List of largest empires: Difference between revisions
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Several [[empire]]s in [[History of the world|world history]] have been contenders for the largest of all time, depending on definition and mode of measurement. Possible ways of measuring size include area, population, economy, and power. Of these, area is the most commonly used because it has a fairly precise definition and can be feasibly measured with some degree of accuracy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1978|title=Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Social Science Research]]|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=111|doi=10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8|issn=0049-089X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707192527/https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07|via=}}</ref> Estonian political scientist [[Rein Taagepera]], who published a series of academic articles about the territorial extents of historical empires between 1978 and 1997,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1978|title=Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Social Science Research]]|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=108–127|doi=10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8|issn=0049-089X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707192527/https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1978|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 3000 to 600 B.C.|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt6wf6m5qg/qt6wf6m5qg.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Social Science Research]]|volume=7|issue=2|pages=180–196|doi=10.1016/0049-089x(78)90010-8|issn=0049-089X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707202816/https://escholarship.org/content/qt6wf6m5qg/qt6wf6m5qg.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07|via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Taagepera|first1=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1979|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.|url=|journal=[[Social Science History]]|volume=3|issue=3/4|pages=115–138|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959|via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Taagepera|first=Rein|authorlink=Rein Taagepera|date=September 1997|title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]]|volume=41|issue=3|pages=475–504|doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053|jstor=2600793|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707203055/https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07|via=}}</ref> defined an empire as "any relatively large sovereign political entity whose components are not sovereign" and its size as the area over which the empire has some undisputed military and taxation prerogatives;<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Taagepera|first1=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1979|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.|url=|journal=[[Social Science History]]|volume=3|issue=3/4|page=117|pages=|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959|via=}}</ref> these are the criteria from which these lists are formed. Studies by other authors such as [[C. R. Boxer|Charles R. Boxer]], a specialist in the Portuguese and Dutch Empire, and he brings clarification about the territories dominated or with an area of influence.{{incomprehensible inline|date=August 2020|reason=This is an anacoluthon – difficult to parse and unclear what it's trying to say.}}<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2001|title=The Charles Boxer Bibliography|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41105171|journal=Portuguese Studies|volume=17|pages=247–276|issn=0267-5315}}</ref>{{Irrelevant citation|date=August 2020|reason=This is just a bibliography.}} |
Several [[empire]]s in [[History of the world|world history]] have been contenders for the largest of all time, depending on definition and mode of measurement. Possible ways of measuring size include area, population, economy, and power. Of these, area is the most commonly used because it has a fairly precise definition and can be feasibly measured with some degree of accuracy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1978|title=Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Social Science Research]]|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=111|doi=10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8|issn=0049-089X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707192527/https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07|via=}}</ref> Estonian political scientist [[Rein Taagepera]], who published a series of academic articles about the territorial extents of historical empires between 1978 and 1997,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1978|title=Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Social Science Research]]|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=108–127|doi=10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8|issn=0049-089X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707192527/https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1978|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 3000 to 600 B.C.|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt6wf6m5qg/qt6wf6m5qg.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Social Science Research]]|volume=7|issue=2|pages=180–196|doi=10.1016/0049-089x(78)90010-8|issn=0049-089X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707202816/https://escholarship.org/content/qt6wf6m5qg/qt6wf6m5qg.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07|via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Taagepera|first1=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1979|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.|url=|journal=[[Social Science History]]|volume=3|issue=3/4|pages=115–138|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959|via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Taagepera|first=Rein|authorlink=Rein Taagepera|date=September 1997|title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]]|volume=41|issue=3|pages=475–504|doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053|jstor=2600793|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707203055/https://escholarship.org/content/qt3cn68807/qt3cn68807.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07|via=}}</ref> defined an empire as "any relatively large sovereign political entity whose components are not sovereign" and its size as the area over which the empire has some undisputed military and taxation prerogatives;<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Taagepera|first1=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1979|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.|url=|journal=[[Social Science History]]|volume=3|issue=3/4|page=117|pages=|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959|via=}}</ref> these are the criteria from which these lists are formed. Studies by other authors such as [[C. R. Boxer|Charles R. Boxer]], a specialist in the Portuguese and Dutch Empire, and he brings clarification about the territories dominated or with an area of influence.{{incomprehensible inline|date=August 2020|reason=This is an anacoluthon – difficult to parse and unclear what it's trying to say.}}<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2001|title=The Charles Boxer Bibliography|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41105171|journal=Portuguese Studies|volume=17|pages=247–276|issn=0267-5315}}</ref>{{Irrelevant citation|date=August 2020|reason=This is just a bibliography.}} |
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In the document the author leaves several doubts whit question marks : |
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* (pag.28) in areas like Brazil, the author doubts the area in m2 '''"5.5?"''' , without citing the sources where the conclusion and math was reached that the area controlled by settlers "''would be more or less half of Brazil'' : "independence from Portugal; about one half of the present area effectively controlled bysettlers"<ref name=":1" />{{Failed verification|date=August 2020}} |
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* (pag. 27) Error about Portugal _ '''"1500 .13?''' E _ Overseas expansion begins"<ref name=":1" /> {{Failed verification|date=August 2020}} _The real overseas expansion of Portugal begun in 1415<ref>{{Cite book|last=Costa|first=João|title=História da Expansão e do Império Português|publisher=A Esfera dos Livros|year=2014|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>, in 1500 Portugal already was in India Africa and SoutAmerica.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Mattoso|first=José|title=Património de Origem Portuguesa no Mundo - África, Mar Vermelho, Golfo Pérsico Livro |
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Arquitectura e Urbanismo|publisher=Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian|year=2010|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mattoso|first=José|title=Património de Origem Portuguesa no Mundo - Ásia, Oceania Livro |
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Arquitectura e Urbanismo |
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de José Mattoso |
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Edição: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, dezembro de 2010|publisher=Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian|year=2010|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> |
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* (pag. 29) About expansion and area inland the author as doubts whit question marks '''" 1780 _4.0?''' LK,E_Penetration inland" <ref name=":1" /> {{Failed verification|date=August 2020}} The real Brazil , Africa, and Asia, explorations inland where made in late 16th and beginning of the 17th century.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mattoso|first=José|title=O Património de Origem Portuguesa no Mundo - América do Sul |
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Arquitetura e Urbanismo|publisher=Editor: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian|year=2010|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> |
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* "1900 8.51 Full control of present territory " ( the author presentes no references) <ref name=":1" /> {{Failed verification|date=August 2020}} |
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In the case of Russia and the Mongol dynasty, the author does not explain the criterion of the calculated area assuming that in the Siberian steppes all areas were completely controlled by settlers or militarily.<ref name=":1" /> |
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The list is not exhaustive owing to a lack of available data for several empires; for this reason and because of the inherent uncertainty in the area estimates, no rankings are given. |
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== Largest empires by land area == |
== Largest empires by land area == |
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|{{percent|11.4|134.74|2|pad=yes}} |
|{{percent|11.4|134.74|2|pad=yes}} |
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|{{Date table sorting|1815}}<ref name=":0" />{{Failed verification|date=August 2020|reason=The year 1815 is not mentioned in the source at all.}}{{Synthesis inline|date=August 2020|reason=The year and the area need to be cited from the same source, and the source currently cited for the year contains neither.|sure=y}} |
|{{Date table sorting|1815}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mattoso|first=José|date=|title=O Património de Origem Portuguesa no Mundo - América do Sul|url=https://www.wook.pt/livro/o-patrimonio-de-origem-portuguesa-no-mundo-america-do-sul-jose-mattoso/7461877|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref name=":0" />{{Failed verification|date=August 2020|reason=The year 1815 is not mentioned in the source at all.}}{{Synthesis inline|date=August 2020|reason=The year and the area need to be cited from the same source, and the source currently cited for the year contains neither.|sure=y}} |
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|[[Abbasid Caliphate]] |
|[[Abbasid Caliphate]] |
Revision as of 16:12, 23 August 2020
Several empires in world history have been contenders for the largest of all time, depending on definition and mode of measurement. Possible ways of measuring size include area, population, economy, and power. Of these, area is the most commonly used because it has a fairly precise definition and can be feasibly measured with some degree of accuracy.[1] Estonian political scientist Rein Taagepera, who published a series of academic articles about the territorial extents of historical empires between 1978 and 1997,[2][3][4][5] defined an empire as "any relatively large sovereign political entity whose components are not sovereign" and its size as the area over which the empire has some undisputed military and taxation prerogatives;[6] these are the criteria from which these lists are formed. Studies by other authors such as Charles R. Boxer, a specialist in the Portuguese and Dutch Empire, and he brings clarification about the territories dominated or with an area of influence.[incomprehensible][7][irrelevant citation]
In the document the author leaves several doubts whit question marks :
- (pag.28) in areas like Brazil, the author doubts the area in m2 "5.5?" , without citing the sources where the conclusion and math was reached that the area controlled by settlers "would be more or less half of Brazil : "independence from Portugal; about one half of the present area effectively controlled bysettlers"[2][failed verification]
- (pag. 27) Error about Portugal _ "1500 .13? E _ Overseas expansion begins"[2] [failed verification] _The real overseas expansion of Portugal begun in 1415[8], in 1500 Portugal already was in India Africa and SoutAmerica.[9][10]
- (pag. 29) About expansion and area inland the author as doubts whit question marks " 1780 _4.0? LK,E_Penetration inland" [2] [failed verification] The real Brazil , Africa, and Asia, explorations inland where made in late 16th and beginning of the 17th century.[9][11]
- "1900 8.51 Full control of present territory " ( the author presentes no references) [2] [failed verification]
In the case of Russia and the Mongol dynasty, the author does not explain the criterion of the calculated area assuming that in the Siberian steppes all areas were completely controlled by settlers or militarily.[2]
The list is not exhaustive owing to a lack of available data for several empires; for this reason and because of the inherent uncertainty in the area estimates, no rankings are given.
Largest empires by land area
For context, the land area of the Earth, excluding the continent of Antarctica, is 134,740,000 km2 (52,023,000 sq mi).[12]
Empires at their greatest extent
Empire size in this list is defined as the dry land area it controlled at the time, which may differ considerably from the area that was claimed. For example: in the year 1800, European powers collectively claimed approximately 20% of the Earth's land surface that they did not effectively control.[13] Where estimates vary, entries are sorted by the lowest estimate.
Timeline of largest empires to date
The earliest empire which can with certainty be stated to have been larger than all previous empires was that of Upper and Lower Egypt, which tenfolded the area of the previous largest civilisation.[38]
Empire | Land area (million km2) | Year |
---|---|---|
Upper and Lower Egypt | 0.1[31] | 3000 BC[31] |
Old Kingdom of Egypt | 0.25[31] | 2850 BC[31] |
0.4[31] | 2400 BC[31] | |
Akkadian Empire | 0.65[31] | 2300 BC[31] |
0.8[31] | 2250 BC[31] | |
New Kingdom of Egypt | 1.0[31] | 1450 BC[31] |
Shang dynasty | 1.25[31] | 1122 BC[31] |
Assyria | 1.4[31] | 670 BC[31] |
Median Empire[c] | 2.8[20] | 585 BC[20] |
Achaemenid Empire | 3.6[20] | 539 BC[20] |
5.5[20] | 500 BC[20] | |
Xiongnu Empire | 9.0[20] | 176 BC[20] |
Umayyad Caliphate | 11.1[14] | 720[14] |
Mongol Empire | 13.5[14] | 1227[14] |
24.0[14] | 1309[14] | |
British Empire | 24.5[14] | 1880[14] |
35.5[14] | 1920[14] | |
|
Timeline of largest empires at the time
Empire | Land area during time as largest empire (million km2) |
Year |
---|---|---|
Upper Egypt | 0.1[34] | 3000 BC[34] |
Old Kingdom of Egypt | 0.25–0.4[34] | 2800 BC–2400 BC[34] |
Akkadian Empire | 0.2–0.6[34] | 2300 BC–2200 BC[34] |
Indus Valley Civilisation | 0.15[34] | 2100 BC[34] |
Middle Kingdom of Egypt | 0.2–0.5[34] | 2000 BC–1800 BC[34] |
Xia dynasty | 0.4[34] | 1700 BC[34] |
Hyksos | 0.65[34] | 1600 BC[34] |
New Kingdom of Egypt | 0.65–1.0[34] | 1500 BC–1300 BC[34] |
Shang dynasty | 0.9–1.1[34] | 1250 BC–1150 BC[34] |
New Kingdom of Egypt | 0.5–0.6[34] | 1100 BC–1050 BC[34] |
Zhou dynasty | 0.35–0.45[34] | 1000 BC–900 BC[34] |
Assyria | 0.4–1.4[34] | 850 BC–650 BC[34] |
Median Empire[a] | 3.0[34] | 600 BC[34] |
Achaemenid Empire | 2.5–5.5[34] | 550 BC–350 BC[34] |
Macedonian Empire | 5.2[34] | 323 BC[34] |
Seleucid Empire | 4.0[34] | 300 BC[34] |
Maurya Empire | 3.5[34] | 250 BC[34] |
Han dynasty | 2.5[34] | 200 BC[34] |
Xiongnu Empire | 5.7[34] | 150 BC[34] |
Han dynasty | 4.2–6.5[34] | 100 BC–200[34] |
Roman Empire | 4.4[34] | 250–350[34] |
Sasanian Empire | 3.5[34] | 400[34] |
Hunnic Empire | 4.0[34] | 450[34] |
Sasanian Empire | 3.5[34] | 500[34] |
Göktürk Khaganate | 3.0–5.2[34] | 550–600[34] |
Rashidun Caliphate | 5.2[34] | 650[34] |
Umayyad Caliphate | 9.0–11.0[34] | 700–750[34] |
Abbasid Caliphate | 8.3–11.0[34] | 750–800[34] |
Tibetan Empire | 2.5–4.7[34] | 850–950[34] |
Song dynasty | 3.0[34] | 1000[34] |
Seljuk Empire | 3.0–4.0[34] | 1050–1100[34] |
Tibetan Empire | 2.5[34] | 1150[34] |
Jin dynasty (1115–1234) | 2.3[34] | 1200[34] |
Mongol Empire | 18.0–24.0[34] | 1250–1300[34] |
Yuan dynasty | 11.0[34] | 1350[34] |
Timurid Empire | 4.0[34] | 1400[34] |
Ming dynasty | 4.7–6.5[34] | 1450–1500[34] |
Ottoman Empire | 4.3[34] | 1550[34] |
Tsardom of Russia | 6.0–12.0[34] | 1600–1700[34] |
Russian Empire | 14.0–17.0[34] | 1750–1800[34] |
British Empire | 23.0–34.0[34] | 1850–1925[34] |
Soviet Union | 22.5[34] | 1950–1975[34] |
|
See also
- List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area
- List of countries and dependencies by area
- List of former transcontinental countries
- List of former sovereign states
- Lists of sovereign states by year
Notes and references
- ^ Taagepera, Rein (1978). "Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size" (PDF). Social Science Research. 7 (2): 111. doi:10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8. ISSN 0049-089X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f Taagepera, Rein (1978). "Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size" (PDF). Social Science Research. 7 (2): 108–127. doi:10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8. ISSN 0049-089X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Taagepera, Rein (1978). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 3000 to 600 B.C." (PDF). Social Science Research. 7 (2): 180–196. doi:10.1016/0049-089x(78)90010-8. ISSN 0049-089X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 115–138. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
- ^ Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 475–504. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 117. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
- ^ "The Charles Boxer Bibliography". Portuguese Studies. 17: 247–276. 2001. ISSN 0267-5315.
- ^ Costa, João (2014). História da Expansão e do Império Português. A Esfera dos Livros.
- ^ a b Mattoso, José (2010). Património de Origem Portuguesa no Mundo - África, Mar Vermelho, Golfo Pérsico Livro Arquitectura e Urbanismo. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.
{{cite book}}
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at position 85 (help) - ^ Mattoso, José (2010). Património de Origem Portuguesa no Mundo - Ásia, Oceania Livro Arquitectura e Urbanismo de José Mattoso Edição: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, dezembro de 2010. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.
{{cite book}}
: line feed character in|title=
at position 63 (help) - ^ Mattoso, José (2010). O Património de Origem Portuguesa no Mundo - América do Sul Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Editor: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.
{{cite book}}
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at position 60 (help) - ^ "The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
Antarctica [...] land: 14.2 million sq km (285,000 sq km ice-free, 13.915 million sq km ice-covered) (est.)
[...]
World [...] land: 148.94 million sq km - ^ Magdoff, Harry (1979). Imperialism: From the Colonial Age to the Present. NYU Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-85345-498-4. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
[I]n 1800 Europe and its possessions, including former colonies, claimed title to about 55 percent of the earth's land surface: Europe, North and South America, most of India, and small sections along the coast of Africa. But much of this was merely claimed; effective control existed over a little less than 35 percent, most of which consisted of Europe itself. By 1878—that is, before the next major wave of European acquisitions began—an additional 6,500,000 square miles (16,800,000 square kilometers) were claimed; during this period, control was consolidated over the new claims and over all the territory claimed in 1800. Hence, from 1800 until 1878, actual European rule (including former colonies in North and South America), increased from 35 to 67 percent of the earth's land surface.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 492–502. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF). Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222–223. ISSN 1076-156X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
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A primeira estimativa oficial para a extensão superficial do território brasileiro data de 1889. O valor de 8.337.218 km2 foi obtido a partir de medições e cálculos efetuados sobre as folhas básicas da Carta do Império do Brasil, publicada em 1883. [The first official estimate of the surface area of the Brazilian territory dates from 1889. A value of 8,337,218 km2 was obtained from measurements and calculations made on drafts of the Map of the Empire of Brazil, published in 1883.]
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In 1942, at the moment of its greatest extension, the empire encompassed territories spanning over 7,400,000 square kilometers.
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by 1942, this 'Empire' covered about 3,285,000 square miles
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When it was founded in 1821, the Mexican Empire extended over 4,429,000 km2 (not including the 445,683 km2 temporarily added by the short-lived union of the Central American provinces).
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Area English Sq. m. [...] German Empire: 208,780
[...]
Area (estimated) sq. m. [...] Total dependencies: 1,006,412{{cite web}}
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Around 1700, the Danish Empire covered around 3 million square kilometers
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In 1700, the Swedish Empire covered a land area of 990,000 square kilometers and had 2,500,000 inhabitants.
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It occupies about the sixteenth part of the total area of Europe, with an area (1905) of 239,977 sq. m.
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Islam spread quickly in Hausaland, which, after the jihad of 1804, was incorporated into the Sokoto Caliphate, a vast empire of 400,000 square kilometres.
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By 1822 he had made himself master over 80,000 square miles
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By A.D. 1450, the Tarascan Uacúsecha were leaders of an empire that spanned 75,000 square kilometers of west Mexico
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