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Like most cats, they are solitary, with the adults only commonly meeting to mate. They are sparsely distributed even within their natural environment, occupying relatively large home ranges of {{convert|11|to|16|km2|mi2}}. They use [[scent marking]] to indicate their territory, including [[urine spraying]] and leaving scratch marks on the ground or on branches. Their vocalisations all appear to be short range; they do not call to each other over long distances.<ref name=WCoW/>
Like most cats, they are solitary, with the adults only commonly meeting to mate. They are sparsely distributed even within their natural environment, occupying relatively large home ranges of {{convert|11|to|16|km2|mi2}}. They use [[scent marking]] to indicate their territory, including [[urine spraying]] and leaving scratch marks on the ground or on branches. Their vocalisations all appear to be short range; they do not call to each other over long distances.<ref name=WCoW/>


Margays have recently been discovered to hunt by mimicking the vocalisation of a prey species, [[pied tamarin]] (''Saguinus bicolor''),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Calleia |first1=F. d. O. |last2=Rohe |first2=F. |last3=Gordo |first3=M. |year=2009 |title=Hunting strategy of the Margay (''Leopardus wiedii'') to attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (''Saguinus bicolor'') |journal=Neotropical Primates |publisher=Neotropical Section of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=32–34 |issn=1413-4705 |url=http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/NP16.1.pdf |doi=10.1896/044.016.0107 }}</ref> which has been compared by scientists to tool-use by monkeys.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/07/science/07angier.html?th&emc=th |title=Surviving by Disguising: Nature’s Game of Charades |author=Angier, N. |year=2010 |work=Basics |publisher=New York Times |accessdate=7 September 2010}}</ref>
Margays have recently been discovered to hunt by mimicking the vocalisation of a prey species, [[pied tamarin]] (''Saguinus bicolor''),<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Calleia |first1=F. d. O. |last2=Rohe |first2=F. |last3=Gordo |first3=M. |year=2009 |title=Hunting strategy of the Margay (''Leopardus wiedii'') to attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (''Saguinus bicolor'') |journal=Neotropical Primates |publisher=Neotropical Section of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=32–34 |issn=1413-4705 |url=http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/NP16.1.pdf |doi=10.1896/044.016.0107 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613150457/http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/NP16.1.pdf |archivedate=13 June 2010 |df= }}</ref> which has been compared by scientists to tool-use by monkeys.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/07/science/07angier.html?th&emc=th |title=Surviving by Disguising: Nature’s Game of Charades |author=Angier, N. |year=2010 |work=Basics |publisher=New York Times |accessdate=7 September 2010}}</ref>


===Diet===
===Diet===
Line 52: Line 52:
Because the margay is mostly [[nocturnal]]<ref name="nocturnal">[http://www.anywherecostarica.com/flora-fauna/mammal/margay Anywhere Costa Rica]</ref> and is naturally rare in its environment, most dietary studies have been based on stomach contents and faecal analysis. This cat hunts small mammals, including monkeys, and birds, eggs, lizards and tree frogs.<ref name=Wang2002>{{cite journal | author = Wang, E. | year = 2002 | title = Diets of Ocelots (''Leopardus pardalis''), Margays (''L. wiedii''), and Oncillas (''L. tigrinus'') in the Atlantic Rainforest in Southeast Brazil | journal =Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment | volume=37 | issue=3 | pages=207–212 |url=http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/FN1FYN6WTTEKT95X.pdf | accessdate = 2007-06-15 |doi=10.1076/snfe.37.3.207.8564}}</ref> It also eats grass, fruit and other vegetation, most likely to help digestion. A 2006 report about a margay chasing squirrels in its natural environment confirmed that the margay is able to hunt its prey entirely in trees.<ref name="Solórzano-filho2006">{{cite journal | author = Solórzano-filho, J.A. | year=2006 |url=http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/mamm.2006.70.issue-1_2/mamm.2006.031/mamm.2006.031.xml |title=Mobbing of ''Leopardus wiedii'' while hunting by a group of ''Sciurus ingrami'' in an ''Araucaria'' forest of Southeast Brazil | journal = Mammalia | volume = 70 | issue = 1/2 | pages = 156–157 | doi = 10.1515/MAMM.2006.031 | accessdate = 2007-06-15}}</ref> However, margays do sometimes hunt on the ground, and have been reported to eat terrestrial prey, such as [[cane rat]]s and [[guinea pig]]s.<ref name=WCoW/>
Because the margay is mostly [[nocturnal]]<ref name="nocturnal">[http://www.anywherecostarica.com/flora-fauna/mammal/margay Anywhere Costa Rica]</ref> and is naturally rare in its environment, most dietary studies have been based on stomach contents and faecal analysis. This cat hunts small mammals, including monkeys, and birds, eggs, lizards and tree frogs.<ref name=Wang2002>{{cite journal | author = Wang, E. | year = 2002 | title = Diets of Ocelots (''Leopardus pardalis''), Margays (''L. wiedii''), and Oncillas (''L. tigrinus'') in the Atlantic Rainforest in Southeast Brazil | journal =Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment | volume=37 | issue=3 | pages=207–212 |url=http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/FN1FYN6WTTEKT95X.pdf | accessdate = 2007-06-15 |doi=10.1076/snfe.37.3.207.8564}}</ref> It also eats grass, fruit and other vegetation, most likely to help digestion. A 2006 report about a margay chasing squirrels in its natural environment confirmed that the margay is able to hunt its prey entirely in trees.<ref name="Solórzano-filho2006">{{cite journal | author = Solórzano-filho, J.A. | year=2006 |url=http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/mamm.2006.70.issue-1_2/mamm.2006.031/mamm.2006.031.xml |title=Mobbing of ''Leopardus wiedii'' while hunting by a group of ''Sciurus ingrami'' in an ''Araucaria'' forest of Southeast Brazil | journal = Mammalia | volume = 70 | issue = 1/2 | pages = 156–157 | doi = 10.1515/MAMM.2006.031 | accessdate = 2007-06-15}}</ref> However, margays do sometimes hunt on the ground, and have been reported to eat terrestrial prey, such as [[cane rat]]s and [[guinea pig]]s.<ref name=WCoW/>


There has been one report of a margay using [[Aggressive mimicry#Luring prey|auditory mimicry]] to try to lure one of its prey. A margay was observed to imitate the call of a [[Saguinus bicolor|pied tamarin]] infant while in the presence of a group of adult tamarins, leading the adults to investigate. While the margay was not successful in catching one of the monkeys, this represents the first observation of a Neotropical predator employing this type of [[Mimicry#Aggressive|mimicry]].<ref name = "Calleia">{{Cite journal | last = Calleia | first = F. O. |author2=Rohe, F. |author3=Gordo, M. | title = Hunting Strategy of the Margay (''Leopardus wiedii'') to Attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (''Saguinus bicolor'') | journal = Neotropical Primates | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | pages = 32–34 | publisher = [[Conservation International]]| location = | year=2009 | url=http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/NP16.1.pdf | issn=1413-4705 | doi = 10.1896/044.016.0107 | accessdate = 2010-07-18}}</ref><ref name = "NG">{{Cite web | last=Dell'Amore | first = C. | title = Jungle Cat Mimics Monkey to Lure Prey—A First | work = National Geographic Daily News | publisher = [[National Geographic Society]] |year=2010 |url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/07/100712-cats-mimics-monkeys-prey-science/ |accessdate = 2010-07-18}}</ref>
There has been one report of a margay using [[Aggressive mimicry#Luring prey|auditory mimicry]] to try to lure one of its prey. A margay was observed to imitate the call of a [[Saguinus bicolor|pied tamarin]] infant while in the presence of a group of adult tamarins, leading the adults to investigate. While the margay was not successful in catching one of the monkeys, this represents the first observation of a Neotropical predator employing this type of [[Mimicry#Aggressive|mimicry]].<ref name="Calleia">{{Cite journal|last=Calleia |first=F. O. |author2=Rohe, F. |author3=Gordo, M. |title=Hunting Strategy of the Margay (''Leopardus wiedii'') to Attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (''Saguinus bicolor'') |journal=Neotropical Primates |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=32–34 |publisher=[[Conservation International]] |location= |year=2009 |url=http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/NP16.1.pdf |issn=1413-4705 |doi=10.1896/044.016.0107 |accessdate=2010-07-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613150457/http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/NP16.1.pdf |archivedate=13 June 2010 |df= }}</ref><ref name = "NG">{{Cite web | last=Dell'Amore | first = C. | title = Jungle Cat Mimics Monkey to Lure Prey—A First | work = National Geographic Daily News | publisher = [[National Geographic Society]] |year=2010 |url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/07/100712-cats-mimics-monkeys-prey-science/ |accessdate = 2010-07-18}}</ref>


===Reproduction and lifecycle===
===Reproduction and lifecycle===

Revision as of 07:31, 2 June 2017

Margay
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Carnivora
Family:
Felidae
Genus:
Leopardus
Species:
L. wiedii
Binomial name
Leopardus wiedii[2]
(Schinz, 1821)
Margay range
Synonyms
  • Felis wiedii
Margay photographed near one of the active volcanoes in Costa Rica.

The margay (Leopardus wiedii) is a small cat native to Central and South America that is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN since 2008 because remaining populations are thought to be declining due to loss of habitat following conversion of forests.[1]

In his first description, Schinz named the margay Felis wiedii in honour of Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied who collected specimens in Brazil.[3]

The margay is a solitary and nocturnal cat.[4] It lives foremost in primary evergreen and deciduous forest.[5] Until the 1990s, margays were hunted illegally for the wildlife trade, which resulted in a large population decrease.[6]

Characteristics

A margay at Parc des Félins in France

The margay is very similar to the larger ocelot in appearance, although the head is a little shorter, the eyes larger, and the tail and legs longer. It weighs from 2.6 to 4 kg (5.7 to 8.8 lb), with a body length of 48 to 79 cm (19 to 31 in), and a tail length of 33 to 51 cm (13 to 20 in). Unlike most other cats, the female possesses only two teats.[7]

Its fur is brown and marked with numerous rows of dark brown or black rosettes and longitudinal streaks. The undersides are paler, ranging from buff to white, and the tail has numerous dark bands and a black tip. The backs of the ears are black with circular white markings in the centre.[7]

Most notably the margay is a much more skilful climber than its relative, and it is sometimes called the tree ocelot because of this ability. Whereas the ocelot mostly pursues prey on the ground, the margay may spend its entire life in the trees, leaping after and chasing birds and monkeys through the treetops. Indeed, it is one of only two cat species[7] with the ankle flexibility necessary to climb head-first down trees (the other being the clouded leopard, although the poorly studied marbled cat may also have this ability). It is remarkably agile; its ankles can turn up to 180 degrees, it can grasp branches equally well with its fore and hind paws, and it is able to jump up to 12 ft (3.7 m) horizontally.[7] The margay has been observed to hang from branches with only one foot.[citation needed]

Distribution and habitat

The margay is found from southern Mexico, through Central America and in northern South America east of the Andes. The southern edge of its range reaches Uruguay and northern Argentina. They are found almost exclusively in areas of dense forest, ranging from tropical evergreen forest to tropical dry forest and high cloud forest. Margays have sometimes also been observed in coffee and cocoa plantations.[7]

Fossil evidence of margays or margay-like cats has been found in Florida and Georgia dating to the Pleistocene, suggesting that they had a wider distribution in the past.[citation needed] The last record from Texas was from 1852.[8]

Behavior and ecology

While margays are nocturnal, in some areas they have also been observed to hunt during the day. They prefer to spend most of their life in the trees, but also travel across the ground, especially when moving between hunting areas. During the day, they rest in relatively inaccessible branches or clumps of lianas.

Like most cats, they are solitary, with the adults only commonly meeting to mate. They are sparsely distributed even within their natural environment, occupying relatively large home ranges of 11 to 16 square kilometres (4.2 to 6.2 sq mi). They use scent marking to indicate their territory, including urine spraying and leaving scratch marks on the ground or on branches. Their vocalisations all appear to be short range; they do not call to each other over long distances.[7]

Margays have recently been discovered to hunt by mimicking the vocalisation of a prey species, pied tamarin (Saguinus bicolor),[9] which has been compared by scientists to tool-use by monkeys.[10]

Diet

Margay in Parque Municipal Summit, Panama

Because the margay is mostly nocturnal[11] and is naturally rare in its environment, most dietary studies have been based on stomach contents and faecal analysis. This cat hunts small mammals, including monkeys, and birds, eggs, lizards and tree frogs.[12] It also eats grass, fruit and other vegetation, most likely to help digestion. A 2006 report about a margay chasing squirrels in its natural environment confirmed that the margay is able to hunt its prey entirely in trees.[13] However, margays do sometimes hunt on the ground, and have been reported to eat terrestrial prey, such as cane rats and guinea pigs.[7]

There has been one report of a margay using auditory mimicry to try to lure one of its prey. A margay was observed to imitate the call of a pied tamarin infant while in the presence of a group of adult tamarins, leading the adults to investigate. While the margay was not successful in catching one of the monkeys, this represents the first observation of a Neotropical predator employing this type of mimicry.[14][15]

Reproduction and lifecycle

Female margays are in estrus for four to ten days over a cycle of 32 to 36 days, during which they attract males with a long, moaning call. The male responds by yelping or making trilling sounds, and also by rapidly shaking his head from side to side, a behavior not seen in any other cat species. Copulation lasts up to sixty seconds, and is similar to that in domestic cats; it takes place primarily in the trees, and occurs several times while the female is in heat.[7]

Gestation lasts about 80 days, and generally results in the birth of a single kitten (very rarely, there are two) usually between March and June. Kittens weigh 85 to 170 grams (3.0 to 6.0 oz) at birth. This is relatively large for a small cat, and is probably related to the long gestation period. The kittens open their eyes at around two weeks of age, and begin to take solid food at seven to eight weeks. Margays reach sexual maturity at twelve to eighteen months of age, and have been reported to live up to twenty-four years in captivity.[7]

Infants suffer from a 50% mortality rate. Coupled with the problems they have breeding in captivity, this makes the prospect of increasing the population very difficult.[16]

Subspecies

These are the currently recognized subspecies:[2]

References

  1. ^ a b Template:IUCN
  2. ^ a b Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 539–540. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ Cuvier, G., Schinz, H. R. (1821). Wiedische Katze Felis wiedii. In: Das Thierreich eingetheilt nach dem Bau der Thiere: als Grundlage ihrer Naturgeschichte und der vergleichenden Anatomie. Säugethiere und Vögel, Volume 1. Cotta, Stuttgart, Tübingen. Pp. 235–236.
  4. ^ Petersen, M. K. (1977). Behaviour of the margay. Pp. 69–76 in R. L. Eaton (ed.) The world’s cats, Vol. 3 (2). Carnivore Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle.
  5. ^ Bisbal, F. J. (1989). Distribution and habitat association of the carnivores in Venezuela. Pp 339–362 in K. H. Redford and J. F. Eisenberg (eds.) Advances in neotropical mammalogy. Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville.
  6. ^ Aranda, J. M. (1991). Wild mammal skin trade in Chiapas, Mexico. Pp. 174–177 in J. G. Robinson and K. H. Redford (eds.) Neotropical wildlife use and conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Sunquist, M.; Sunquist, F. (2002). Wild Cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 135–141. ISBN 0-226-77999-8.
  8. ^ Kays, R.W.; Wilson, D. E. (2002). Mammals of North America. Illustrated by Sandra Doyle, Nancy Halliday, Ron Klingner, Elizabeth McClelland, Consie Powell, Wendy Smith, Todd Zalewski, Diane Gibbons, Susan C. Morse, Jesse Guertin. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07012-1.
  9. ^ Calleia, F. d. O.; Rohe, F.; Gordo, M. (2009). "Hunting strategy of the Margay (Leopardus wiedii) to attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor)" (PDF). Neotropical Primates. 16 (1). Neotropical Section of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group: 32–34. doi:10.1896/044.016.0107. ISSN 1413-4705. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Angier, N. (2010). "Surviving by Disguising: Nature's Game of Charades". Basics. New York Times. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
  11. ^ Anywhere Costa Rica
  12. ^ Wang, E. (2002). "Diets of Ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), Margays (L. wiedii), and Oncillas (L. tigrinus) in the Atlantic Rainforest in Southeast Brazil" (PDF). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 37 (3): 207–212. doi:10.1076/snfe.37.3.207.8564. Retrieved 15 June 2007.
  13. ^ Solórzano-filho, J.A. (2006). "Mobbing of Leopardus wiedii while hunting by a group of Sciurus ingrami in an Araucaria forest of Southeast Brazil". Mammalia. 70 (1/2): 156–157. doi:10.1515/MAMM.2006.031. Retrieved 15 June 2007.
  14. ^ Calleia, F. O.; Rohe, F.; Gordo, M. (2009). "Hunting Strategy of the Margay (Leopardus wiedii) to Attract the Wild Pied Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor)" (PDF). Neotropical Primates. 16 (1). Conservation International: 32–34. doi:10.1896/044.016.0107. ISSN 1413-4705. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Dell'Amore, C. (2010). "Jungle Cat Mimics Monkey to Lure Prey—A First". National Geographic Daily News. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  16. ^ IUNC Wild Cats Book. "Margay Fact." Big Cat Rescue. IUNC, n.d. Web. [1].
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