Jump to content

2022–2023 mpox outbreak

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Nakosi (talk | contribs) at 05:05, 2 June 2022 (I'd think it's very important to mention that there are no deaths recorded yet :D). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

2022 monkeypox outbreak
Spread of disease as of 29 May 2022
  Endemic West African clade
  Endemic Congo Basin (Central African) clade
  Both clades recorded
  West African clade outbreak in 2022
DiseaseHuman monkeypox
Virus strainMonkeypox virus (MPV), West African clade, 2017–2019 outbreak subclade[1]
SourceTravel from Nigeria (presumed/hypothesis)[2][3]
Location35 countries and territories (see § Cases per country and territory) (28 have confirmed cases while 7 have only suspected cases)
First outbreakLondon, England (first outside West Africa)
Date4 May 2022 – ongoing (2 years, 1 month, and 20 days)
Confirmed cases706
Suspected cases‡25
Severe casesAt least 31 hospitalised
Deaths
0
‡Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out.

An ongoing outbreak of monkeypox was confirmed on 6 May 2022, beginning with a British resident who, after travelling to Nigeria (where the disease is endemic), presented symptoms consistent with monkeypox on 29 April 2022. The resident returned to the United Kingdom on 4 May, creating the country's index case of the outbreak.[4] The origin of several of the cases of monkeypox in the United Kingdom is unknown. Some monitors saw community transmission taking place in the London area as of mid-May.[5] Further cases were reported from the rest of the country.[6][7][8][9]

From 18 May onwards, cases were reported from an increasing number of countries and regions, predominantly in Europe, but also in North and South America, Asia, and Australia.[10][11][12][13][14] 606 cases had been confirmed as of 31 May.[15] There are no deaths recorded yet.

Monkeypox is a viral infection that manifests a week or two after exposure with fever and other non-specific symptoms, and then produces a rash that can last for a couple of weeks before usually clearing up.[4] In infections before the current outbreak, between one and three people out of a hundred known infections have died (without treatment). Cases in children are more likely to be severe.[16]

Background

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Monkeypox.

Cases in endemic area

The Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention has alerted several members of the African Union in May 2022 about cases of monkeypox. The director of the Africa CDC, Ahmed Ogwell, said that four African countries have reported 1405 endemic cases with 62 deaths during early 2022 to May 2022. The case fatality rate in these four African countries combined is 4.4%.[17]

In an article in The Conversation, Oyewale Tomori pointed out that the number of monkeypox infections in Nigeria through 2021 is likely to be under-reported because much of the Nigerian population has been avoiding healthcare facilities due to fear of contracting COVID-19.[18] Nigeria's surveillance of various diseases, including monkeypox, had to focus on the global COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, missing many cases and resulting in a drop in official statistics.[19] As British health authorities reported the first case of monkeypox in the UK in May 2022, the Nigerian government has released to the public information and statistics on reported cases and deaths in the country. In the report of 9 May 2022, the NCDC stated that 230 cases were confirmed across 20 states and the Federal Capital Territory between 2017 and 2022. Rivers State was the most affected, followed by Bayelsa and Lagos. In the span from 2017 to 2022, the NCDC reported 6 deaths in 6 different states, making for a 3.3% case fatality ratio.[20]

Outbreak characteristics

See also: Monkeypox § Epidemiology

Monkeypox is endemic to West and Central Africa.[21][22] Prior to the 2022 outbreak, the United Kingdom had recorded only seven previous cases of monkeypox,[23] all of which were imported cases from Africa or healthcare workers involved in their treatment. The first three such cases were in 2018,[23] followed by a further case in 2019[24] and three more in 2021.[25] The only major monkeypox outbreak to be recorded in a Western country prior to 2022 was the 2003 Midwest monkeypox outbreak in the United States. That one did not feature community transmission.[26][27]

This outbreak is of the West African clade, which has a reported case fatality rate of 1% according to the World Health Organization.[28] The genomic sequence of the virus associated with this outbreak was first published on 19 May by Portuguese researchers.[29] They confirmed that the monkeypox virus was of the West African clade, related to other previous international outbreaks in 2018–19.[30]

The 2022 outbreak has a different pattern of spread compared to prior monkeypox outbreaks outside Africa.[31] Given the unusually high frequency of human-to-human transmission observed in this event, and the probable community transmission without history of traveling to endemic areas, spread of the virus through close contact is more likely, with transmission during sexual activities being the most common route.[32] Most cases have been in men.[33] A significant proportion of cases, although not all, are in men who have sex with men (MSM), notably in Canada, Spain, and the UK,[33] with many cases diagnosed in sexual health clinics.[31] Cases are mostly in young and middle-aged men.[34] This points to transmission due to close contact during sex as being one route of transmission.[33] The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) considers the monkeypox virus to be moderately transmissible among humans. According to the centre, among MSM who contracted the virus, the most common means of transmission is likely through sexual activity due to intimate contact with infectious skin lesions. The ECDC rates likelihood of transmission due to close contact, including sexual contact, as "high", but, without close contact, the likelihood of transmission between individuals without close contact is considered to be low.[32] In Nature, Anne Rimoin and Raina MacIntyre speculate that the higher percentage of MSM affected is a result of coincidental introduction to the community and then sexual activity constituting "close contact" rather than the virus itself becoming sexually transmitted.[35] Monkeypox is not primarily a sexually transmitted disease.[33]

On 23 May 2022, David Heymann, an advisor for the World Health Organization, said that the likely theory of how the outbreak started is transmission during sexual intercourse of gay and bisexual men at two raves in Belgium and Spain.[36] On 25 May, The Guardian stated that many scientists suspect the disease was circulating in the UK and Europe before reaching the MSM community, possibly misdiagnosed or detected only in isolated cases; four cases were diagnosed in 2018 and 2019, all in individuals recently arrived from Nigeria.[37]

Initially reported cases in the United Kingdom

Guy's Hospital, where the April case was hospitalised
Stages of monkeypox lesion development

In the beginning of May 2022, a case of monkeypox in a British resident was reported who had travelled to Lagos and Delta State in Nigeria,[38] in areas where monkeypox is considered to be an endemic disease. The person developed a rash on 29 April while in Nigeria and flew back to the United Kingdom, arriving on 4 May,[23] and presented to hospital later the same day. Monkeypox infection was immediately suspected, and the patient was hospitalised at Guy's Hospital[23] and isolated, then tested positive for the virus on 6 May.[38] Testing of patient swab samples by polymerase chain reaction revealed the outbreak to be of the West African clade of monkeypox, which is the less deadly of the two known monkeypox variants with a case fatality rate of around 1%.[38]

Extensive contact tracing of people who had been in contact with the index case both on the international flight from Nigeria to the United Kingdom and within the country following their arrival was carried out, with potential contacts advised to remain aware of the symptoms of monkeypox and immediately isolate if any were to develop within 21 days of the contact event.[38] Following this contact tracing effort, the World Health Organization (WHO) considered further transmission of the virus within the United Kingdom to be of "minimal" risk.[38] Contact tracing was extended to Scotland on 14 May according to Public Health Scotland. A "small number" of people in Scotland were ordered to self-isolate following close contact with the person initially reported to have been infected, although overall risk to the general public remained "very low".[23]

On 12 May two new cases of monkeypox were confirmed by the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), both in London,[39] living together in the same household, with no known link between either of them and either the index case or travel to endemic regions. One of the new cases was hospitalised at St Mary's Hospital, while the other case with milder symptoms was said to be self-isolating at home.[39] On 17 May, another four cases of monkeypox were confirmed by the UKHSA in three Londoners and a person in North East England who had previously travelled to London.[40]

Unusually, none of these new cases had any known contact history with the previous three confirmed cases, which suggested a kind of transmission that had not been seen before,[41] a wider community transmission of the virus in the London area. The UKHSA stated that the risk to the general public remained "very low".[40][5] Patients with active monkeypox infection were confirmed to be hospitalised at the Royal Victoria Infirmary in Newcastle upon Tyne and at the Royal Free Hospital and Guy's Hospital in London.[40]

Also on 20 May, Health Secretary of the UK Sajid Javid reported that another eleven cases had been confirmed, bringing the total in the country to twenty. UKHSA reported on 27 May that a majority of cases are in men who have sex with men.[42] Dr Susan Hopkins from the UKHSA urged watchfulness among men who have sex with men.[43] The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) advised people who have had close contact with a person infected with monkeypox to self-isolate for 21 days. Self-isolation is not mandatory.[44]

Multi-country outbreak

Main article: Timeline of the 2022 monkeypox outbreak
Chart of worldwide case numbers in the ongoing monkeypox outbreak

Further cases in multiple countries outside the endemic area were reported through the second half of May 2022. On 18 May, Portugal reported 14 cases of monkeypox.[45] In Spain, there were seven confirmed cases as of 18 May.[46] On the same day, the United States confirmed its first 2022 case of monkeypox and Canada reported 13 suspected cases.[47][48]

On 19 May, Sweden, Belgium[49][50] and Italy confirmed their first cases.[51] On 20 May, Australia,[52][53] Germany, France and the Netherlands confirmed their first cases.[54][55][56] In the remainder of May, multiple European countries[57][58][59][60] and Israel confirmed their first cases.[61][12] The United Arab Emirates[62] and Mexico also confirmed their first cases.[63]

Dr. Sue Hopkins, the chief medical adviser for the UK Health Security Agency, announced that 37 new monkeypox cases had been confirmed, more than doubling the total confirmed in the UK to 57 cases.[64] In Canada, Quebec announced a total of 15 confirmed cases in the province.[65]

Vaccination

Smallpox vaccines containing vaccinia such as Imvanex (Jynneos) can provide around 85% effectiveness against monkeypox. This protection level is calculated from studies using smallpox vaccines tested in late 1980 in Africa.[66][67][68] The UKHSA has begun using Imvanex as post-exposure prophylaxis for close contacts of known cases.[69]

On 25 May, disease experts from the NICD in South Africa said they saw no need for mass vaccination, because they believe cases will not explode as they did in the COVID-19 pandemic.[70]

In reaction to the current outbreak of monkeypox, a number of countries have stated they are buying vaccines and/or releasing vaccines from national stockpiles for use in the outbreak. In May 2022, the US,[71][72] Spain,[73] Germany[74] and the UK[75] all announced purchases of smallpox vaccine.

On 24 May, Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Deputy Director Jennifer McQuiston confirmed the United States is releasing some of their Jynneos vaccine supply from their Strategic National Stockpile for people who are "high-risk".[76][77]

Social aspects

When it comes to targeting resources and education, it is important to acknowledge the most affected groups. However, there is a risk of stigma, which can discourage people with symptoms or who have been exposed from seeking help.[34] LGBTQ+ rights groups have issued statements advising media to avoid stigmatising marginalised groups such as men who have sex with men.[78][79] On 22 May, UNAIDS urged communicators to avoid stigma by taking an evidence-based approach, reiterated that the disease can affect anyone and that risk is by no means limited to men who have sex with men.[80]

On 24 May, The Washington Post published an article that pointed out the lack of global attention to the disease when it only affected Africans, compared to the attention directed at it when a small number of cases started affecting Western countries.[81] Some also objected to pictures used in media coverage of mild illnesses in Europe that featured severe cases in dark-skinned Africans.[81]

Misinformation

Misinformation and conspiracy theories spread online,[82] including on Weibo.[83] In an article published by the BBC about the misinformation about the Monkeypox outbreak, it noted that social media accounts and news outlets from different countries including China, Russia, Ukraine and the United States have been promoting the idea that the outbreak was caused by a lab leak or that Monkeypox is being used as a bioweapon. The Institute for Strategic Dialogue stated about this as "Reviving the spread of a set of cut-and-paste... conspiracies", referring to conspiracy theories used during the COVID-19 epidemic. The BBC also made it clear that the genetic sequences of the virus as far as is known dates back to a West African strain.[84] In reports including by CNN Portugal and Newsweek, it was noted that Russian state television presenters, Evgeny Popov and Olga Skabeeva, mocked countries that had reported cases of Monkeypox, furthermore, the presenters would insinuate the idea that all countries where homosexuals had contracted monkeypox were sending weapons to Ukraine.[85][86]

Responses

United Nations

  • World Health Organization (WHO): On 20 May, the WHO convened an emergency meeting of independent advisers to discuss the outbreak and assess the threat level.[87] Its European chief, Hans Kluge, expressed concern that infections could accelerate in Europe as people gather for parties and festivals over the summer.[88]

Nations

  •  Algeria: The Pasteur Institute of Algeria issued a communiqué in May 2022, in which the Institute described the origins of Monkeypox in Sub-Saharan Africa, and recommended physical distancing, as well as the use of masks in crowded or enclosed places, in addition to avoiding contact with wild animals that may possess the virus.[89]
  •  Bangladesh: On 22 May, the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) issued warnings at every port in the country to prevent the spread of monkeypox. The Directorate spokesperson Nazmul Islam said that the DGHS has asked all air, land and sea ports to be alert. Suspected cases are instructed to be sent to an infectious disease hospital and kept in isolation.[90][91]
  •  Belgium: The Risk Assessment Group (RAG) and health authorities declared that those infected with monkeypox must self-isolate for 21 days.[92]
  •  Brazil: The Brazilian Ministry of Health started monitoring the Brazilian patient in Germany, requesting more information from the German Ministry of Health. It also created groups of biologists to monitor monkeys and medical groups to monitor possible cases.[93] The Minister of Health of Brazil, Marcelo Queiroga, and his entourage are in Portugal to reach an agreement on medical exchanges in public health and bioethics. After the trip to Portugal, the minister will participate in the 75th World Health Assembly, thus having his return monitored by the proximity to Europe.[94]
  •  Canada: On May 24, the Public Health Agency of Canada stated that they were in the process of extracting Imvamune vaccines from their National Emergency Strategic Stockpile for deployment across the country, starting with the province of Quebec.[95] On May 26, Quebec announced that Imvamune vaccines would be made available to those who have been in close contact with confirmed or suspected monkeypox cases.[96]
  •  Colombia: As of May 2022, the Colombian Ministry of Health was taking follow-up and control measures. The Director of Epidemiology and Demography of the Ministry of Health, Claudia Cuellar, informed the Colombian population about how monkeypox is spread through people, and she spoke about the clinical presentation of the virus and international health regulations.[97] Health authorities in the Department of Norte de Santander have been on alert, since the department is a border area where people pass between Colombia and Venezuela.[98]
  •  Dominican Republic: In May 2022, the Ministry of Public Health of the Dominican Republic issued a preventive epidemiological alert after monkeypox was reported in several countries.[99][100]
  •  Egypt: On May 24, 2022, the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population informed about measures to prevent new Monkeypox infections, among them, was to wash hands with soap or use an alcohol-based hand sanitiser, in addition to using personal protective equipment such as masks. In addition, the Ministry informed that veterinary quarantine procedures should be taken for animals that present the disease.[101]
  •  Fiji: The country's Centre for Disease Control and Border Health Protection Unit are monitoring the situation. The Ministry of Health has put in place infection prevention protocols at the border.[102][103]
  •  Germany: Fabian Leendertz of the Robert Koch Institute described the outbreak as an epidemic that will not last long: "The cases can be well isolated via contact tracing and there are also drugs and effective vaccines that can be used if necessary."[88]
  •  Guatemala: On May 26, 2022, the Minister of Health of Guatemala, Francisco Coma, informed that the Ministry declared an epidemiological alert on the borders of the Central American country, with the objective of detecting possible cases of Monkeypox.[104] The minister also mentioned that one of the main transmissions of Monkeypox is from injuries and body fluids as well as contact with contaminated clothing.[105]
  •  India: Union Health Minister Mansukh Mandaviya directed the National Centre for Disease Control and the ICMR to keep a close watch and monitor the situation. The Union Health Ministry has also directed airport and port health officers to be vigilant, according to official sources. They have been instructed to isolate and send samples to the National Institute of Virology of any sick passenger with a travel history to infected countries.[106]
  •  Indonesia: When cases of monkeypox were reported in Australia in May 2022, they triggered the alert of health authorities in Indonesia. Mohammad Syahril, ministry spokesperson, urged medical personnel and the country's population to be alert and aware of the symptoms of the disease.[107]
  •  Ireland: The Health Service Executive (HSE) has set up a multidisciplinary incident management team to prepare for the possible arrival of monkeypox, and infectious diseases experts are on alert for patients with symptoms of the virus.[108]
  •  Kosovo: On 23 May, the Ministry of Health and the National Public Health Institute, have drafted a document of recommendations and measures to help prevent the spread of the disease. In a press statement, healthcare authorities have declared that the situation is being closely monitored.[109]
  •  Luxembourg: On 21 May, the Ministry of Health said that they are monitoring the situation with its Europe.[110] he National Infectious Diseases Department of the HLC and refrain from close contact activities until the infection has resolved.[111]
  •  Nigeria: The director general of the NCDC, Ifedayo Adetifa, advised the Nigerian population to avoid eating bush meat to prevent new Monkeypox infections, in addition to storing food properly to avoid being contaminated by rodents, as Monkeypox is a viral zoonosis.[112]
  •  Malaysia: On May 27, 2022, the Malaysian Ministry of Health reactivated the MySejahtera app to provide information and surveillance on monkeypox.[113]
  •  Mexico: In May 2022, Mexican health authorities have posted notices in clinics and hospitals for the purpose of identifying suspected cases in the country. In addition, the Ministry of Health has issued an epidemiological alert on May 26, 2022.[114]
  •  Morocco: In May 2022, several regional directors of the Moroccan Ministry of Health are coordinating a surveillance system for Monkeypox with the Directorate of Epidemiology and Disease Control in order to prevent cases of Monkeypox from European countries from spreading to Morocco, according to the Al Akhbar [ar] newspaper.[115] Due to the "Marhaba 2022" operation, an operation that aims to facilitate the travel of Moroccans living abroad by sea when they travel during the summer period,[116] sanitary measures have already been put in place.[117]
  •  Philippines: Health Secretary Francisco Duque III said that the Philippines was intensifying its border control measures amid the threat of the monkeypox virus.[118] The health department stated it is exploring potential sources of monkeypox vaccines and antivirals.[119][120]
  •  Saudi Arabia: On May 21, the Saudi Ministry of Health stated that they are ready to monitor and investigate cases of monkeypox, if any occurs. They added that it also has an integrated preventive plan to deal with such cases if they appear, including identifying suspected and confirmed cases.[121]
  •  South Africa: On May 26, 2022, the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) gave a communiqué on how the virus is transmitted, and the institute stated that the 2022 outbreak is the largest outbreak of Monkeypox outside of endemic regions. In addition, the NICD affirmed that the virus mainly spreads in tropical forest areas in West and Central Africa.[122]
  •  Thailand: On 24 May 2022, the Department of Disease Control (DCD) started screening all overseas passengers from Central African countries and other outbreak countries at international airports.[123] On 26 May 2022, the DCD set up an emergency operations center to monitor the outbreak situation and plan for a possible outbreak in the kingdom.[124] Anutin Charnvirakul, Minister of Public Health, said that the government is seeking a smallpox vaccine from the WHO to bolster the public's immunity in case of a viral outbreak.[125]
  •  United Kingdom: On 22 May, Education Secretary Nadhim Zahawi said "we're taking it very, very seriously" and that the UK government had already started purchasing smallpox vaccines.[126] The Terrence Higgins Trust and British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) expressed concern about the impact on sexual health services in the United Kingdom.[127][128]
  •  United States: On 22 May, President Joe Biden commented "they haven't told me the level of exposure yet but it is something that everybody should be concerned about". National security advisor Jake Sullivan told reporters the US has a vaccine that is relevant to treating monkeypox.[129] On 25 May, the CDC issued an alert for gay and bisexual men to be especially vigilant.[130][131] In addition, the CDC placed its monkeypox travel alert at "Level 2", following reports of cases in Australia and several countries in Europe.[132]
  •  Vietnam: On May 24, 2022, Vietnam's Ministry of Health asked border localities to increase surveillance to detect possible cases of monkeypox.[133]

Dependent Territories

  • Gibraltar: On 31 May, the Strategic Coordination Group met to discuss Gibraltar’s state of preparedness in the eventuality that a case of Monkeypox was confirmed in the territory and the rapid rise of cases in the United Kingdom and Spain.[134]

Cases per country and territory

Cases per country and territory (outside of endemic African countries)
Country Confirmed Suspected Total Last update First confirmed case
 Afghanistan — 2 2 31 May 2022[135][136][137] —
 Argentina 2 — 2 27 May 2022[138] 27 May 2022[139]
 Australia 2 — 2 20 May 2022[13] 20 May 2022[25]
 Austria 1 — 1 22 May 2022[57][140] 22 May 2022[57]
 Belgium 10 2 12 31 May 2022[141] 19 May 2022[50]
 Bolivia — 2 2 31 May 2022[142] —
 Brazil — 4 4 31 May 2022[143] —
 Canada 54 7 61 1 June 2022[144][145] 19 May 2022[146]
 Costa Rica — 1 1 1 June 2022[147] —
 Czechia 5 — 5 29 May 2022[148] 24 May 2022[60]
 Denmark 2 — 2 31 May 2022[149] 23 May 2022[59][150]
 Finland 1 1 2 1 June 2022[151] 27 May 2022[152][153]
 France 33 — 33 1 June 2022[154] 20 May 2022[55]
 Germany 44 — 44 1 June 2022[155] 20 May 2022[54]
 Gibraltar 1 — 1 1 June 2022[156] 1 June 2022[156]
 Haiti — 1 1 1 June 2022[157] —
 Hungary 1 — 1 31 May 2022[158] 31 May 2022[158]
 Iran — 3 3 27 May 2022[159] —
 Ireland 4 — 4 1 June 2022[160] 27 May 2022
 Israel 2 — 2 28 May 2022[161] 21 May 2022[12]
 Italy 20 — 20 1 June 2022[162] 19 May 2022[163]
 Malta 1 — 1 28 May 2022[164] 28 May 2022[165]
 Mexico 1 — 1 28 May 2022[166] 28 May 2022[166]
 Netherlands 26 — 26 30 May 2022[167] 20 May 2022[56]
 Norway 1 — 1 31 May 2022[168] 31 May 2022[168]
 Paraguay — 1 1 1 June 2022[169] 1 June 2022[169]
 Portugal 119 — 119 1 June 2022[170][171] 18 May 2022[45]
 Slovenia 2 — 2 25 May 2022[172] 24 May 2022[173][174]
 Spain 142 — 142 1 June 2022[175] 18 May 2022[176]
 Sudan — 1 1 26 May 2022[177] —
 Sweden 4 — 4 31 May 2022[178] 19 May 2022[179][180]
  Switzerland 4 — 4 27 May 2022[181] 21 May 2022[61][182]
 Thailand 1 — 1 30 May 2022[14] 30 May 2022[14]
 United Arab Emirates 8 — 8 1 June 2022[183] 24 May 2022[11][184]
 United Kingdom 196 — 196 1 June 2022[185] 6 May 2022[186]
 United States 19 — 19 1 June 2022[187] 18 May 2022[188][189]
 Total 706 25 731 —

References

  1. ^ Rambaut, Andrew (21 May 2022). "Discussion of on-going MPXV genome sequencing". Virological.org. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  2. ^ "Monkeypox spreads in West, baffling African scientists". ABC News. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  3. ^ Mandavilli, Apoorva (18 May 2022). "A Massachusetts Man Is Infected With Monkeypox". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  4. ^ a b "Monkeypox – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". World Health Organization. 16 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  5. ^ a b Pinkstone, Joe (17 May 2022). "Monkeypox 'spreading in sexual networks'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  6. ^ "We've detected 2 additional cases of #Monkeypox, one in London and one in the South East of England". Twitter. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  7. ^ "First case of monkeypox confirmed in Scotland". Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  8. ^ "Monkeypox spread continues with first case reported in Wales". Metro. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  9. ^ "Monkeypox: First case identified in NI". BBC News. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  10. ^ "Viruela del mono: confirmaron el primer caso del virus en el país" (in Spanish). 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ a b "UAE reports first case of monkeypox in the country". Al Arabiya. 24 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  12. ^ a b c Efrati, Ido. "Israel Confirms First Case of Monkeypox Virus". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  13. ^ a b "Monkeypox confirmed in Melbourne and Sydney". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  14. ^ a b c "Thailand reports first case of monkeypox in transit passenger to Australia". ThaiPBS. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  15. ^ "Monkeypox Data Explorer". OurWorldInData. Retrieved 27 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ^ "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries". World Health Organization. 21 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  17. ^ Kamsukom, Nana (27 May 2022). "African Centre For Disease Control Alerts Cameroon On Monkeypox". Journal du Cameroun. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  18. ^ Tomori, Oyewale. "Monkeypox in Nigeria: why the disease needs intense management". The Conversation. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  19. ^ Tomori, Oyewale. "Monkeypox is endemic in Nigeria. But surveillance isn't what it should be". The Conversation. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  20. ^ Ileyemi, Mariam (10 May 2022). "Monkeypox: Nigeria records 558 cases, eight deaths in five years". Premium Times. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  21. ^ Bunge, Eveline M.; Hoet, Bernard; Chen, Liddy; Lienert, Florian; Weidenthaler, Heinz; Baer, Lorraine R.; Steffen, Robert (11 February 2022). "The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox – A potential threat? A systematic review". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 16 (2): e0010141. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010141. ISSN 1935-2735. PMC 8870502. PMID 35148313.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  22. ^ "Monkeypox". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  23. ^ a b c d e "Monkeypox contact tracing extended to Scotland". BBC News. 14 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  24. ^ "Monkeypox case confirmed in England". GOV.UK. Public Health England. 4 December 2019. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  25. ^ a b "Australia's first confirmed monkeypox case recorded in Victoria". 7News. 19 May 2022. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  26. ^ Spice, Linda (6 June 2003). "13 Sick After Prairie Dog Contact; Milwaukee Pet Store Employee, Two Others Remain Hospitalized". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on 9 October 2003. Retrieved 31 May 2022. Cited Here Archived 17 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
  27. ^ Todd Richmond. "Four Get Monkeypox Virus from Prairie Dogs" Archived 23 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine Associated Press. 7 June 2003.
  28. ^ "Monkeypox - United States of America". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  29. ^ "First draft genome sequence of Monkeypox virus associated with the suspected multi-country outbreak, May 2022 (confirmed case in Portugal)". Virological. 19 May 2022. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  30. ^ "First monkeypox genome from latest outbreak shows links to 2018 strain". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  31. ^ a b Adalja, Amesh; Inglesby, Tom (24 May 2022). "A Novel International Monkeypox Outbreak". Annals of Internal Medicine. doi:10.7326/M22-1581.
  32. ^ a b "Epidemiological update: Monkeypox outbreak". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  33. ^ a b c d Dye, Christopher (26 May 2022). "Investigating the monkeypox outbreak". The BMJ. doi:10.1136/bmj.o1314.
  34. ^ a b https://www.aidsmap.com/news/may-2022/monkeypox-spreading-among-gay-men-worldwide
  35. ^ Kozlov, Max (20 May 2022). "Monkeypox goes global: why scientists are on alert". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-01421-8. PMID 35595996. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  36. ^ "Monkeypox likely spread by sex at two raves in Europe, expert says". NBC News. The Associated Press. 23 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  37. ^ "Monkeypox may have been circulating in UK for years, scientists say". The Guardian. 25 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  38. ^ a b c d e "Monkeypox – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". World Health Organization. 16 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  39. ^ a b "Monkeypox: Two more confirmed cases of viral infection". BBC News. 15 May 2022. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  40. ^ a b c "Monkeypox: Four more cases detected in England". BBC News. 17 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  41. ^ Harris, Emily (27 May 2022). "What to Know About Monkeypox". JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.9499. ISSN 0098-7484.
  42. ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/news/monkeypox-cases-confirmed-in-england-latest-updates
  43. ^ "UK monkeypox cases double to 20 – Sajid Javid". BBC News. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  44. ^ Taylor, Chloe (23 May 2022). "People coming into contact with monkeypox are now being advised to quarantine for 3 weeks". Fortune. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  45. ^ a b "Monkeypox. Já há 14 casos de varíola dos macacos em Portugal" [Monkeypox. There are already 14 cases of monkeypox in Portugal]. www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  46. ^ Güell, Oriol (18 May 2022). "Sanidad confirma que los análisis de los siete primeros casos sospechosos de viruela del mono han dado positivo" [Health confirms that the analyzes of the first seven suspected cases of monkeypox have tested positive]. El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  47. ^ "Massachusetts confirms rare monkeypox case, the first in the US this year". Boston Herald. 18 May 2022. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  48. ^ ICI.Radio-Canada.ca, Zone Santé-. "Variole du singe : au moins 13 cas en cours d'examen à Montréal" [Monkey pox: at least 13 cases being examined in Montreal]. Radio-Canada.ca (in Canadian French). Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  49. ^ "Ett fall av apkoppor rapporterat i Sverige – Folkhälsomyndigheten" [A case of smallpox reported in Sweden - Public Health Agency]. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  50. ^ a b "Eerste besmetting met apenpokkenvirus vastgesteld in ons land" [First infection with monkey pox virus detected in our country]. VRT NWS (in Dutch). 19 May 2022. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  51. ^ "Italy reports first case of monkeypox infection, two more suspected". Reuters. 19 May 2022. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  52. ^ "Monkeypox cases investigated in Europe, US, Canada and Australia". BBC News. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  53. ^ Parkes-Hupton, Heath; Johnson, Sian (20 May 2022). "Monkeypox confirmed in Melbourne and Sydney". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Commission. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  54. ^ a b "Erster Fall von Affenpocken in Deutschland bestätigt" [First case of monkeypox confirmed in Germany]. Die Zeit (in German). Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  55. ^ a b "France, Germany, Belgium report first monkeypox cases amid unusual spread in Europe". France 24. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  56. ^ a b "Dutch health agency confirms first monkeypox case in the Netherlands". Reuters. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  57. ^ a b c "Austria's first case of monkeypox confirmed, Vienna health authority says". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  58. ^ Danish Patient Safety Authority (23 May 2022), Styrelsen for Patientsikkerhed har aktiveret smitteopsporing af abekopper i Danmark (in Danish), Danish Patient Safety Authority, Wikidata Q112115989
  59. ^ a b "Det første tilfælde af abekopper er nu påvist i Danmark" [The first case of monkey pox has now been detected in Denmark] (in Danish). Statens Serum Institut. 23 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  60. ^ a b "Czech Republic detects its first case of monkeypox". Reuters. 24 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  61. ^ a b "Switzerland confirms its first case of monkeypox". Reuters. 21 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  62. ^ Reporter, A. Staff. "UAE detects first case of monkeypox". Khaleej Times. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  63. ^ "Viruela del mono: confirman primer caso en México". El Universal México (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  64. ^ "37 new cases of monkey pox found in UK". The Independent. 23 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  65. ^ "Quebec confirms 15 monkeypox cases, more expected elsewhere in Canada". Reuters. 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  66. ^ "JYNNEOS Smallpox (Monkeypox) Vaccine". Precision Vaccinations. 24 May 2022.
  67. ^ "Human Monkeypox". PubMed. 24 May 2022.
  68. ^ Liu, Angus (19 May 2022). "As monkeypox cases emerge in US and Europe, Bavarian Nordic inks vaccine order". Fierce Pharma. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  69. ^ Rigby, Jennifer (19 May 2022). "Britain offers smallpox shot as monkeypox cases spread in Europe". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  70. ^ "South Africa: No need for mass monkeypox immunisation – experts". Al Jazeera. 25 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  71. ^ Morris, Chris (19 May 2022). "U.S. government places $119 million order for 13 million freeze-dried Monkeypox vaccines". Fortune. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022. Bavarian Nordic, the biotech company that makes the vaccine, has announced a $119 million order placed by the U.S., with an option to buy $180 million more, for delivery in 2023 and 2024. Should the second option be exercised, it would work out to approximately 13 million doses.
  72. ^ Scribner, Herb (20 May 2022). "HHS says recent U.S. smallpox vaccine order not related to monkeypox outbreak". Axios. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  73. ^ Güell, Oriol (19 May 2022). "España prepara la compra de miles de vacunas contra la viruela tradicional para hacer frente al brote del virus del mono". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  74. ^ "Germany orders 40,000 vaccine doses as precaution against monkeypox spread". Reuters. 24 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  75. ^ "Britain's UKHSA says it has procured 20,000 doses of vaccine against monkeypox". Reuters. 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  76. ^ Howard, Jacqueline; Langmaid, Virginia (23 May 2022). "US in process of releasing monkeypox vaccine from national stockpile for 'high-risk' people, CDC says". CNN. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  77. ^ Rao, Agam K. (2022). "Use of JYNNEOS (Smallpox and Monkeypox Vaccine, Live, Nonreplicating) for Preexposure Vaccination of Persons at Risk for Occupational Exposure to Orthopoxviruses: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 71. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7122e1. ISSN 0149-2195.
  78. ^ "UNAIDS warns that stigmatizing language on Monkeypox jeopardises public health". www.unaids.org. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  79. ^ Brownworth, Victoria A. (25 May 2022). "Analysis: Media must separate monkeypox risk from stigma". Philadelphia Gay News. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  80. ^ "Monkeypox: UNAIDS 'concerned' about stigmatizing language against LGTBI people". UN News. United Nations. 22 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  81. ^ a b "As monkeypox panic spreads, doctors in Africa see a double standard". www.washingtonpost.com.
  82. ^ "Five conspiracy theories about monkeypox debunked as false claims start to spread online". inews.co.uk. 23 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  83. ^ "'US let monkeypox loose' conspiracy theories swirl on China's Weibo platform". South China Morning Post. 23 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  84. ^ Schraer, Rachel (28 May 2022). "Monkeypox wasn't created in a lab - and other claims debunked". BBC News. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  85. ^ "A Rússia tem uma tese nova: diz que a Monkeypox é uma arma biológica desenvolvida pelos EUA". CNN Portugal (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  86. ^ Brugen, Isabel van (26 May 2022). "Russian state TV mocks other countries suffering monkeypox outbreak". Newsweek. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  87. ^ Rigby, Jennifer (20 May 2022). "WHO to hold emergency meeting on monkeypox on Friday -sources". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  88. ^ a b Rigby, Jennifer; Grover, Natalie (20 May 2022). "WHO calls emergency meeting as monkeypox cases top 100 in Europe". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  89. ^ "La variole du singe .. Pasteur Algérie publie une déclaration importante" [The monkey pox . Pasteur Algeria issues an important statement]. Algérie Focus (in French). 22 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  90. ^ "Monkeypox: Government put ports on alert". The Business Standard. 21 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  91. ^ "মাঙ্কিপক্স ঠেকাতে বন্দরে বাড়তি সতর্কতা" [Extra precautions at ports to prevent monkeypox]. Bangladesh Pratidin (in Bengali). 22 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  92. ^ "Monkeypox patients must spend 21 days in isolation". The Brussels Times. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  93. ^ "Governo cria grupo para monitorar varíola dos macacos e acompanha caso de brasileiro" [Government creates group to monitor monkeypox and follows up on Brazilian case]. CNN (in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  94. ^ "Brasil assina memorando com a Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Porto para intercâmbio em saúde pública e bioética" [Brazil signs memorandum with the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto for exchange in public health and bioethics]. Ministério da Saúde do Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  95. ^ Canada, Public Health Agency of (24 May 2022). "Statement from the Minister of Health on Canada's Response to Monkeypox". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  96. ^ "We're seeing a 'ripple effect' in monkeypox cases, McGill's Vinh says". montrealgazette. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  97. ^ Ibarguen, Yorely (23 May 2022). "Viruela del mono: Colombia se declara en riesgo moderado por la propagación". Caracol Radio (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  98. ^ "Alerta en Norte de Santander por la viruela del mono". La Opinión (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  99. ^ "Viruela del mono (monkeypox): ¿en qué países se han detectado casos?". CNN (in Spanish). 23 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  100. ^ "República Dominicana en alerta preventiva por viruela del mono". Deutsche Welle (in Spanish). 22 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  101. ^ "جدري القردة..الصحة المصرية تكشف إجراءات الوقاية منه". CNN Arabic (in Arabic). 24 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  102. ^ Journalist, Koroi Tadulala Multimedia. "Fiji monitoring outbreaks of concern including monkeypox". Fiji Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  103. ^ Journalist, Koroi Tadulala Multimedia. "MOH prepares to deal with monkeypox". Fiji Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  104. ^ "Ministerio de Salud envía alerta epidemiológica a las fronteras de Guatemala por la viruela de mono". Prensa Libre (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  105. ^ Mutz, Viviana. "Sistema de Salud de Guatemala en alerta por viruela del mono". República.gt (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  106. ^ "Monkeypox outbreak: India to screen arrival for virus signs, isolate sick patients; details here". Zee News. 21 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  107. ^ Loasana, Nina. "Indonesia on alert as monkeypox emerges in Australia". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  108. ^ "Ireland on alert for monkeypox as virus spreads across Europe". The Irish Times. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  109. ^ "Kosovo takes preventive measures against the spread of monkeypox". Euronews. 24 May 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  110. ^ "Kosovo takes preventive measures against the spread of monkeypox - Euronews Albania". 24 May 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  111. ^ "Ministry of Health: Luxembourg spared from monkeypox so far". RTL Today. 21 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  112. ^ "Nigeria Disease Control Agency Issues Warning Over Monkeypox". HumAngle Media. 26 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  113. ^ Zainuddin, Alifah (26 May 2022). "MySejahtera Reactivated For Monkeypox Surveillance". CodeBlue. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  114. ^ Camhaji, Elías (26 May 2022). "México emite una alerta epidemiológica para identificar casos de la viruela del mono". El País México (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  115. ^ "Variole du singe: le ministère de la Santé prend les devants". Le360.ma. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  116. ^ Peregil, Óscar López-Fonseca, Francisco (11 April 2022). "Interior inicia los preparativos de la Operación Paso del Estrecho tras el fin de la crisis con Marruecos". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  117. ^ "Variole du singe: le ministère de la Santé prend les devants". Le360.ma (in French). Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  118. ^ "Philippines tightens border control amid monkeypox threat". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  119. ^ "DOH now exploring sources of monkeypox vaccines, antivirals for possible outbreak". CNN Philippines. 27 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  120. ^ Yang, Angelica Y. (28 May 2022). "No FDA approval yet for monkeypox antivirals — DOH". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  121. ^ "No monkeypox cases detected in Saudi Arabia, health ministry says". Arab News. 21 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  122. ^ Brandt, Kevin. "NICD says current monkeypox outbreak is largest outside of endemic locations". Eyewitness News. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  123. ^ "Anti-Monkeypox measures introduced at Thai airports". Thai PBS. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  124. ^ "What risk to Thailand as monkeypox spreads across the world?". Thai PBS. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  125. ^ "Govt seeks monkeypox vaccine". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  126. ^ "UK Confirms Local Transmission of Monkeypox". Eyewitness News (South Africa). Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  127. ^ "Monkeypox could have 'big detrimental effect' on access to sexual health services, experts warn". inews.co.uk. 21 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  128. ^ "Monkeypox: Doctors concerned over impact on sexual health". BBC News. 21 May 2022. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  129. ^ "Biden says 'everybody' should be concerned about spread of monkeypox". The Guardian. 22 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  130. ^ Kimball, Spencer (23 May 2022). "CDC officials sound alarm for gay and bisexual men as monkeypox spreads in community". CNBC. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  131. ^ Kopecki, Dawn (23 May 2022). "Monkeypox outbreak is primarily spreading through sex, WHO officials say". CNBC. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  132. ^ Fox, Alison. "CDC Issues Travel Warning Amid Spread of Monkeypox Virus — What to Know". Travel + Leisure. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  133. ^ "Vietnam tightens entry surveillance over fears of Monkeypox". Hanoi Times. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  134. ^ "Gibraltar Government prepares for Monkeypox, as UK cases rise". Gibraltar Chronicle. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  135. ^ "ثبت دو مورد مشکوک ابتلا به آبله میمون در افغانستان" [Two suspected cases of monkeypox registered in Afghanistan]. Islamic Republic News Agency (in Persian). Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  136. ^ "Afghanistan Announces 2 Earliest Monkeypox Cases". Sada Elbalad English. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  137. ^ "IEA denies reports of monkeypox in Afghanistan". Ariana News (Afghanistan). 31 May 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  138. ^ "Salud informa que dio positivo el resultado de la muestra PCR derivada al ANLIS Malbrán del segundo caso sospechoso de viruela símica" (in Spanish). 28 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  139. ^ "Salud informa que el resultado de la muestra PCR tomada por ANLIS Malbrán al primer caso sospechoso de viruela símica dio positivo" (in Spanish). 27 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  140. ^ "Affenpocken: Fall in Wien bestätigt" [Monkeypox: Case confirmed in Vienna] (in German). 22 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  141. ^ "Aantal besmettingen met apenpokken in ons land opgelopen tot tien" (in Dutch). 31 May 2022.
  142. ^ "Pruebas del Cenetrop dan negativo e inducen a viruela símica en los dos pacientes" [Centrop tests test negatives and induce to monkeypox in both patients]. El Deber (in Spanish). 31 May 2022.
  143. ^ "Brasil tem 4 casos suspeitos de varíola dos macacos". Poder360 (in Portuguese). 31 May 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  144. ^ "Monkeypox". City of Toronto. 1 June 2022.
  145. ^ "Variole simienne". Government du Québec (in French). 31 May 2022.
  146. ^ Phil Tsekouras Toronto investigating first suspected case of monkeypox Archived 24 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine 21 May 2022 www.cp24.com, accessed 23 May 2022
  147. ^ "Primer caso en investigación por viruela símica" (in Spanish). 1 June 2022.
  148. ^ "Mám jen pár pupínků, je to jako akné, popisuje opičí neštovice pacient z Prahy". ct24.ceskatelevize.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  149. ^ "Fortsat kun to tilfælde af abekopper i Danmark" (in Danish). 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  150. ^ "Denmark registers first case of monkeypox infection". Reuters. 23 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  151. ^ "HUSissa todettu toinen todennäköinen apinarokkotartunta" (in Finnish). 1 June 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  152. ^ "First case of monkeypox confirmed in Finland". Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  153. ^ "Suomen ensimmäinen apinarokkotapaus vahvistettu". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  154. ^ "Cas de Monkeypox : point de situation au 1er juin 2022" (in French). 1 June 2022.
  155. ^ "Internationaler Affenpocken-Ausbruch: Einschätzung der Situation in Deutschland" [International monkeypox outbreak: assessment of the situation in Germany] (in German). 1 June 2022.
  156. ^ a b "GHA confirms first case of monkeypox in Gibraltar". Gibraltar Chronicle. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  157. ^ "Haiti investigating a suspected case of monkeypox". Dominican Today. 1 June 2022.
  158. ^ a b "Hungary reports first case of monkeypox". Reuters. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  159. ^ "Iran detects six suspected cases of Monkeypox". Iran Front Page. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  160. ^ "Monkeypox in Ireland - latest update". Health Protection Surveillance Centre. 1 June 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  161. ^ ינקו, אדיר (28 May 2022). "מקרה שני בישראל: גבר ששב מאירופה נדבק באבעבועות הקוף". Ynet (in Hebrew). Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  162. ^ "Italy's monkeypox cases rise to 20, will increase further - deputy minister". Reuters. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  163. ^ "Italy reports first case of monkeypox infection, two more suspected". 19 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  164. ^ "First monkeypox case detected in Malta". Malta Today. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  165. ^ "Malta detects first monkeypox case". Times of Malta. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  166. ^ a b "Detectan el primer caso de viruela del mono en México". Proceso (magazine) (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  167. ^ "Monkeypox (apenpokken)". RIVM (in Dutch). 1 June 2022.
  168. ^ a b "Norway reports its first case of monkeypox". Reuters. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  169. ^ a b "FIRST SUSPECTED CASE OF MONKEYPOX APPEARS IN PARAGUAY". 24/7 News Agency. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  170. ^ "Portugal's monkeypox case tally rises to 119". Reuters. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  171. ^ "119 casos confirmados de infeção humana por vírus Monkeypox em Portugal". Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  172. ^ "Okužbe z virusom opičjih koz v Sloveniji" [Infections with the monkey goat (pox) virus in Slovenia] (in Slovenian). Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  173. ^ "V Sloveniji potrjen prvi primer opičjih koz. Bolezen ne predstavlja večje nevarnosti" [The first case of monkey goats (pox?) confirmed in Slovenia. The disease does not pose a major risk]. Radiotelevizija Slovenija (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  174. ^ "Okužbe z virusom opičjih koz v Sloveniji" [Infections with the monkey goat (pox?) virus in Slovenia] (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  175. ^ "Sanidad notifica 142 casos confirmados de viruela del mono en España". ABC (newspaper) (in Spanish). 1 June 2022.
  176. ^ "Monkeypox cases investigated in Europe, US and Canada". BBC News. 19 May 2022. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  177. ^ "Suspected monkeypox probed in Morocco and Sudan". BBC News. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  178. ^ "Apkoppor (Europa, Nordamerika, Oceanien maj 2022-)". 25 May 2022.
  179. ^ "Ett fall av apkoppor rapporterat i Sverige" [A case of monkeypox reported in Sweden]. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  180. ^ "Sweden reports first case of monkeypox". The News International. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  181. ^ "Vierter Affenpocken-Fall in der Schweiz" [Fourth monkeypox case in Switzerland]. Swissinfo (in German). Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  182. ^ "Affenpocken: erster Fall im Kanton Bern" [Monkeypox: first case in the canton of Bern]. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  183. ^ "UAE confirms four new cases of monkeypox taking total to eight". The National News. 1 June 2022.
  184. ^ "MoHAP announces first case of monkeypox in UAE". Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  185. ^ "Monkeypox cases confirmed in England – latest updates". UK Health Security Agency. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  186. ^ "Monkeypox - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  187. ^ "U.S. Monkeypox 2022: Situation Summary". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  188. ^ "Massachusetts confirms rare monkeypox case, the first in the US this year". Boston Herald. 18 May 2022. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  189. ^ Stelloh, Tim (20 May 2022). "NBC News: Second person tests positive for monkeypox in United States". NBC News. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022–2023_mpox_outbreak&oldid=1091095259"