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Mulan (1998 film)

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Mulan
Promotional Poster For Mulan by John Alvin
Directed byTony Bancroft
Barry Cook
Written byRobert D. San Souci
Rita Hsiao
Produced byPam Coats
StarringMing-Na
Eddie Murphy
B.D. Wong
Miguel Ferrer
Harvey Fierstein
Beth Fowler
George Takei
Music byJerry Goldsmith
Distributed byWalt Disney Pictures
Release date
June 19, 1998
Running time
90 minutes
LanguageEnglish Mandarin
Budget$70,000,000[1]
Box office$304,320,254

Mulan is a 1998 animated feature film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation, and released by Walt Disney Pictures on June 19, 1998. The thirty-sixth animated feature in the Disney animated features canon, and a part of the Disney Renaissance, the film is based on the Chinese legend of Hua Mulan,[2] and was the first of three produced primarily at the animation studio at Disney-MGM Studios in Orlando, Florida.[3] It was directed by Tony Bancroft and Barry Cook, with the story by Robert D. San Souci and Rita Hsiao, among others.

This film was rated G by the MPAA.

Plot

When the White Huns, led by the ruthless Shan Yu (Miguel Ferrer), invade China, the emperor commands a general mobilization in which each family is given a conscription notice, despite the leading General's belief that his troops can defeat the Huns alone.

Fa Mulan (Ming-Na Wen) meanwhile, is preparing for her meeting with the matchmaker to secure a marriage- the only way she can bring honor to her family ('Honor to Us All'). After a mishap involving Mulan's "lucky cricket", Cri-Kee, the matchmaker throws her from the house. Mulan returns home disheartened and ashamed ('Reflection').

As Mulan hides in the garden, her father Fa Zhou (Soon-Tek Oh), emerges and comforts her. A banging of drums announces the arrival of the Emperor's meddling and misogynistic adviser, Chi-Fu (James Hong), who brings with him a conscription notice for one man in every family. Fa Zhou, having no son to fight, is forced to enlist, despite his age and disability, and Mulan's pleadings.

That night, Mulan takes Fa Zhou's sword and cuts off her long hair. She then takes her father's conscription notice, armor, weapons, and horse, Khan, in order to take his place. Mulan's grandmother wakes up and sounds the alarm. Mulan's mother implores Fa Zhou to go after her, fearing she will be killed, but a heartbroken Fa Zhou knows that if he reveals what Mulan has done, her sentence will be death.

Mushu (Eddie Murphy), a small dragon, has been awakened by the family's First Ancestor (George Takei). Mushu had been demoted to gong ringer after a fatal mishap involving a previous ancestor being beheaded (and is still very angry as a spirit). The ancestors order Mushu to awaken the "Great Stone Dragon", in order to send him after Mulan. He attempts to wake 'Stoney', but accidentally breaks him with the gong. At first Mushu panics, but quickly realises (with the help of Cri-Kee) that if he makes Mulan a war hero he will be welcomed back with open arms.

Meanwhile, Shan Yu and his army are making their way across China. They stumble across two Imperial scouts. Shan Yu states that the Emperor, by building his 'Great Wall', was challenging Shan Yu's strength. He tells the scouts to return to the Emperor and tell him to send his finest army. As they run off, Shan Yu asks his archer, "How many men does it take to deliver a message?" and one scout is presumably killed.

Mulan is practicing her male act before approaching the camp, but cannot even draw her sword without dropping it. Suddenly, Mushu appears and tells her the ancestors sent him to guide her. Despite his deception about his size, Mulan accepts Mushu's help.

Mulan thus proceeds into camp, and greets fellow soldier and 'tough guy' Yao (Harvey Fierstein) by punching him, which ultimately starts a camp-wide brawl. Chi-Fu observes the men advancing on Mulan before ducking into a tent where Captain Li Shang (B.D. Wong) and General Li (James Shigeta) are discussing battle strategies. The General tells Li Shang he is now Captain and is to stay behind to train the new troops while he attempts to stop Shan Yu at a mountain pass. Chi Fu comments that Li Shang is not experienced enough to lead the troops, but the General simply tells Chi Fu to prepare a report on the troops over their three week training course. As the General rides off with the main army, wishing Shang good luck, Shang whispers back, 'Good luck...Father.' Shang breaks up the fighting, and all the men hurriedly finger Mulan as the source of the trouble. When questioned on her identity, Mulan says her name is 'Ping', the 'son' of Fa Zhou.

The next morning Mulan arrives late to training, where Shang shoots an arrow into the top of a high pole. He instructs Yao to retrieve it- but with two weights tied to his hands. All the soldiers fail to reach the arrow. Over the next weeks, the troops complete their training, and Mulan earns their respect by using her mind to reach the arrow ('I'll Make a Man Out of You').

Shan Yu has by this time reached the mountain pass, where his falcon brings him a doll. Signs on the doll show them that the Imperial Army is waiting for them in a village in the pass. The Hun archer points out it is easy enough to avoid them, but Shan Yu says the pass is the quickest way to get to the Emperor.

Mushu overhears Chi Fu and Shang arguing about the troops' readiness to fight, and decides it is time he took control of the situation. He forges a letter from the General, ordering Li Shang to meet him at the pass. Using a makeshift straw man on a panda with Cri-Kee as the eyes and mouth and Mushu the voice, they fool Chi-Fu into thinking they are legitimate orders. The troops set out to meet General Li ('A Girl Worth Fighting For'), encouraged by the thought of beating the Huns.

When they reach the village they find it razed, and the Imperial Troops slaughtered, including the General. They pause for a moment of mourning before continuing on towards the Imperial City.

As they journey, Mushu accidentally sets a cannon alight, giving their position away to the Huns. The soldiers fire cannons at the mountain where the Huns are. The Huns reappear on the side of the mountain bowl, and Shang orders Yao to fire the last cannon at Shan Yu. Mulan notices a precarious mound of snow on the upper mountainside, and runs with the cannon towards the approaching Huns. With Shan Yu meters away, she fires the cannon towards the mountain, causing an avalanche.

Outraged, Shan Yu slashes Mulan across the chest as his army is buried under the snow. Mulan flees, grabbing Shang as she runs. Khan breaks loose and Mulan mounts, but loses hold of Shang. Fellow soldiers Yao, Ling, and Chin Po take cover under a rock, and Mushu is tobogganing down the mountain searching for Mulan. He rescues Cri-Kee along the way, as Khan and Mulan emerge from the snow. They are near the edge of the cliff when Mulan spots Shang. Yao shoots an arrow with a rope towards Mulan without grabbing the other end. Mulan however catches it, allowing the three soldiers to pull she, Khan, Shang, Mushu, and Cri-Kee to safety. Their celebrations are interrupted by the bleeding of Mulan's wound.

During treatment, Mulan's true identity is discovered, to the shock of Shang and the troops, and the disgust of Chi Fu. Mulan tells Shang that she did it to save her father. Shang grabs Mulan's sword, intending to kill her, but throws the sword down in front of her, saying quietly 'A life for a life, my debt is repaid', before ordering the troops to move out. The army leaves Mulan behind and continues on towards the Imperial City.

Mulan remains behind in the snow, and questions whether she really came for her father, or for herself. Mushu confesses that he was never sent by the ancestors, and Cri-Kee reveals he is not really lucky. Mulan decides to return home.

Overhead, Shan Yu's falcon is circling. As it dives low a hand emerges from under the snow and Shan Yu claws his way to the surface, but sees nothing left of his army. He lets out an enraged cry that not only alerts Mulan to his presence, but awakens half a dozen of his best warriors. The small group stands on the mountainside and looks down on the lights of the Imperial City, not knowing that Mulan is watching them. Seizing her sword and mounting Kahn, Mulan turns to follow them.

Meanwhile in the Imperial City the army are being celebrated, but no one except Chi Fu is enjoying the moment. Shang is shocked when Mulan rides up, but dismisses her warning. Mulan asks him why he trusted Ping but not her, but is met with stony silence.

Shang presents the Emperor with the sword of Shan Yu. The Emperor is about to accept the sword when the falcon snatches it from his hands and carries it to the roof of the palace, where Shan Yu snatches it back as his henchmen leap out of a Chinese dragon that had been part of the army's parade. They grab the Emperor and carry him into the Palace, barricading the doors.

The troops begin to ram the door with a pillar, but Mulan realizes that they will never get through in time. Yao, Ling and Chin Po follow her as she dashes around the side of the palace, where they shed their armor and disguise themselves as concubines. Shang soon joins them and they scale the wall of the palace.

The Huns have dragged the Emperor to a balcony, where Shan Yu attempts in vain to force the old man to kneel before him. Outside the door, Mulan and her trio of 'concubines' distract the guards while Mushu takes care of the falcon. Once the guards lower their defenses, the troops disarm them, allowing the still fully-armored Shang access to the balcony just as Shan Yu is about to kill the Emperor. The two begin to fight as Chin Po, Yao and Ling, with the Emperor in tow, slide down a rope to the ground. Mulan goes to follow but sees that Shang is being beaten by Shan Yu, and cuts the rope, preventing Shan Yu and herself from getting to the ground. Shan Yu is enraged and prepares to kill Shang, telling him that he 'took away (his) victory', at which point Mulan intervenes, holding up her hair to show that she is Ping.

Shan Yu advances on her and she flees. While running she meets Mushu and tells him to get to a tower filled with fireworks. Shan Yu follows Mulan to the roof. Having nothing but a woman's fan, Mulan manages to disarm Shan Yu while Mushu, positioned at the other end, lights an enormous firework. It slams into Shan Yu and carries him into the fireworks tower which explodes, while Mulan leaps from the roof and slides down a rope to safety.

Chi Fu emerges from the ruined palace, and attempts to get at Mulan, but Shang stops him, pointing out that she is a hero. Again showing his misogynistic attitude, Chi Fu replies she will never be worth anything because she's a female. Shang loses his temper and lifts him off the ground (calling him pompous) when the Emperor intervenes. He silently waves the troops off and talks to Mulan, getting angrier with each point as he lists her crimes. 'And!' he almost yells, and Mulan winces, 'You have saved us all'. To everyone's surprise he proceeds to smile and bow to her, an incredible honor. Chi Fu and the troops quickly follow suit, and soon the entire Imperial City is kowtowing before her.

The Emperor offers Mulan a position on his council, but Mulan refuses and confesses that she wants to go home. The Emperor presents her with his crest and Shan Yu's sword. Overcome with joy, Mulan hugs the Emperor and leaves.

Shang watches her departure, as the Emperor approaches him to say, 'The flower that blooms in adversity, is the most rare and beautiful of all.' Shang does not appear to understand this, so the Emperor simplifies it to 'You don't meet a girl like THAT every dynasty', replaces his hat and leaves.

Back at the Fa home, Fa Zhou is watching the cherry blossoms fall when Mulan enters the garden. She kneels at his feet and hands him the sword of Shan Yu and the crest of the Emperor. As she kneels, expecting a reprimand, Fa Zhou tosses the gifts to the floor and hugs her. 'The greatest gift and honor' he says, 'is having you for a daughter.' Mulan's mother and grandmother watch the scene from the gate. Though the mother is visibly pleased by the outcome, the grandmother is disappointed she didn't get a man, just as Shang appears. The stunned women point him in the direction of Mulan.

Shang is visibly flustered. Mulan offers to let him stay for dinner and Shang gladly accepts Mulan's offer.

In the shrine, First Ancestor, watching the scene, agrees to let Mushu be a guardian again, causing a massive celebration inside the temple.

Production

Mulan originally began as a short, straight-to-video film titled "China Doll" about an oppressed and miserable Chinese girl who is whisked away by a British Prince Charming to happiness in the West. Then Disney consultant and children's book writer Robert San Souci suggested making a movie of the Chinese poem, "The Song of Fa Mu Lan" and Disney combined the two separate projects.[4]

Development for Mulan began in 1994, after the production team sent a select group of artistic supervisors to China for three weeks to take photographs and drawings of local landmarks for inspiration; and to soak up local culture.[5] The filmmakers decided to change Mulan's character to make her more appealing and selfless[6] and turn the art style closer to Chinese painting, with watercolor and simpler design - opposed to the details of The Lion King and The Hunchback of Notre Dame.[7]

To create 2,000 Hun soldiers during the Huns' attack sequence, the production team developed a crowd simulation software called Attila. This software allows thousands of unique characters to move autonomously. A variant of the program called Dynasty was used in the final battle sequence to create a crowd of 3,000 in the Forbidden City. Pixar's photorealistic RenderMan was used to render the crowd. Another software developed for this movie was Faux Plane which was used to add depth to flat two-dimensional painting. Although developed late in production progress, Faux Plane was used in five shots, including the dramatic sequence which features the Great Wall of China, and the final battle sequence when Mulan runs to the Forbidden City. During the scene in which the Chinese are bowing to Mulan, the crowd is a panoramic film of real people bowing. It was edited into the animated foreground of the scene.[8]

Cast

File:Mulan Screenshot.jpg
From right to left: Khan; Fa Mulan; Mushu; Cri-Kee
  • Ming-Na as Fa Mulan (singing voice provided by Lea Salonga), the female protagonist, based on Hua Mulan. She disguises herself as a man and joins the Chinese Imperial Army in her father's place. Instead of being punished for doing so, she ends up a war hero.
  • Eddie Murphy as Mushu, a dragon and one of the Fa family's guardian spirits, previously demoted after misguiding one of the Fa family ancestors. He is reinstated as a guardian after successfully aiding Mulan in her efforts in the army.
  • B.D. Wong as Captain Li Shang (singing voice provided by Donny Osmond), the son of General Li and the officer in charge of training the Imperial Army's new recruits.
  • Miguel Ferrer as Shan Yu, the film's main villain and the head of the Hun army who attempts to conquer the Chinese Empire.
  • Harvey Fierstein as Yao, a short but tough Imperial Army recruit who was initially antagonistic towards but later befriends Mulan. Known for the fact that his left eye is constantly shut. Despite this supposed handicap, he exhibits great proficiency with range weapons; namely the bow and the rocket.
  • Gedde Watanabe as Ling (singing voice provided by Matthew Wilder), a lanky Imperial Army recruit who at first, similar to Yao, picks on, but later befriends Mulan. Initially seen as a weakling with a sarcastic jokester disposition, he later develops the capacity to deliver a hard and painful headbutt through Li Shang's training.
  • Jerry Tondo as Chien-Po, a huge, rotund, good-natured, and inhumanly strong Imperial Army recruit who befriends Mulan. He appears to be one of the few who could appease Yao; mainly by the means of calming him down by holding him up and telling him to chant with him.
  • James Hong as Chi-Fu, a member of the Emperor's consul and advisor to Li Shang who refuses to allow the recruits to join the battle against the Huns. Is very misogynistic.
  • Soon-Tek Oh as Fa Zhou, Mulan's father and a renowned war veteran.
  • June Foray as Grandmother Fa (singing voice provided by Marni Nixon), the grandmother of Mulan, who is encouraging her to find a husband.
  • Pat Morita as The Emperor of China, the target of a Hun kidnapping who commends Mulan after saving him and the Chinese Empire. Wise and decisive, he stated that "A single grain of rice can tip the scale; one man may be the difference between victory and defeat." Ironically, he was saved by a woman at the near end of the first film.
  • George Takei as First Ancestor Fa, the head of the Fa family ancestors.
  • Freda Foh Shen as Fa Li, Mulan's mother, who looks strikingly like her except that Fa Li has a different hairstyle and is chubbier than Mulan.
  • James Shigeta as General Li, Li Shang's father who was killed in a battle against the Hun army.
  • Miriam Margolyes as The Matchmaker, who attempts to find Mulan a husband at the start of the film.
  • Frank Welker as Khan, Mulan's horse, Cri-Kee, a cricket given to Mulan as an amulet and Little Brother, Mulan's dog.

Reception

Critical reaction

Reception of Mulan was mostly positive, gathering a 90% fresh rating from Rotten Tomatoes.[9] Stephen Wong described the visuals as "stunning,"[10] Kyle Suggs described the visuals as "breathtaking,"[11] and Dan Jardine described the visuals as "magnificently animated."[12]

Film critic Roger Ebert gave Mulan three and a half stars out of four in his written review. He said that "Mulan is an impressive achievement, with a story and treatment ranking with Beauty and the Beast and The Lion King".

A negative review described it as a "disappointment." The songs are accused of not being memorable, and slowing down the pace of the movie.[13] Some reviewers suggest that the film is "soulless" in its portrayal of Asian society.[14]

This movie was also the subject of comment from feminist critics. Mimi Nguyen says the film "pokes fun at the ultimately repressive gender roles that seek to make Mulan a domesticated creature."[15] Nadya Labi agrees, saying "there is a lyric in the film that gives the lie to the bravado of the entire girl-power movement." She pointed out that she needed to become a boy to do it. Kathleen Karlyn, an assistant professor of English at the University of Oregon, criticizes it suggesting "In order to even imagine female heroism, we're placing it in the realm of fantasy". Pam Coats, producer of Mulan, aimed to produce a character that exhibits both masculine and feminine influences, being both physically and mentally strong.[16]

Box office performance

Mulan's opening weekend box office figures were $22.8 million,[17] placing it as the second highest grossing movie that week to The X-Files.[18] It went on to make $120 million domestically and $304 million worldwide, placing it the second highest family film of the year, behind A Bug's Life, and the 7th highest of the year overall.[19] However, these figures were criticised as being a significant decrease from former Disney films, and this was considered a sign of the decreasing popularity of cartoon animation.[20] Top international releases include United Kingdom ($14.6 million) and France ($10.2 million).[21]

Awards

Mulan won many Annie Awards. The film itself won the award for Best Animated Theatrical theatres. Individual achievement awards were awarded to Pam Coats for producing; Barry Cook and Tony Bancroft for Directing; Rita Hsiao, Christopher Sanders, Phillip LaZebnick, Raymond Singer and Eugenia Bostwick-Singer in Writing; Chris Sanders for Storyboarding; Hans Bacher for Production Design; David Tidgwell for Effects Animation; Ming-Na for Voice Acting Mulan; Matthew Wilder, David Zippel and Jerry Goldsmith for music and Ruben A. Aquino for Character Animation. Tom Bancroft and Mark Henn were also nominated for Character Animation.[22] It was also nominated for an Academy Award for Original Music Score in 1998, but was beaten by Stephen Warbeck's score for Shakespeare in Love.[23] The music score also received significant praise. Jerry Goldsmith won the 1999 BMI Film Music Award and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score in 1998. Matthew Wilder and David Zippel were also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song the same year for "Reflection". They were beaten by The Truman Show and "The Prayer" from Quest for Camelot respectively.[24]

Reception in China

Disney was keen to promote Mulan to the Chinese, hoping they might replicate their success with their 1994 film The Lion King, which was one of the country's highest-grossing Western films at that time. Disney also hoped it might smooth over relations with the Chinese government which had soured after the release of Kundun, a Disney-funded biography of the Dalai Lama that the Chinese government considered politically provocative.[25] China had threatened to curtail business negotiations with Disney over that film and, as the government only accepts 10 Western films per year to be shown in their country, Mulan's chances of being accepted were low.[26] Finally, after a year's delay, the Chinese government did allow the film a limited Chinese release, but only after the Chinese New Year, so as to ensure that local films dominated the more lucrative holiday market.[27][28] Kelly Chen and Coco Lee voiced Mulan in the Cantonese and Mandarin dubs of the film respectively, while Jackie Chan voiced Shang in both dubs.

Chinese culture in Mulan

The Legend of Hua Mulan

Main article: Hua Mulan

The Chinese legend of Hua Mulan centers on a young woman who disguises herself as a man to take the place of her elderly father in the army. The story can be traced back to The Ballad of Mulan. The earliest accounts of the legend state that she lived during the Northern Wei dynasty (386–534). However another version reports that Mulan was requested as a concubine by Emperor Yang of Sui China (reigned 604–617).[2] The film may take place even later, as it prominently features landmarks such as the Forbidden City which was not constructed until the 15th century during the Ming dynasty. On the other hand, at the time of Northern Wei, the Xiongnu (Huns) had been already absorbed into Chinese culture. However, according to the style of dress (traditional Han clothing, also known as Hanfu), the film takes place sometime in the 15th century or before. The fireworks featured in the movie indicate that the movie is set during the Sui dynasty. Though Mulan is set in north China, where the dominant language is Mandarin,[29] the Disney film uses the Cantonese pronunciation, "Fa", of her family name. In Mandarin her name is pronounced "Hua". However, such conflicts over pronunciation are irrelevant as the various Chinese languages has evolved over centuries.

Disney's Mulan casts the title character in much the same way as the original legend, a tomboy daughter of a respected veteran, somewhat troubled by being the "sophisticated lady" her society expects her to be after failing the matchmaker's training, dishonoring Mulan's family. In the original Mulan legend, Mulan uses her father's name Li and not the name "Ping" and she was never discovered as a girl, unlike the film. Also in the original legend, Mulan went to war for her father, because her father was getting too old to fight, and had no sons to take his place. However, in the film, it was added that her father's leg was injured.

Language

When Mulan masquerades as a man, her name is a pun in Chinese. Her first name is "Ping" (瓶), meaning vase, and her surname (placed first using Chinese naming conventions) means Flower (花). Together they make "Flowerpot", a Chinese term meaning an effeminate man. According to Orpheus in Mayfair and Other Stories and Sketches by Maurice Baring, "Ping" in Chinese means soldier-man, and if you wish to express your contempt for a man there is no word in the whole of the Chinese language which expresses it so fully and so emphatically as the word Ping.[30] Chi Fu's name literally means, in Chinese, "to bully".

Release

Mulan was released on DVD as a "Special Edition" in 2004 with 2-Disc. It has Music Videos, Games, Behind the Scenes, Making of the Movie, and more. On August 12, 2008 Disney is going to re-release the Mulan Special Edition with Mulan II which is called "The Ultimate Mulan 2-Movie Collection" which will have 3-Disc. The only added features on this edition are the Disney Movie Rewards, Sneak Peaks, and new cover art.

Music

Main article: Mulan: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack

Mulan features a score by Jerry Goldsmith and five songs by Matthew Wilder (music) and David Zippel (lyrics), with a sixth originally planned for Mushu, but dropped following Eddie Murphy's involvement with the character.[31] The movie's soundtrack is credited for starting the career of pop singer Christina Aguilera, whose first song to be released in the U.S. was her rendition of Reflection, the first single from the Mulan soundtrack. The song, and Aguilera's vocals, were so well received that it landed her a recording contract with RCA records.[32] In 1999, she would go on to release her self-titled debut album, on which Reflection was also included. As well as her own, the pop version of Reflection has 2 Spanish translations, because the movie has separate Spanish translations for Spain (performed by Malú) and Latin America (performed by Lucero). Other international versions include a Brazilian Portuguese version by Sandy & Junior ("Imagem"), a Korean version performed by Lena Park and a Mandarin version by Coco Lee.

Lea Salonga, the singing voice of Mulan in the movie, is also the singing voice of Princess Jasmine in Aladdin. The music featured during the haircut scene, often referred as the Mulan Decision score, is different in the soundtrack album. The soundtrack album uses an orchestrated score while the movie uses heavy synthesizer music. The synthesizer version is available on the limited edition CD.[33] Salonga, who enjoys singing movie music in her concerts, has done a Disney medley which climaxes with an expanded version of 'Reflection' (not the same as those in Aguilera's version). Salonga also provided the singing voice for Mulan in the movie's sequel, Mulan II.

The song I'll Make a Man Out of You was performed by Donny Osmond, who commented that his children decided that he had finally "made it" in show business when he was in a Disney film.[34]

On Classic Disney: 60 Years of Musical Magic, this includes I'll Make a Man Out of You on the orange disc. And on Disney's Greatest Hits, this also includes Reflection on the blue disc, and I'll Make a Man Out of You on the green disc.

References to Other Media

  • When Mulan sings Reflection, in her father's shrine, her reflection appears in the polished surface of the temple stones. The writing on the stones is the names of the Disney animators who worked on the film written in ancient Chinese.[35]
  • In the scene where Mushu awakens the ancestors, one set of grandparents worry that Mulan's quest will ensure her family loses their farm. This couple appears to be the couple on the farm in Grant Wood's famous painting American Gothic.
  • There are a number of Hidden Mickeys in this film, including the spots on Shang's horse's neck and rump and in the training sequences, the first time the soldiers use their rockets.

References in Other Media

References to Mulan in Disney Media

File:Mushu from kh.png
Mushu in the game Kingdom Hearts


--121.1.24.62 (talk) 13:56, 25 September 2008 (UTC)Episode Guide |accessdate = 2007-09-09 |author = Nick Lee}}</ref>

See also

References

  1. ^ Mulan (1998) - Box office / business
  2. ^ a b J. Lau. "Ode to Mulan". Retrieved 2007-08-11. Cite error: The named reference "Ballad" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ "Disney Princess Official Homepage" (SWF). The Walt Disney Company. Retrieved 2007-09-08.
  4. ^ Brown, Corie and Laura Shapiro. "Woman Warrior." Newsweek. Jun 8 1998. Vol 131: p. 64-66.
  5. ^ "Discovering Mulan" (Documentary film). Mulan DVD: Walt Disney Home Entertainment. 2004.
  6. ^ "Finding Mulan" (Documentary film). Mulan DVD: Walt Disney Home Entertainment. 2004.
  7. ^ "Art Design" (Documentary film). Mulan DVD: Walt Disney Home Entertainment. 2004.
  8. ^ Mulan DVD Commentary (DVD). Walt Disney Home Entertainment. 2004.
  9. ^ "Rotten Tomatoes". Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  10. ^ Wong, Stephen (1998). "History? Close enough..." Entertainment Insiders. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  11. ^ Suggs, Kyle (1998). "Review of Mulan". Christian Spotlight. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  12. ^ Jardine, Dan (1998). "Review of Mulan". Apollo Guide. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  13. ^ "Review of Mulan". Need Coffee. 1998. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  14. ^ Gonzales, Ed (1998). "Review of Mulan". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  15. ^ Nguyen, Mimi. "Negotiating Asian American superpower in Disney's Mulan". Pop Politics Media LLC. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  16. ^ Labi, Nadya (1998-06-26). "Girl Power". TIME Magazine. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  17. ^ "Box Office Report for Mulan". Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  18. ^ "Box Office Report for X-Files". Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  19. ^ "1998 WORLDWIDE GROSSES". Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  20. ^ Corliss, Richard (2002-06-24). "Stitch in Time?". TIME Magazine. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  21. ^ Woods, Mark (1998-12-01). "'Mulan' hits $100 mil". Variety. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  22. ^ "26th Annie Award Winners". 1998. Retrieved 2007-08-09.
  23. ^ "1998 Academy Award Winners". 1999. Retrieved 2007-08-09.
  24. ^ "1998 56th Golden Globe Awards". LA Times. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  25. ^ Fessler, Karen (June 23, 1998). "Will Mulan open China to Disney?". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2007-06-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  26. ^ Michael Fleeman (1998). "Hollywood hopes more movies will follow Clinton to China". The Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-06-23.
  27. ^ Kurtenbach, Elaine (February 8, 1999). "China Allows Disney Film Screening". Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-06-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  28. ^ Shelly Kraicer (August 14, 1999). "China vs. Hollywood : the BBC World Service talks to me". Retrieved 2007-06-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  29. ^ "China Factbook".
  30. ^ Baring, Maurice. Orpheus In Mayfair And Other Stories And Sketches. Mills & Boon. ISBN 1-404-32312-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |origmonth= ignored (help)
  31. ^ "Songs of Mulan" (Documentary film). Mulan DVD: Walt Disney Home Entertainment. 2004.
  32. ^ Smith, Andy. "One talented teen". Providence Journal. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  33. ^ Clemmensen, Christian (July 7, 2007). "Filmtracks: Mulan (Jerry Goldsmith)". Retrieved 2007-07-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  34. ^ Scheerer, Mark (1998-07-08). "Donny Osmond rolls with the punches for 'Mulan' success" (HTML). CNN. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  35. ^ Mulan Easter Egg Archive
  36. ^ a b "Official Kingdom Hearts Website" (SWF). 2006-02-08. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
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