Wrestling
Wrestling is the act of physical engagement between two unarmed persons, in which each wrestler strives to get an advantage over or control of their opponent. Physical techniques which embody the style of wrestling are clinching, holding, locking, and leverage. Avoiding techniques likely to lead to serious injury, wrestling has aspects of ritual fighting, but its basic principles are closely related to those of military hand-to-hand combat or self-defence systems. Many styles of wrestling are known all over the world and have long histories, and sport wrestling (particularly amateur wrestling) has been an Olympic sport for over 100 years.
Ancient
Middle and Far East
The Epic of Gilgamesh in Sumerian literature features its hero Gilgamesh establishing his credibility as a leader after wrestling Enkidu. Other sculptures and literature from ancient Mesopotamia show that wrestling was held in popularity.[1] One other early (probably circa 1500 BC) description of wrestling appears in the Old Testament book of Genesis 32:22-32. The passage depicts the patriarch Jacob wrestling with the Angel, for which Jacob was subsequently renamed Israel. (Israel translates to "wrestles (or strives) with God".)[2]
The Mahabharata, one of the major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, describes the encounter between the accomplished wrestlers Bhima and Jarasandha; "grasping each other in various ways by means of their arms, and kicking each other with such violence as to affect the innermost nerves, they struck at each other's breasts with clenched fists. With bare arms as their only weapons roaring like clouds they grasped and struck each other like two mad elephants encountering each other with their trunks".[3] The popular folk wrestling style of India performed on a mud surface called the akhara follows the Indian tradition.
Shuai Jiao, a wrestling style originating in China, is arguably the most ancient of all Chinese martial arts, with a reported history of over 4,000 years. (The date may be legendary, but wrestling was reportedly used by the Yellow Emperor during his fight against the rebel Chih Yiu and his army in 2697 BC.) During these matches, the combatants reportedly wore horned helmets that they used to gore their opponents while using a primitive form of grappling. This early style of combat was first called Jiao Ti (butting with horns). Throughout the centuries, the hands and arms replaced the horns while the techniques increased and improved. The name Jiao Ti also changed over time, both through common usage and government decree.[4]
Mediterranean
The first documented evidence of wrestling in Egypt appeared circa 2300 BC, on the tomb of the Old Kingdom philosopher Ptahhotep. During the period of the New Kingdom (2000-1085 BC), additional Egyptian artwork (often on friezes), depicted Egyptian and Nubian wrestlers competing. Carroll notes striking similarities between these ancient depictions and those of the modern Nuba wrestlers.[5] On the 406 wrestling pairs found in the Middle Kingdom tombs at Beni Hasan in the Nile valley, nearly all of the techniques seen in modern freestyle wrestling could be found.[6] During the period of Ancient Greece (about 1100 to 146 BC), Greek wrestling was a popular form of martial art in which points were awarded for pinning a competitor by stretching the opponent prone to the ground or touching his back to the ground, forcing a competitor to submit or by forcing a competitor out of bounds (arena).[7] Three falls determined the winner. It was at least featured as a sport since the eighteenth Olympiad in 704 BC. Wrestling is described in the earliest celebrated works of Greek literature, the Iliad and the Odyssey.[8] Wrestlers were also depicted in action on many vases, sculptures, and coins, as well as in other literature. Other cultures featured wrestling at royal or religious celebrations, but the ancient Greeks structured their style of wrestling as part of a tournament where a single winner emerged from a pool of competitors.[6] Greek mythology celebrates the rise of Zeus as ruler of the earth after a wrestling match with his father, Cronus. Both Heracles and Theseus were famous for their wrestling against man and beast. Late Greek tradition also stated that Plato was known for wrestling in the Isthmian games.[9]
This continued into the Hellenistic period. Ptolemy II and Ptolemy III of Egypt were both depicted in art as victorious wrestlers. After the Roman conquest of the Greeks, Greek wrestling was absorbed by the Roman culture and became Roman wrestling during the period of the Roman Empire (510 BC to AD 500).[citation needed] Arabic literature depicted Muhammad as a skilled wrestler, defeating a skeptic in a match at one point. By the eighth century, the Byzantine emperor Basil I, according to court historians, won in wrestling against a boastful wrestler from Bulgaria.[9]
Middle Ages
In 1520 at the Field of the Cloth of Gold pageant, Francis I of France threw Henry VIII of England in a wrestling match.[9] In Henry VIII's kingdom, folk wrestling in many places was widely popular and had a long history. In particular, the Lancashire style may have formed the basis for Catch wrestling also known as "catch as catch can." The Scots later formed a variant of this style, and the Irish developed the "collar-and-elbow" style which later found its way into the United States.[10] The French developed the modern Greco-Roman style which was finalized by the 19th century and by then, wrestling was featured in many fairs and festivals.[11]
Modern
Because of that and the rise of gymnasiums and athletic clubs, Greco-Roman wrestling and modern freestyle wrestling were soon regulated in formal competitions. On continental Europe, prize money was offered in large sums to the winners of Greco-Roman tournaments, and freestyle wrestling spread rapidly in the British Isles and in the United States after the American Civil War. Professional wrestling soon increased the popularity of Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling around the world with such competitors as Georg Hackenschmidt, Kara Ahmed, Paul Pons, Stanislaus Zbyszko, William Muldoon, and Frank Gotch.[10][12] When the Olympic games resurfaced at Athens in 1896, Greco-Roman wrestling was introduced for the first time. After not being featured in the 1900 Olympics, sport wrestling was seen again in 1904 in St. Louis; this time in freestyle competition. Since then, Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling have both been featured, with women's freestyle added in the Summer Olympics of 2004. Since 1921, the International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles (FILA) has regulated amateur wrestling as an athletic discipline, while professional wrestling has largely become infused with theatrics.[10]
Etymology
The term wrestling is an Old English word that originated some time before 1100 A.D. It is perhaps the oldest word still in use in the English language to describe hand-to-hand combat.[13] The Merriam-Webster online dictionary defines wrestling as 'a sport or contest in which two unarmed individuals struggle hand-to-hand with each attempting to subdue or unbalance the other'.[14]
Roget's New Millennium Thesaurus does not support the usage of 'wrestling' (noun) and 'grappling' (noun) as synonymous.[15]
International disciplines (non-folk styles)
Wrestling disciplines defined by FILA, are broken down into two categories; International wrestling disciplines and folk wrestling disciplines. According to the International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles, there are five current International wrestling disciplines acknowledged throughout the world. They are Greco-Roman Wrestling, Freestyle Wrestling, Grappling, Beach wrestling and Sambo.[16]
Greco-Roman
Greco-Roman is an international discipline and an Olympic sport. "In Greco-Roman style, it is forbidden to hold the opponent below the belt, to make trips, and to actively use the legs in the execution of any action." Recent rule changes in Greco-Roman increase opportunities for and place greater emphasis on explosive, 'high amplitude' throws. One of the most well known Greco-Roman wrestlers from the United States is Rulon Gardner.[17]
Freestyle
Freestyle wrestling is an international discipline and an Olympic sport. "In free style, it is allowed to hold the legs of the opponent, to make trips and to actively use legs on the execution of any action." In Freestyle, one's back cannot be on the mat for more than two seconds, regardless of the location of the shoulders and provides many techniques that folkstyle wrestling would consider "stalling"[18] It is thought to have originated from English catch wrestling, and is currently the international style in which women participate in competition.
Grappling
"Grappling is a wrestling style also called submission wrestling or “submission grappling” which consists of controlling the opponent without using striking, in standing position or on the ground after a throw, and to make him or her abandon thanks to immobilisation techniques such as locks. Grappling plays an important role in the practice of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) and can be used as a self-defence technique. It brings together techniques from Freestyle Wrestling, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, folk American wrestling (catch-as-catch-can), sambo and judo.".[19] Grappling is also used to describe the skills used in mixed martial arts competitions, differing from the FILA definition.
Beach wrestling
Apparently in a bid to give wrestling greater appeal to television audiences, FILA adopted beach wrestling as an official discipline during 2004-2005. Beach wrestling is standing wrestling done by wrestlers, male or female, inside a sand-filled circle measuring 6 meters (20 ft) in diameter. There are only two weight categories, heavy and light. The objective is to throw your opponent or take your opponent to his or her back. The wrestlers wear swimsuits rather than special wrestling uniforms. Wrestlers may also wear spandex or athletic shorts.[20][21]
Sambo
Sambo is a martial art that originated in the Soviet Union (particular Russia) in the 20th century. It is an acronym for "self-defence without weapons" in Russian and had its origins in the Soviet armed forces. Its influences are varied, with techniques borrowed from sports ranging from the two international styles of Greco-Roman and freestyle to judo, jujitsu, European styles of folk wrestling, and even fencing. The rules for sport sambo are similar to those allowed in competitive judo, with a variety of leglocks and defense holds from the various national wrestling styles in the Soviet Union, while not allowing chokeholds.[22]
Folk style disciplines
Folk wrestling describes a traditional form of wrestling unique to a culture or geographic region of the world. There are almost as many folk wrestling styles as there are national traditions.
Examples of folk styles include Backhold Wrestling (from Europe), Catch-as-catch-can (from England), Kurash from Uzbekistan, Khuresh from Siberia, Lotta Campidanese from Italy, Pahlavani from Iran, Pehlwani from India, Penjang Gulat from Indonesia, Schwingen form Switzerland, Shuai jiao from China, Ssireum from Korea, and Yağlı güreş (Turkish oil wrestling).
Folk wrestling styles are not recognized by FILA internationally.
Collegiate wrestling
Collegiate wrestling (sometimes known as scholastic wrestling or folkstyle wrestling) is the commonly used name of wrestling practiced at the college and university level in the United States. A modification of the style is practiced at the high school and middle school levels, and also for younger participants. The term is used to distinguish the styles of wrestling used in other parts of the world, and for those of the Olympic Games: Greco-Roman wrestling, and Freestyle wrestling. There are currently several organizations which oversee collegiate wrestling competition: Divisions I, II, and III, of the NCAA, NJCAA, NAIA, and the NCWA. Division I of the NCAA is considered the most prestigious and challenging level of competition. A school chooses which organization to join, although it may compete against teams from other levels and organizations during regular-season competition. The collegiate season starts in November and culminates with the NCAA tournament held in March.
Professional wrestling
Modern professional wrestling combines wrestling with performing art as a simulated sport. While it features athletic maneuvers requiring skill and training, match spots and outcomes are scripted, unlike other forms of wrestling. Performers mostly utilize the traditional Anglo-American catch wrestling holds. Professional wrestling is centered on feuds driven by angles, which creates wide promotional attention for popular events held at large venues like Madison Square Garden and often broadcast on television and pay-per-view. Although professional wrestling still attracts a wide public fan base, its most popular recent period was the 1980s-2000s, with famous world champions such as Bret Hart, Hulk Hogan, Eddie Guerrero, Chris Jericho, Kurt Angle, Shawn Michaels, Triple H, Chris Benoit, The Rock, The Undertaker, Stone Cold Steve Austin and Mick Foley becoming cultural icons.
Puroresu
Japanese professional wrestling, also known as puroresu, is treated as a sport rather than the entertainment style of wrestling found in North America. There are no storylines, feuds or any sort of angle found in puroresu. The matches are all about athleticism and skill. Another technique found in puroresu is that most of the wrestlers use shoot style strikes and complex submission moves. This means that the wrestlers are more prone to injury. Popular Japanese wrestlers include Kenta Kobashi, Jun Akiyama and KENTA.
See also
- Amateur wrestling
- Arm wrestling
- Grappling
- List of famous amateur wrestlers
- List of professional wrestlers
- Mixed martial arts
- Pankration
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Notes
- ^ "Wrestling, Freestyle" by Michael B. Poliakoff from Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present, Vol. 3, pp. 1189, 1193, eds. David Levinson and Karen Christensen (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1996).
- ^ Poliakoff, Michael B. (Summer 1984), "Jacob, Job, and Other Wrestlers" (PDF), Journal of Sport History, 11 (2): 48–55, ISSN 0094-1700
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Vyasa, Krishna-Dwaipayana; Ganguli, Kisari Mohan (1883–1896), "Section XXIII", The Mahabharata, p. 51
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|access date=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date format (link) - ^ Chinese Kuoshu Institute, History, retrieved 2007-10-08
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) See also Peiser, Benny (May 1996), "Western Theories about the Origins of Sport in Ancient China", Sports Historian, 16: 117–139, ISSN 1351-5462{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Carroll, Scott T. (Summer 1988), "Wrestling in Ancient Nubia" (PDF), Journal of Sport History, 15 (2): 121–137, ISSN 0094-1700
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ a b "Wrestling, Freestyle" by Michael B. Poliakoff from Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present, Vol. 3, p. 1189, eds. David Levinson and Karen Christensen (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1996).
- ^ Miller, Christopher, Submission Fighting and the Rules of Ancient Greek Wrestling, retrieved 2007-10-08
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ "Wrestling, Freestyle" by Michael B. Poliakoff from Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present, Vol. 3, pp. 1189, 1191, eds. David Levinson and Karen Christensen (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1996).
- ^ a b c "Wrestling, Freestyle" by Michael B. Poliakoff from Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present, Vol. 3, p. 1193, eds. David Levinson and Karen Christensen (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1996).
- ^ a b c "Wrestling, Freestyle" by Michael B. Poliakoff from Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present, Vol. 3, p. 1190, eds. David Levinson and Karen Christensen (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1996).
- ^ International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles. "Greco-Roman Wrestling". FILA. Retrieved 2007-08-09.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ "Wrestling, Greco-Roman" by Michael B. Poliakoff from Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present, Vol. 3, p. 1194, eds. David Levinson and Karen Christensen (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1996).
- ^ Dictionary.com. "Definitions of "wrestle" from various online dictionaries: Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-10-08.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Merriam-Webster. "Definition of "wrestling": Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2007-10-08.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. "Entries on "fighting" and "martial art" from the Roget's New Millennium Thesaurus, First Edition (v. 1.3.1)". Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. Retrieved 2007-10-08.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles. "Website of the International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles (FILA)". FILA. Retrieved 2007-08-09.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles. "Greco-Roman Wrestling". FILA. Retrieved 2007-08-09.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles. "Freestyle Wrestling". FILA. Retrieved 2007-08-09.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles. "Grappling". FILA. Retrieved 2007-08-09.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles. "Introduction of "Beach Wrestling" in the FILA Programme" (PDF). FILA. Retrieved 2007-10-08.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Mihoces, Gary (2005-07-11). "Wrestling's New World Rises from Sand". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-10-08.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles. "Sambo". FILA. Retrieved 2007-08-09.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help)