonomous regional entities or Kurdish federal states in Iran, Turkey and Syria similar to the Kurdistan Regional Government,[19] and establish a democratic confederalism as theorised by Abdullah Öcalan.
Active regionsIraq, Turkey and Iran
IdeologySecularism,
Kurdish nationalism
Feminism,
Democratic confederalism
StatusActive
Main article: Iran–PJAK conflict
A group of PJAK fighters in 2012

The male armed wing of the PJAK, the Eastern Kurdistan Units or YRK (Kurdish: Yekîneyên Rojhilatê Kurdistan), has been engaged in an armed conflict with the Iranian authorities since 2004.

Istanbul's Cihan News Agency claimed that over 120 members of the Iranian security forces were killed by PJAK during 2005.[21]

PJAK killed 24 members of Iranian security forces on 3 April 2006, in retaliation for the killing of 10 Kurds demonstrating in Maku by Iranian security forces.[14] On April 10, 2006, seven PJAK members were arrested in Iran, on suspicion that they had killed three Iranian security force personnel. PJAK set off a bomb on 8 May 2006 in Kermanshah, wounding five people at a government building.[22]

As early as mid-2006, the Iranian security forces have confronted PJAK guerrillas in many different occasions along the border inside Iran. Since then, the United States news channel MSNBC claims that the Iranian military has begun bombardments of Kurdish villages in Iraq along the Iranian border while claiming that their primary targets have been PJAK militants. A number of civilians have died.[23] PJAK claims its guerrillas fight inside Iran, and in August 2007, managed to destroy an Iranian military helicopter that was conducting a forward operation of bombardment by Iranian forces.[24]

On 24 April 2009, PJAK rebels attacked a police station in Kermanshah province. According to Iranian government sources, 18 policemen and 8 rebels were killed in a fierce gun battle.[25] Iran responded a week later by attacking Kurdish villages in the border area of Panjwin inside Iraq using helicopter gunships. According to Iraqi border guards officials, the area attacked by Iran was not considered a stronghold of PJAK, that appeared to have been the target of the raid. According to the ICRC, more than 800 Iraqi Kurds have been forced from their homes by the recent cross-border violence.[26]

On 16 July 2011, the Iranian army launched a major offensive against PJAK compounds in the mountainous regions of northern Iraq. According to the Revolutionary Guards dozens of rebels have been killed.[27][28] According to the state-run IRNA news agency on 26 July, PJAK militants were killed in clashes in several towns in West Azerbaijan province. Kurdish media reported that at least five Revolutionary Guards were killed.[29]

PJAK spokesperson Sherzad Kemankar announced in an interview with the Iraqi Kurdish newspapers Hawlati and Awene that the Iranian forces attacked PJAK strongholds on July 16, however PJAK succeeded in pushing back the Iranian military to their original positions and 53 Iranian soldiers were killed in the battle while PJAK lost two fighters. Sherzad Kemankar also pointed out that Iranian forces were carrying out a joint operation with Ansar al-Islam using heavy weaponry.[30] Iranian media later reported that General Abbas Asemi, one of the most senior IRGC commanders in the holy city of Qom along with at least 5 other Revolutionary Guard soldiers were killed in clashes with Kurdish rebels near the Iraq border.[31]

The Iranian government blames the PJAK for sabotage attacks on gas pipelines and ambushing its troops, according to Reuters, aid agencies say shelling by the Revolutionary Guard has "killed some civilians and forced hundreds to flee their homes" in the area. The Revolutionary Guard denies the charge.[28]

On 8 August 2011, during a lull for Ramadan in the Pasdaran offensive, PJAK leader Haji Ahmadi, told an interviewer his group is prepared to negotiate with Iran and maintained that Kurdish issues need to be solved through "peaceful means". Haji Ahmadi acknowledged that in some cases compromise is inevitable and indicated that PJAK is willing to lay down its arms. He said fighting may not help Kurds secure political and cultural rights in Iran.[32] However, the Guards resumed their offensive on September 2 and rejected any ceasefire call by PJAK, saying the Kurdish rebels have no choice but to lay down arms or leave the border areas. On 19 September, Iran's ground forces commander, Brigadier General Ahmad Reza Pourdastan, told the Vatan-e-Emrooz newspaper his forces would finish off armed Kurdish Iraqi-based rebels in the "coming days".[33]

The rejection of ceasefire offer by PJAK led to new skirmishes between the two sides. On 2 September, after a one-month lull in fighting, IRGC began a new round of ground operations against PJAK. On September 9, 2011, Iranian media reported that Brigadier General Abbas Ali Jannesari of the IRGC was killed during a battle with PJAK rebels.[34]

On 30 September 2011, Deputy Commander of the Ground Forces of Iran's IRGC, Brigadier General Abdullah Araqi announced that after the Iranian military captured the Jasosan heights, the PJAK conceded defeat and agreed to retreat one kilometer away from the Iranian border and to refrain from military activities on Iran's soil and recruitment of Iranian nationals.[35][36] According to Iranian media, 180 PJAK militias were killed and 300 wounded during the last operations seizing PJAK's headquarters in Jasosan heights in the Northwestern border regions of Iran.[37]

On 25 April 2012, Iranian media reported that four members of elite Revolutionary Guards were killed and four others were wounded during an attack by PJAK rebels near Paveh in Kermanshah province in western Iran.[38]

Alleged Turkish-Iranian cooperation

Although the PJAK operates against Iranian rather than Turkish forces, PJAK officials have advanced unverified claims that Turkey, under alleged Islamist policy shifts by the governing AKP, has begun targeting PJAK operations as well—reportedly by engaging in Iranian cooperation that would violate Turkish obligations under the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.[39] In 2011, PJAK leader Rahman Haj Ahmadi, in an interview with the conservative activist Kenneth R. Timmerman, claimed that Islamist elements in the units of the Turkish military or Turkish government had deliberately aligned with Iranian forces to suppress the secular PJAK in Iran. Ahmadi alleged that the Turkish special operations, in conjunction with the Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC), were utilizing IDF Heron drones to monitor PJAK guerrilla positions and movements.[40] Separately, the Firat News Agency also alleged that Turkish armed forces sent up to 20 tanks and 300 Special Forces troops,[41] reportedly to assist the IRGC,[40] which in a separate move had purportedly begun using Ansar al-Islam guerrillas to reclaim Iranian areas then under PJAK control.[40] Zimmerman has also alleged that the Turkish military and the IRGC maintain a joint headquarters at Urmia, Iran, at which Turkish military officials offer advice and train IRGC forces in anti-Kurdish activities.[39] The Government of Turkey has since dismissed the allegations of Turkish involvement with Iran against the PJAK.[41]

PJAK and the United States

Both the United States and PJAK have always denied any form of cooperation between themselves. Since February 2009, PJAK has even been blacklisted as a terrorist organization by the US government, freezing any assets the PJAK has under U.S. jurisdiction and prohibiting American citizens from doing business with the organization. Officials have cited PJAK's connections to the PKK as the basis for this designation—the US has proscribed the PKK as a "Foreign Terrorist Organisation" since 1997 in support of Turkey, a staunch regional ally of the US and fellow NATO member.[11] Nevertheless, Iranian media and government figures have frequently charged that PJAK is covertly supported by the United States and its allies in order to undermine Iranian state power. For example, the Iranian news agency PressTV alleged that US military officials met in Iraq with members of PJAK in early August 2011 and promised them weapons and financial aid.[42] Iranian officials have also claimed that PJAK attacks come "with the support of America and the Zionist regime".[28]

Iranian allegations have found some support from several figures in the West. On 18 April 2006, US Congressman Dennis Kucinich sent a letter to then-president George W. Bush in which he asserted that the US is likely to be supporting and coordinating with PJAK, since PJAK operates and is based in Iraqi territory under the control of the Kurdistan Regional Government.[43] In November of the same year, journalist Seymour Hersh, writing in The New Yorker, supported this claim, further stating that the US military and Israel are giving the group equipment, training, and targeting information in order to create internal pressures in Iran.[44]

Hersh's claims sparked much fury in the Turkish media due to the ties between PJAK and the PKK, which has waged a decades-long armed campaign against Turkish state forces for rights and self-determination for Kurds in Turkey. Ross Wilson, the US ambassador to Turkey, quickly issued an official denial of any kind of American assistance to PJAK in an effort to quell the uproar;[45] Wilson also sent a classified cable to Washington in December 2007 (which was later released by WikiLeaks) in which he strongly urged the US government to officially blacklist PJAK.[46] In the wake of this incident, high-ranking PKK commander Cemil Bayık asserted in an interview with Agence France-Presse that while US officials had made contact with PJAK, America had provided no support whatsoever to the insurgent group. Maintaining that the PKK was the founder and only real supporter of PJAK, Bayık further stated that "if the US is interested in PJAK, then it has to be interested in the PKK as well", which would contradict the established hostility of the US toward the PKK.[45]

Hoping to take advantage of the longstanding animosity between Washington and Tehran to try and obtain international support in its fight against Iranian forces, PJAK has—without success—made some friendly gestures towards the US in the past. In a June 2006 interview with Slate, PJAK spokesman Ihsan Warya was paraphrased as stating that "PJAK really does wish it were an agent of the United States, and [is] disappointed that Washington hasn't made contact." He cited the productive alliance between the US and the Iraqi Kurdish KDP and PUK during the Iraq War as a reason why the US should also provide support to his organisation.[47] Haji Ahmadi, the leader of PJAK, visited Washington, DC in August 2007 in order to seek political and military backing from the US,[48] but only made limited contact with officials and failed to obtain any such support.[23] But in a statement released on 18 October 2008, PJAK accused the US of having passed intelligence to Turkish and Iranian forces as they conducted intensified bombing campaigns and cross-border attacks against PJAK and PKK bases in the Qandil region.[49]

Designation as a terrorist organization

Countries below have officially listed PJAK as a terrorist organization.

 Iran [9]
 Turkey [10]
 United States [11]

References

  1. ^ Iraq's other Kurdish rebel group, BBC, Dec. 19, 2007.
  2. ^ About PJAK, PJAK Official Website.
  3. ^ Interview with the Secretary general of PJAK, Chris Kutschera, September 2008.
  4. ^ Jane's intelligence digest: the global early-warning service, P1, Jane's Information Group, 2009
  5. ^ Freedman, Benjamin; Levitt, Matthew (December 8, 2009). "Contending with the PKK's Narco-Terrorism". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 2016-02-26. the Treasury Department also listed the Free Life Party of Kurdistan (PJAK), which is under the control of the Kongra-Gel
  6. ^ a b "Kurdish Info - The PKK and PJAK fighters of Qendil". Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  7. ^ a b "Kurdish rebels kill Turkey troops". BBC News. April 8, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  8. ^ James Calderwood. "Dreaming and fighting, the Kurdish guerillas who say 'to be free you must accept suffering'". Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  9. ^ a b Narina, E (2010-01-30). "Kurdish prisoner executed in Iran". WashingtonTV. Archived from the original on 2013-12-25. Retrieved 2013-12-25. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ a b "Turkey, Iran step up fights on PKK, PJAK". Hürriyet Daily News. 26 July 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  11. ^ a b c d "U.S. brands anti-Iran Kurdish group terrorist". Reuters. February 4, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i Brandon, James (2006-06-15). "Iran's Kurdish Threat: PJAK". http://www.jamestown.org/. {{cite news}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  13. ^ "The militant Kurds of Iran - Jane's Security News". Janes.com. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
  14. ^ a b Tehran faces growing Kurdish opposition, James Brandon, The Washington Times, April 3, 2006
  15. ^ "Meet the Kurdish guerrillas who want to topple the Tehran regime". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  16. ^ İran karakoluna saldırıyı HRK üstlendi
  17. ^ "The PKK, PJAK, and Iran: Implications for U.S.-Turkish Relations". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  18. ^ OPPEL Jr, RICHARD A. (October 23, 2007). "In Iraq, Conflict Simmers on a 2nd Kurdish Front". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  19. ^ a b Partlow, Joshua. "Shelling Near Iranian Border Is Forcing Iraqi Kurds to Flee". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  20. ^ "Terrorism Monitor - The Jamestown Foundation". Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ Iran Arrests 7 PKK Archived 2011-06-05 at the Wayback Machine, April 10, 2006, Cihan News Agency/zaman.com
  22. ^ "Defence & Security Intelligence & Analysis - IHS Jane's 360". Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  23. ^ a b "Trouble on the Iran-Iraq Border - Newsweek: World News - MSNBC.com". Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  24. ^ "PJAK helikopter düşürdü". Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ Death toll 26 in battle with rebels, Gulf Times, May 2009.
  26. ^ Iran helicopters strike Iraq Kurd villages, AFP, May 2009.
  27. ^ Kurd rebels kill Basij militiaman: Iran agency| AFP| 29 July 2011
  28. ^ a b c Iran says killed dozens in push on Kurdish rebels| Aug 17, 2011
  29. ^ Deaths Reported in Fighting Between Iran, Kurd Rebels| voanews.com| 26 July 2011
  30. ^ PJAK fighters push back Iranian army, Kurdistan Tribune, July 17, 2011.
  31. ^ Iran says senior security official killed, Al-Jazeera, Jul 22, 2011
  32. ^ "PJAK Leader: We're Prepared To Negotiate With Iran]- rudaw.net 08/08/2011 By ROZH AHMAD". Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  33. ^ "Iran to finish off Kurd rebels in 'days': commander AFP, 19 September 2011". Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  34. ^ "IRGC officer martyred in fight with PJAK". Tehran Times. 9 September 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  35. ^ "PressTV". Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  36. ^ "PJAK Terrorist Group Surrenders, October 1 2011". Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  37. ^ PJAK Surrenders to Iran, September 29 2011
  38. ^ "4 IRGC personnel killed in clash with PJAK terrorists". Mehr News Agency. April 25, 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  39. ^ a b Timmerman, Kenneth R. (16 September 2011). "The Turkey-Iran Pact". Frontpage Magazine. Retrieved 5 December 2012. As we gazed up at an Iranian Revolutionary Guards base set atop the 12,000 foot peaks of the Qandil mountains, a PJAK guerilla told me that Iran and Turkey had established a joint military headquarters in Urmiyeh, Iran, to coordinate their military strikes against the Kurds. "The goal of the Iranians is to drive us from the border area," rebel leader Biryar Gabar told me. "They want to turn this area into a no-man's land, so they can use it to smuggle weapons and Islamist guerillas into Iraq to fight the Americans." ... During the latest round of fighting, PJAK showed off NATO-issue weapons they claimed they had taken from dead Iranian troops, including Western-made night vision goggles, GPS systems, anti-tank missiles, and BKC guns. PJAK has claimed for some time that Iran's ally Turkey has provided NATO weaponry to Iran that has been turned against the Kurds, in direct violation of the North Atlantic Treaty. ... Under the direction of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan and his AKP, Turkey has increasingly dropped all pretence of remaining a friend and ally of the West. Instead, Erdogan seems intent on throwing in his lot with the Islamists in a bid to restore the Muslim caliphate Ataturk abolished in 1924.
  40. ^ a b c Timmerman, Kenneth R. (4 August 2011). "Iranian Dissident Leader Claims Victory, Warns US". Newsmax Corporation. Retrieved 5 December 2012. Iran's biggest advantage was access to intelligence from Israeli-made Heron surveillance drones that Turkish Special Forces troops flew over the battlefield in coordination with Iran's Revolutionary Guards. "This limited our ability to move, but it didn't matter much since most of our positions were underground," Ahmadi told Newsmax.
  41. ^ a b Timmerman, Kenneth R. (28 July 2011). "Iran, Turkey Escalate Battle Against Iraq Kurds". Newsmax Corporation. Retrieved 5 December 2012. Turkey sent 20 tanks, 300 special forces troops, and surveillance drones into Iran, eyewitnesses quoted by the Firat news agency reported. [Meanwhile] But as I found out during a visit to the area this February, the PKK camps are hours away from the area where Iran has been battling its own rebel Kurds, who belong to the Kurdistan Free Life Party, PJAK.
  42. ^ US promises PJAK financial, military aid| PressTV| 10 August 2011
  43. ^ Kucinich Questions The President On US Trained Insurgents In Iran: Sends Letter To President Bush Archived 2006-05-25 at the Wayback Machine, Dennis Kucinich, April 18, 2006.
  44. ^ Hersh, Seymour M. (November 20, 2006). "The Next Act". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2006-11-19.
  45. ^ a b Agence France Presse (AFP). "PKK commander says Washington 'has contact' with Kurdish rebels fighting Iran". The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  46. ^ "#07ANKARA2918". WikiLeaks. 1 September 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  47. ^ Wood, Graeme (June 12, 2006). "Iran Bombs Iraq: Meet the Kurdish guerrillas who want to topple the Tehran regime". Microsoft. Retrieved 2006-12-02.
  48. ^ "Kurdish leader seeks U.S. help to topple regime". The Washingtion Times. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  49. ^ "PJAK statement accuses U.S. of supporting Turkey-Iran joint military operations". Washington Post. September 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
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