Dushanbe: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Dushanbe Theater.jpg|thumb|250px|Puppet theatre]] |
[[File:Dushanbe Theater.jpg|thumb|250px|Puppet theatre]] |
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[[Tajik Air]] has its head office on the grounds of [[Dushanbe Airport]] in Dushanbe.<ref>"Directory: World Airlines." ''[[Flight International]]''. 30 March-5 April 2004. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200321.html?search=%22Tajik%20Air%22 78]. "Titov Street 31/2, Dushanbe Airport, Dushanbe, 734006, Tajikistan."</ref> [[Somon Air]] has its head office in Dushanbe.<ref>"[http://www.somonair.com/en/page.php?pageid=65 Contacts]." [[Somon Air]]. Retrieved on 4 December 2010. "Contacts: 40, Titova Str. Dushanbe, Tajikistan, 734012." [http://www.somonair.com/page.php?pageid=6 Address in Tajik]: "734012, Таджикистан, Душанбе, ул. Титова, 40" {{ |
[[Tajik Air]] has its head office on the grounds of [[Dushanbe Airport]] in Dushanbe.<ref>"Directory: World Airlines." ''[[Flight International]]''. 30 March-5 April 2004. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200321.html?search=%22Tajik%20Air%22 78]. "Titov Street 31/2, Dushanbe Airport, Dushanbe, 734006, Tajikistan."</ref> [[Somon Air]] has its head office in Dushanbe.<ref>"[http://www.somonair.com/en/page.php?pageid=65 Contacts]." [[Somon Air]]. Retrieved on 4 December 2010. "Contacts: 40, Titova Str. Dushanbe, Tajikistan, 734012." [http://www.somonair.com/page.php?pageid=6 Address in Tajik] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129052324/http://www.somonair.com/en/page.php?pageid=65 |date=29 January 2013 }}: "734012, Таджикистан, Душанбе, ул. Титова, 40" {{cite web|url=http://www.somonair.com/en/page.php?pageid=65 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-12-04 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129052324/http://www.somonair.com/en/page.php?pageid=65 |archivedate=29 January 2013 |df= }}</ref> |
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==Main sights== |
==Main sights== |
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Revision as of 17:32, 21 May 2017
Dushanbe
Душанбе | |
|---|---|
 Panoramic view of Dushanbe | |
 Seal | |
  Dushanbe Location of Dushanbe in Tajikistan | |
| Coordinates: 38°32′12″N 68°46′48″E / 38.53667°N 68.78000°E | |
| Country |  Tajikistan |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Rustam Emomali |
| Area | |
| • City | 124.6 km2 (48.1 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 706 m (2,316 ft) |
| Population (2014)[1] | |
| • City | 778,500 |
| • Density | 6,200/km2 (16,000/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 1 051 200 |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (Tajikistan Time) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (Tajikistan Time) |
| Website | www |
Dushanbe ([Душанбе, Duşanbe] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) — is the capital and largest city of Tajikistan. Dushanbe means Monday in the Tajik language.[2][3] It was so named because it grew from a village that originally had a popular market on Mondays (as Dushanbe means Monday in Persian language). Until 1929, the city was known in Russian as Dyushambe ([Дюшамбе, Djušambe] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)), and from 1929 to 1961 as Stalinabad ([Сталинобод, Stalinobod] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)). As of 2014[update], Dushanbe had a population of 778,500.
History
Situated at the confluence of two rivers, Varzob and Kofarnihon, Dushanbe is the capital of Tajikistan. Although archaeological remnants dating to the 5th century BC have been discovered in the area, there is little to suggest that Dushanbe was more than a small village until the early 20th century.
The first written mention of the village of Dushanbe occurred in 1676. It was at the crossroads, where a large bazaar occurred on Mondays, hence the name Dushanbe-Bazar (Tajik: Душанбе Бозор, Dushanbe Bozor)[4] from Dushanbe, which means Monday in the Persian language.[2][3] In the village, there were more than 500 households and a population of about 8,000 people.
By 1826, the town was called Dushanbe Qurghan (Tajik: Душанбе Қурғон, Dushanbe Qurghon, with the suffix qurƣon from Turkic qurğan, meaning "fortress") Russified as Dyushambe (Дюшамбе). The first map showing Dyushambe was drafted in 1875. At that time, the town was a fortress on a steep bank on the left bank of the Varzob River with 10,000 residents.
In 1920, the last Emir of Bukhara briefly took refuge in Dyushambe after being overthrown by the Bolshevik revolution. He fled to Afghanistan after the Red Army conquered the area the next year.[citation needed] At the beginning of 1922, the town was taken by Basmachi troops led Enver Pasha, but on 14 July 1922 again came under the power of the Bolsheviks and was proclaimed the capital of the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as a part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in 1924.
A Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic separate from the Uzbek SSR was created in 1929, and its capital Dyumshambe was renamed Stalinabad (Russian: Сталинабад; Tajik: Сталинобод Stalinobod) for Joseph Stalin on 16 October 1929. In the years that followed, the city developed at a rapid pace.[5]
The Soviets transformed the area into a centre for cotton and silk production, and tens of thousands of people relocated to the city. The population also increased with thousands of Tajiks migrating to Tajikistan following the transfer of Bukhara and Samarkand to the Uzbek SSR as part of national delimitation in Central Asia.[6]
On 10 November 1961, Stalinabad was renamed Dushanbe, the name it retains to this day.
Severe rioting occurred in February 1990, after it was rumored that the Soviet government planned to relocate tens of thousands of Armenian refugees to Tajikistan. The Dushanbe riots were primarily fueled by concerns about housing shortages for the Tajik population, but they coincided with a wave of nationalist unrest that swept Transcaucasia and other Central Asian states during the twilight of Gorbachev's era.[7]
In January 2017, Rustam Emomali, current President Emomali Rahmon`s son, was appointed Mayor of Dushanbe, a key position, which is seen by some analysts as the next step to the top of the government.[8]
Climate
Dushanbe features a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa),[9] with strong continental climate influences (Köppen: Dsa).[9] The summers are hot and dry and the winters are chilly, but not very cold. The climate is damper than other Central Asian capitals, with an average annual rainfall over 500 millimetres (20 in) as moist air is funnelled by the surrounding valley during the winter and spring. Winters are not as cold as further north owing to the shielding of the city by mountains from extremely cold air from Siberia. January 2008 was particularly cold, and the temperature dropped to −22 °C (−8 °F).[10]
| Climate data for Dushanbe (1961–1990, extremes 1951–2012) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 21.6 (70.9) |
23.1 (73.6) |
30.6 (87.1) |
35.6 (96.1) |
38.8 (101.8) |
43.0 (109.4) |
43.3 (109.9) |
45.0 (113.0) |
40.6 (105.1) |
36.8 (98.2) |
31.7 (89.1) |
24.3 (75.7) |
45.0 (113.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.9 (46.2) |
10.2 (50.4) |
15.2 (59.4) |
22.1 (71.8) |
27.0 (80.6) |
33.1 (91.6) |
35.8 (96.4) |
34.3 (93.7) |
30.7 (87.3) |
24.2 (75.6) |
17.1 (62.8) |
10.8 (51.4) |
22.4 (72.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.1 (35.8) |
3.8 (38.8) |
9.2 (48.6) |
15.4 (59.7) |
20.0 (68.0) |
25.3 (77.5) |
27.1 (80.8) |
24.9 (76.8) |
20.1 (68.2) |
14.3 (57.7) |
8.9 (48.0) |
4.8 (40.6) |
14.7 (58.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.0 (28.4) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
4.2 (39.6) |
9.3 (48.7) |
13.0 (55.4) |
16.5 (61.7) |
17.9 (64.2) |
15.9 (60.6) |
11.1 (52.0) |
6.7 (44.1) |
3.5 (38.3) |
0.8 (33.4) |
8.2 (46.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −26.6 (−15.9) |
−17.3 (0.9) |
−13.4 (7.9) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
1.2 (34.2) |
8.4 (47.1) |
10.9 (51.6) |
8.1 (46.6) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−13.5 (7.7) |
−19.5 (−3.1) |
−26.6 (−15.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 66.3 (2.61) |
75.4 (2.97) |
107.5 (4.23) |
105.0 (4.13) |
66.0 (2.60) |
5.5 (0.22) |
3.2 (0.13) |
0.5 (0.02) |
3.1 (0.12) |
30.6 (1.20) |
44.7 (1.76) |
59.8 (2.35) |
567.6 (22.35) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 8.5 | 9.1 | 13.4 | 9.8 | 7.8 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 3.7 | 5.3 | 8.1 | 68.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 69 | 67 | 65 | 63 | 57 | 42 | 41 | 44 | 44 | 56 | 63 | 69 | 57 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 120 | 121 | 156 | 198 | 281 | 337 | 352 | 338 | 289 | 224 | 164 | 119 | 2,699 |
| Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[11] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[12] | |||||||||||||
Economy
Tajik Air has its head office on the grounds of Dushanbe Airport in Dushanbe.[13] Somon Air has its head office in Dushanbe.[14]
Main sights
- Tajikistan National Museum (Tajik Unified Museum)
- Vahdat Palace
- Dushanbe Flagpole—It is the second tallest free-standing flagpole in the world, at a height of 165 metres (541 feet),[15]
- Dushanbe Zoo
- Gurminj Museum of Musical Instruments (Gurminj Museum)
Education
A number of educational facilities are based in Dushanbe:
- Tajik State National University
- Tajikistan Humanitarian International University
- Agricultural University of Tajikistan
- Tajik State Medical University
- Tajik State Pedagogical University
- Tajik State University of Commerce
- Tajikistan State University of Law, Business, & Politics
- Russian-Tajik Slavonic University
- Tajikistan University of Technology
- Tajikistan-Russian Modern University
- Technical University of Tajikistan
- Dushanbe International School
Transport
The city is served by Dushanbe International Airport which as of April 2015, had regularly scheduled flights to major cities in Russia, Central Asia, as well as Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, Istanbul, Kabul, and Ürümqi amongst others. Tajikistan's principal railways are in the southern region and connect Dushanbe with the industrial areas of the Gissar and Vakhsh valleys and with Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Russia.[16]
The Dushanbe trolleybus system operates public buses in the city. Automobiles are the main form of transportation in the country and as of 2014[update] many highway and tunnel construction projects are underway or have recently been completed. Major projects include rehabilitation of the Dushanbe – Chanak (Uzbek border), Dushanbe – Kulma (Chinese border), Kurgan-Tube – Nizhny Pyanj (Afghan border) highways and construction of tunnels under the mountain passes of Anzob, Shakhristan, Shar-Shar[17] and Chormazak.[18]
Demographics
The population of Dushanbe:
- in 1987 was about 796,000 and was made up of ethnic Tajiks (75%), Uzbeks (10%), ethnic Russians (3%), and others (12%);
- in 2011 was about 679,400 and was made up of ethnic Tajiks (c. 83.4%), Uzbeks (9.1%), Russians (5.1%), and others (2.4%).
| Year | Population |
|---|---|
| 1926 | 6,000 |
| 1936 | 83,000 |
| 1956 | 227,000 |
| 1971 | 388,000 |
| 1987 | 796,000[19] |
| 1991 | 582,000 |
| 2002 | 579,000 |
| 2006 | 661,000 |
| 2008 | 679,400[20] |
| 2014 | 779,000 |
| 2015 | 788,700[21] |
| 2016 | 802,700[22] |
Districts
Dushanbe is divided into the following districts:
- Avicenna (Tajik: Абӯалӣ Ибни Сино, Abūali Ibni Sino; Persian: ابوعلی ابن سینا)
- Ferdowsi (Tajik: Фирдавсӣ, Firdavsi; Persian: فردوسی)
- Ismail Samani (Tajik: Исмоили Сомонӣ, Ismoili Somoni; Persian: اسماعیل سامانی)
- Shah Mansur (Tajik: Шоҳмансур, Shohmansur; Persian: شاه منصور)
International relations
Twin towns – Sister cities
Ganja, Azerbaijan[23]
Lusaka, Zambia
Sana'a, Yemen
Monastir, Tunisia
Klagenfurt, Austria
Lahore, Pakistan
Boulder, Colorado, US
Mazari Sharif, Afghanistan
Reutlingen, Germany
Saint Petersburg, Russia
Shiraz, Iran
Minsk, Belarus[24]
Ürümqi, China- Tehran, Iran
- Xiamen, China
See also
- Opera Orchestra of Dushanbe
- School for Deaf and Mute (Dushanbe)
- Dushanbe Synagogue
- Dushanbe Tea House, in Boulder, Colorado
- List of cities in Tajikistan
References
- ^ Population of the Republic of Tajikistan as of 1 January, State Statistical Committee, Dushanbe, 2012 Template:Ru icon
- ^ a b Dushanbe in Persian language
- ^ a b D. Saimaddinov, S. D. Kholmatova, and S. Karimov, Tajik-Russian Dictionary, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature, Scientific Center for Persian-Tajik Culture, Dushanbe, 2006.
- ^ Dushanbe in Dictionary of Geographic Names Template:Ru icon
- ^ a b "Regions: Dushanbe & Surroundings". Official Website of the Tourism Authority of Tajikistan. Committee of Youth Affairs, Sports and Tourism. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
- ^ "Dushanbe: History". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
- ^ Ethnic rioting in Dushanbe, New York Times, 13 February 1990. Retrieved 18 October 2008
- ^ "Tajikistan: regime eternalization completed?". The Politicon. The Politicon. 26 January 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
- ^ a b Updated Asian map of the Köppen climate classification system
- ^ Tajikistan: Citizens Ponder Bleak Future Amid Harsh Winter | Eurasianet.Org
- ^ "Klimatafel von Duschanbe / Tadschikistan" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^ "Dushanbe Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^ "Directory: World Airlines." Flight International. 30 March-5 April 2004. 78. "Titov Street 31/2, Dushanbe Airport, Dushanbe, 734006, Tajikistan."
- ^ "Contacts." Somon Air. Retrieved on 4 December 2010. "Contacts: 40, Titova Str. Dushanbe, Tajikistan, 734012." Address in Tajik Archived 29 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine: "734012, Таджикистан, Душанбе, ул. Титова, 40" "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Tallest unsupported flagpole". Guinness World Records. 24 May 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
- ^ Migrant Express Part 1: Good-bye Dushanbe , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBSardpSH0E
- ^ Shar-Shar auto tunnel links Tajikistan to China, The 2.3 km (1 mi) Shar-Shar car tunnel linking Tajikistan and China opened to traffic on Aug. 30.,Siyavush Mekhtan, 2009-09-03, http://centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/features/2009/09/03/feature-06
- ^ Chormaghzak Tunnel renamed Khatlon Tunnel and Shar-Shar Tunnel renamed Ozodi Tunnel, 12/02/2014 15:49, Payrav Chorshanbiyev, http://news.tj/en/news/chormaghzak-tunnel-renamed-khatlon-tunnel-and-shar-shar-tunnel-renamed-ozodi-tunnel
- ^ Genesis 1987, USSR
- ^ Population of the Republic of Tajikistan as of 1 January, State Statistical Committee, Dushanbe, 2008 (Russian)
- ^ “TAJIKISTAN”. City Population. Retrieved 2015.01.01
- ^ Шумораи аҳолии Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон то 1 январи соли 2016 Ахбороти Агентии омори назди Президенти Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон
- ^ "Twin-cities of Azerbaijan". Azerbaijans.com. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ "Twin towns and Sister cities of Minsk [via WaybackMachine.com]" (in Russian). The department of protocol and international relations of Minsk City Executive Committee. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
External links
- Pictures of Dushanbe
- Dushanbe pictures through eyes of westerner
- Tajik Web Gateway
- Boulder-Dushanbe Sister Cities
- www.dushanbeairport.com – Dushanbe International Airport unofficial website (English)
- Dushanbe - TimeLapse
Dushanbe travel guide from Wikivoyage
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| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Other | |
