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2022 Philippine House of Representatives elections

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The 2022 Philippine House of Representatives elections will be the 36th lower house (or sole house) elections in the Philippines. The election is scheduled to be held on May 9, 2022.

The election will be held concurrently with the 2022 presidential, Senate and local elections. A voter has two votes in the House of Representatives: one for the congressional district, and one for party-list. Parties of leading presidential candidates are expected to stand candidates in many districts. In the outgoing 18th Congress, there are 243 congressional districts. Four new districts will be contested for the first time in 2022. Other districts may be created prior to the election.

As there are at least 247 districts, there shall be 61 seats, or at least 20% of the seats, disputed in the party-list election. The party-list election is done on a nationwide, at-large basis, separate and distinct from the election from the congressional districts.

Background

Main article: 18th Congress of the Philippines

In the 18th Congress of the Philippines, the parties supporting President Rodrigo Duterte disputed the speakership, Alan Peter Cayetano of the Nacionalista Party, Lord Allan Jay Velasco of PDP–Laban, and the National Unity Party's (NUP) Paolo Duterte emerged as the front-runners to be speaker. The president pushed for a term-sharing agreement between Cayetano and Velasco, with Cayetano serving from July 2019 to October 2020, then Velasco serving until 2022. The younger Duterte disapproved of term-sharing, though. Cayetano was elected Speaker in July 2019.[1]

By March 2020, Cayetano allegedly met with representatives from the Nacionalistas and the NUP to consolidate support for his tenure as speaker. This allegedly involved declaring the position of Speaker vacant. and with Cayetano having enough votes to be reelected, override the original agreement in order to remain in position for the rest of the congressional term. Cayetano, when asked about this, said "I cannot predict what's going to happen sa (on the) floor which can happen anytime and any member can make any motion."[2]

Weeks before he is expected to turn over the speakership to Velasco, Cayetano said that Velasco's term shall start on November, as October is the 15th month, and it was brokered that he become speaker for the first 15 months. Aside from the speakership, only one committee chairmanship is expected to change hands, with all other positions unaffected by the change.[3]

In a September 29, 2020 meeting between President Duterte, Cayetano and Velasco, the president asked the representatives to abide by the gentleman's agreement.[4] Velasco rejected Duterte's suggestion to move the term-sharing deal from October to December.[5] On the October 1st session, Cayetano, who attacked Velasco for pushing through with the deal in the middle of the pandemic and while the budget is being tackled offered to resign as speaker, but it was rejected by his allies. A later vote showed that 184 representatives wanted Cayetano to stay as speaker, 1 dissented, and 9 abstained.[6]

At the next week, Congress suspended its session a week earlier than scheduled. At the session Cayetano moved to terminate the period of debates and amendments. After that was approved, another motion was approved for the 2021 budget to be approved on second reading. The session was then suspended until November 16. This meant that session was suspended before the expected transfer of power on October 14.[7] This put the status of the budget in time in doubt. Duterte called on Cayetano and Velasco to settle their differences or else he'll "do it for you". Duterte then called on a special session from October 13 to 16 to pass the budget.[8]

On October 11, pictures of Velasco and Davao City mayor Sara Duterte appeared on the internet, with the presidential daughter giving tacit approval of Velasco's speakership campaign.[9] On October 12, the day before the special session, Velasco and his allies gathered in the Celebrity Sports Plaza in Quezon City to elect new officials of the House of Representatives, including the speakership. Velasco was elected 186–0. Cayetano branded the session as illegal.[10] On the morning of the special session, Velasco allies entered the session hall of the Batasang Pambansa Complex and elected Velasco as speaker in the same 186–0 result. While voting was ongoing, Cayetano resigned as speaker on Facebook live, giving Velasco the speakership undisputedly.[11] Velasco then recalled the budget from second reading, reopening deliberations for it.[12]

After Velasco and his allies consolidated leadership positions in the chamber, Cayetano and six of his allies launched "BTS sa Kongreso", or "Back to service in Congress" in January 2021. Cayetano clarified that his bloc was not named as such, in response to fans of South Korea boy band BTS who called out Cayetano using the name of the boy band for political motives.[13]

Electoral system

The Philippines uses parallel voting for its lower house elections. For this election, there shall be 308 seats in the House; 247 of these are district representatives, and 61 are party-list representatives. Philippine law mandates that there should be one party-list representative for every four district representatives. District representatives are elected under the plurality voting system from single-member districts. Party-list representatives are elected via the nationwide vote with a 2% "soft" election threshold, with a 3-seat cap. The party in the party-list election with the most votes usually wins three seats, the other parties with more than 2% of the vote two seats, and the parties with less than 2% of the vote winning a seat each if the 20% quota is not met.

Campaigning for elections from congressional districts seats are decidedly local; the candidates are most likely a part of an election slate that includes candidates for other positions in the locality, and slates may comprise different parties. The political parties contesting the election make no attempt to create a national campaign.[citation needed]

Party-list campaigning, on the other hand, is done on a national scale. Parties usually attempt to appeal to a specific demographic. Polling is usually conducted for the party-list election, while pollsters may release polls on specific district races. In district elections, pollsters do not attempt to make forecasts on how many votes a party would achieve, nor the number of seats a party would win; they do attempt to do that in party-list elections, though.[citation needed]

District changes

In the Philippines, Congress has the power to create new congressional districts. Congress can either redistrict the entire country within three years after each Philippine census, or create new districts from existing ones piecemeal, although Congress has never redistricted the entire country wholesale since the approval of the 1987 constitution. Congress usually creates a new district once a place reaches the minimum 250,000 population mandated by the constitution.

New districts can also be created by creating new provinces and cities; in this case, it also must be approved by the people in a plebiscite in the affected places.

New districts from redistricting laws from the previous Congress

These are the new districts that will be contested in 2022, based from redistricting laws passed by the 17th Congress:

It will also be the first election for Davao de Oro in that name, after the successful renaming plebiscite in 2019 from "Compostela Valley".[17]

In Palawan, a law was passed dividing it into three provinces, with each province and Puerto Princesa getting a new district each; Palawan and Puerto Princesa together presently has 3 districts. As this means creating new provinces, it has to be approved in a plebiscite before it can be made effective.[18] In the ensuing plebiscite held on May 2021, the voters rejected division, thereby retaining the status quo of three districts between Palawan and Puerto Princesa.[19]

Redistricting measures by the current Congress

Passed by the House of Representatives

The following reapportionment bills have been passed the House of Representatives, and is now pending in the Senate:

  • Reapportioning Iloilo City to two districts
    • One congressional district is composed of the districts Jaro, La Paz, and Mandurriao, while the other is composed of City Proper, Molo, Arevalo, and Lapuz.[22]

Other bills have not passed through first reading in the House of Representatives.

Passed by the Senate

The following have been passed by the Senate:

  • Dividing Maguindanao into two provinces
    • Each new province will get its own congressional district, with Cotabato City being grouped with Northern Maguindanao's at-large district. This involves no changes in the number of districts as Maguindanao is already divided into two districts.[23]
    • In the House of Representatives version, the current 1st congressional district shall be Northern Maguindanao, with Talitay from the 2nd district being included, while the current 2nd congressional district shall be Southern Maguindanao, except Talitay.
    • In the Senate version, the names of the new provinces were changed from English to Spanish, into "Maguindanao del Norte" and "Maguindanao del Sur".[24]
  • Reapportioning Bulacan excluding San Jose del Monte from four districts to six
    • This involves redistricting Bulacan's 2nd, 3rd and 4th districts. The 1st district is not affected.[25][26]
  • Reapportioning Caloocan's 1st congressional district to two districts
    • The new 3rd congressional district shall include Camarin's Barangay 178, and the entirety of Tala and Amparo, while leaving the rest of the 1st district intact.[27][26]

Enacted into law

The following have either been signed by President Rodrigo Duterte, or lapsed, into law:

Category Total
Current congressional districts 243
New districts from redistricting laws from previous Congress 4
New districts from redistricting laws from current Congress 2
Running total of congressional districts for the next Congress 249
Running total of party-list seats for the next Congress 62
Running total of seats for the next Congress 311

As there shall be 249 districts in the election to date, and that party-list seats shall be 20% of the seats in the chamber, there shall be 62 seats to be disputed under the party-list system. This means that the incoming 19th Congress shall have 311 seats.

Participating parties

The House of Representatives, members are organized into "blocs", akin to parliamentary groups elsewhere. Those who voted for the winning speaker are from the majority bloc, while those who did not (if there are more than two candidates for the speakership) will vote amongst themselves on who will be the minority bloc. The loser from the that shall be the independent minority bloc. Members can also be from the independent bloc. Each bloc can have members from multiple parties.

In the present 18th Congress, the majority bloc is seen to be in favor of President Rodrigo Duterte's presidency, while the minority and independent minority blocs are those opposed.

Elections in congressional districts

Political parties in the Philippines have been described as "temporary political alliances", or argued that there are no parties at all, just "fan clubs of politicians". Party-switching is not uncommon. The dependence of parties on personalities instead of issues is seen as a factor on why this is so.[31][32]

style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #ffd700;" data-sort-value="Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #104a21;" data-sort-value="National Unity Party (Philippines)" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #98fb98;" data-sort-value="Nacionalista Party" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #4AA02C;" data-sort-value="Nationalist People's Coalition" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #B0E0E6;" data-sort-value="Lakas–CMD" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #f0e68c;" data-sort-value="Liberal Party (Philippines)" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #0D5F31;" data-sort-value="Partido Federal ng Pilipinas" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #0000CD;" data-sort-value="Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #9683EC;" data-sort-value="Aksyon Demokratiko" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #0067B4;" data-sort-value="Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #ffa500;" data-sort-value="Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #F08080;" data-sort-value="People's Reform Party" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #cc0000;" data-sort-value="Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma" | style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #DCDCDC;" data-sort-value="Independent politician" |
Party 2019 results Current seats Bloc membership Ideology Political spectrum
Total % Majority Minority Other
PDP–Laban 82 62 21.38% Most Some Some Democratic socialism, populism, federalism Center-left to left-wing
NUP 25 45 14.80% Most Some No Social conservatism, Christian democracy Center to center-right
Nacionalista 42 42 13.82% Most Some No Conservatism Right-wing
NPC 37 33 11.18% Most Some No Conservatism Right-wing
Lakas 12 19 5.59% All No No Conservatism, Christian democracy Right-wing
Liberal 18 16 5.59% Most Some No Social liberalism Center to center-left
PFP 5 5 1.64% All No No Federalism Center
LDP 2 2 0.66% Some No Some Conservatism Center
Aksyon 1 1 0.33% All No No Progressivism, liberal democracy Center-left
CDP 1 1 0.33% All No No Christian democracy Center-right
PMP 1 1 0.33% All No No Populism Big tent
PRP 1 1 0.33% All No No Reformism Center-left
Reporma 0 1 0.33 No No All Reformism Right-wing
Independent 2 1 0.33% All No No Varies Varies
Local parties 14 9 2.96% Most No Some Regionalists and localists Varies
Vacancy 0 4 1.32%
Total 243 79.93%

Party-list election

In party-list elections, parties, usually called as "party-lists" can represent ideological, sectoral or ethnolinguistic interests. These elections have allowed left-wing parties to enter the legislature, such as parties allied with the Makabayan and Akbayan, and right-wing parties such as Magdalo. Other parties represent sectoral interests such as Senior Citizens, who represent the elderly, or regionalists such as Ako Bikol who represent Bicolanos. While envisioned as a tool to allow the marginalized to enter the legislature, it has allowed politicians who had previously ran and won in non-party-list elections and landed interests to win under the party-list banner as well. Party-list representatives have also ran and won in elections outside the party-list system as well.

The Party-list Coalition has represented party-list interests in Congress starting in 2014. In the 18th Congress, all party-lists, save for those from Makabayan and Magdalo, are members of this group. The party-list representatives, save from the Makabayan bloc usually support the policies of the sitting president.

Bloc 2019 results Current seats Bloc membership Ideology Political spectrum
Total % Majority Minority Other
Party-list Coalition 54 54 17.76% Most Some Some Varies Big tent
Makabayan 6 6 1.97% No All No Progressivism Left-wing
Magdalo 1 1 0.33% All No No Conservatism Right-wing
Total 61 20.06% 243 79.93%

Retiring and term-limited incumbents

The following are "third-termers", who are term limited. Others may retire or opt to run for other positions in 2022.

Bukidnon Paglaum incumbents

Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats incumbents

Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino incumbents

Liberal Party incumbents

Nacionalista Party incumbents

Nationalist People's Coalition incumbents

  • Erico Aristotle Aumentado (Bohol–2nd)
    • It's speculated that Aumentado wull run for governor of Bohol, while his wife will run to replace him as congressman from the third district.[34]
  • Abdullah Dimaporo (Lanao del Norte–2nd)
  • Evelina Escudero (Sorsogon–1st)
    • Most likely to retire from politics.
  • Angelina Tan (Quezon–4th)
    • Speculated to run for governor of Quezon
  • Noel Villanueva (Tarlac–3rd)

National Unity Party incumbents

Party-list incumbents

Partido Federal ng Pilipinas incumbents

Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan incumbents

Marginal seats

These are the marginal seats that had a winning margin of 5% or less in the 2019 elections, in ascending order via margin:

District Incumbent Party 2019 margin
Manila–5th Cristal Bagatsing PDP–Laban 0.83%
Dinagat Islands Alan Ecleo PDP–Laban 0.92%
Pangasinan–5th Ramon Guico III Lakas 1.42%
Masbate–1st Narciso Bravo, Jr. NUP 1.45%
Misamis Occidental–1st Diego Ty NUP 1.92%
Ifugao Solomon Chungalao NPC 1.95%
Ilocos Sur–2nd Kristine Singson-Meehan Bileg 2.10%
Camarines Sur–2nd Luis Raymund Villafuerte Nacionalista 2.18%
Iligan Frederick Siao Nacionalista 2.27%
Batanes Ciriaco Gato, Jr. NPC 2.50%
Lanao del Sur–2nd Yasser Balindong Lakas 2.73%
Manila–2nd Rolando Valeriano NUP 2.77%
Eastern Samar Maria Fe Abunda PDP–Laban 3.11%
Zamboanga del Sur–2nd Leonardo Babasa, Jr. PDP–Laban 3.45%
Pangasinan–1st Arnold Celeste Nacionalista 3.79%
Bohol–3rd Kristine Alexie Besas-Tutor Nacionalista 4.00%
Makati–1st Romulo Peña, Jr. Liberal 4.20%
Nueva Ecija–4th Maricel Natividad-Nagaño PRP 4.59%
Davao de Oro–2nd* Ruwel Peter Gonzaga PDP–Laban 5.00%

*Contested as Compostela Valley–2nd in 2019.

References

  1. ^ Gascon, DJ Yap, Marlon Ramos, Melvin. "Cayetano sees House of the People; Sotto vows Senate independence". newsinfo.inquirer.net. Retrieved 2020-06-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Cepeda, Mara. "Is there a House coup or is Cayetano just out to scrap term-sharing with Velasco?". Rappler. Retrieved 2020-06-04.
  3. ^ "Velasco's term to start in Nov". The Manila Times. 2020-09-07. Retrieved 2020-09-08.
  4. ^ "Lord Allan Velasco to be House Speaker, says Duterte". Rappler. Retrieved 2020-10-01.
  5. ^ Mercado, Neil Arwin (2020-09-30). "Velasco rejected Duterte's plea to move term-sharing deal to December — Cayetano". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2020-10-01.
  6. ^ Kravchuk, Max. "Speakership Row Not Over: Cayetano Offers To Resign, Keeps Post After Plenary Vote". OneNews.ph. Retrieved 2020-10-01.
  7. ^ Mercado, Neil Arwin (2020-10-06). "House suspends session ahead of Oct. 14 speakership showdown". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
  8. ^ Mendez, Christina; Punay, Edu. "Duterte calls special session on October 13-16". philstar.com. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
  9. ^ "LOOK: Lord Allan Velasco meets with Sara Duterte amid House tussle". cnn. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
  10. ^ "Velasco sworn in as Speaker, offers to settle dispute with Cayetano". cnn. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
  11. ^ Mercado, Neil Arwin (2020-10-13). "BREAK: Making it official, House ratifies Velasco's election as Speaker". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
  12. ^ Colcol, Erwin (2020-10-13). "House reopens 2021 budget delibs, recalls 2nd reading approval". GMA News Online. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
  13. ^ "Cayetano: 'BTS sa Kongreso' not a name, but a call to action". GMA News Online. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  14. ^ a b c Arnaiz, Jani (December 17, 2019). "Rep. Mercado proclaimed as Congressman for lone District of Southern Leyte". The Reporter. Archived from the original on December 25, 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  15. ^ Merez, Arianne (August 28, 2019). "Sta. Rosa City in Laguna gets own legislative district". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  16. ^ Corrales, Nestor. "Duterte signs law creating lone legislative district of Mandaue City". newsinfo.inquirer.net. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
  17. ^ Balasbas, Rhommel (December 9, 2019). "Compostella (sic) Valley tatawagin nang Davao de Oro" [Compostela Valley now to be called Davao de Oro]. Radyo Inquirer 990 AM (in Filipino). Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  18. ^ "Comelec OKs holding of plebiscite in 23 Palawan municipalities on March 13, 2021". Manila Bulletin. December 24, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  19. ^ Jaymalin, Mayen. "All set for Palawan plebiscite". The Philippine Star. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  20. ^ "Bill creating lone district of Butuan cited". Manila Bulletin. 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  21. ^ Cruz, RG (2021-02-16). "House approves bill granting Bataan 3rd congressional seat". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 2021-02-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  23. ^ Unson, John. "House OKs bill splitting Maguindanao into 2 provinces". philstar.com. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
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  25. ^ "Bulacan redistricting bill to 6 legislative districts approve on second reading". Ronda Balita. 2020-08-07. Retrieved 2020-08-21.
  26. ^ a b Ramos, Christia Marie (2021-03-09). "Senate passes bills creating new Caloocan, Bulacan legislative districts". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
  27. ^ "House approves creation of new legislative district in Caloocan City". Manila Bulletin. 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  28. ^ "Rodriguez, San Mateo congressional districts created". Manila Bulletin News. Retrieved 2020-06-04.
  29. ^ Begas, Billy (2021-03-29). "May madadagdag na congressman! Fidel Nograles hails creation of Rizal's 4th district". Politiko South Luzon. Retrieved 2021-03-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  30. ^ "AN ACT REAPPORTIONING THE SECOND LEGISLATIVE DISTRICT OF THE PROVINCE OF RIZAL INTO THREE (3) LEGISLATIVE DISTRICTS" (PDF). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  33. ^ "Bzzzzz: Bebot A. lands in the news; city south seat draws competitors". Sunstar. 2020-03-04. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
  34. ^ "Intense political clashes expected in 2022 polls". BOHOLCHRONICLE.COM.PH. 2019-10-06. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
  35. ^ "'Politics' hampers fight vs coronavirus". The Manila Times. 2020-09-28. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
  36. ^ Aguilar, Krissy (2019-05-15). "Zamora: 'I'm not looking at building a political dynasty'". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
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