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File:2007 Pride magazine.jpg
Increasingly LGBT pride parades, related events and publications, such as this annual edition from the United States featuring openly gay war veterans, drop the LGBT initialism instead of regularly adding new letters, and dealing with issues of placement of those letters within the new title.

LGBT (also GLBT) is an initialism referring collectively to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender/transsexual people.[1][2] In use since the 1990s, the term LGBT is an adaptation of the initialism LGB which itself started replacing the phrase gay community which many within the LGBT communities felt did not represent accurately all those to which it referred.[1][2] In modern use, LGBT relates to the diversity of sexuality and gender identity-based cultures, and is sometimes used to refer to anyone who is non-heterosexual, and not exclusively people who are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, or Transgender.[1][3] LGBT is presently so mainstream that it has been adopted by the majority of the LGBT community centers and LGBT media in most English-speaking countries.[2]

History

Main article: LGBT history
LGBT families, like these in a 2007 pride parade, are unlikely to label themselves non-heterosexual although researchers do so for a variety of reasons.[4]

Before the sexual revolution of the 1960s, there was no common non-derogatory vocabulary for non-heterosexuality; the closest such term, third gender, traces back to the 1860s but never gained wide acceptance.[5][6][7][8][9][10]

The first term used, homosexual, was thought to carry negative connotations and tended to be replaced by homophile and then gay.[5] As lesbians forged their own identity, the phrase gay and lesbian became more common.[1] This was soon followed by bisexual and transgender people also asking for recognition as legitimate categories within the larger community.[1] However, after the initial euphoria of the beginnings of the Stonewall riots wore off, starting in the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was a change in perception and some gays and lesbians were not very accepting of bisexual or transgender people.[11][12] It was thought that transsexual people were acting out stereotypes; and bisexuals were simply gay men or lesbian women who were simply afraid to "come out" and be honest about their identity.[11] The movement underwent identity conflicts with various entities including or excluding various LGBT communities; these conflicts continue to this day.[12]

Not until the 1990s did it become common to speak of "gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people" with equal respect within the movement.[12] Although the LGBT community has seen some controversy regarding universal acceptance of different members (transgender individuals, in particular, have sometimes been marginalized by the larger LGBT community), the term LGBT has been a positive symbol of inclusion.[3][12] Despite the fact that LGBT does not nominally encompass all individuals in the queer communities (see Variants below), the term is generally accepted to include those not identified in the standard, four letter acronym.[3][12] Overall, the use of the term LGBT has, over time, largely aided in bringing otherwise marginalized individuals into the general community.[3][12]

Variants

Many variants exist, including variations which merely change the order of the letters; but LGBT or GLBT are the most common terms and the ones most frequently seen in current usage.[12] Although identical in meaning, LGBT may have more feminist connotation than "GLBT" as it places the "L" for lesbian first.[12] When not inclusive of transgender people it is sometimes shortened to LGB.[12][13] It may also include additional Qs for queer and/or questioning (sometimes abbreviated with a question mark) (LGBTQ, LGBTQQ, GLBTQ?).[14][15][16] Other variants may add a U for "unsure", an I for intersex, another T for transsexual/transvestite another T (or TS or the numeral 2) for Two-Spirit people, an A or SA for allies, or an A for asexual.[17][18][19][20][21][22] Some may also add a P for pansexual or polyamorous, and an O for omnisexual or other.[2][12][23] The order of the letters is also not standardized; in addition to the uses that reverse the initial L and G, the extended letters, if used, may appear in almost any order.[12] Variant terms do not typically represent political differences within the community, however, but arise simply from the usage preferences of individuals and groups.[24] The terms transsexual and intersex are regarded by some people as falling under the umbrella term transgender, though many transsexual and intersex people object to this (both for different reasons).[12]

SGL (for same gender loving) is often favored by African-American people as a way of distinguishing themselves from what they regard as white-dominated LGBT communities.[25] MSM (for Men who have sex with men), is clinically used to describe men who have sex with other men without referring to their sexual orientation.[26][27]

A phrase introduced in the 2000s, "minority sexual and gender identities" (MSGI), to include all letters and acronyms has yet to find its way into common usage.[28] The magazine Anything That Moves coined the acronym FABGLITTER (from Fetish, Allies, Bisexual, Gay, Lesbian, Intersexed, Transgender, Transsexual Engendering Revolution), although this term has not made its way into common usage.[1]

Criticism

The terms LGBT or GLBT are not agreed upon by everyone.[2] For example, it may be argued that the transgender and transsexual causes are not the same as that of LGB people.[29] This argument centers on the idea that transgender and transsexuality have to do with gender identity, or a person's understanding of being male or female, irrespective of their sexual orientation.[12] LGB issues can also be seen as a matter of sexual orientation, or attraction.[12] These distinctions have been made in the context of political action in which LGB goals may be perceived to differ from transgender and transsexual goals like same sex marriage legislation and human rights work that is not inclusive of transgender and intersex people.[12] Similarly, intersex people want to be included in LGBT groups and would prefer LGBTI; others insist that they are not a part of the LGBT community and would rather not be included in the term.[30][31]

A reverse to the above situations is evident in the belief of 'lesbian & gay separatism' (not to be confused with the related, lesbian separatism) which holds that lesbians and gay men form (or should form) a community distinct and separate from other groups normally included in the LGBTQ sphere.[14][32] While not always appearing of sufficient number or organization to be called a 'movement', separatists persist as a significant, vocal and active element within many parts of the LGBT community.[32][33][34] In some cases separatists will deny the existence or right-to-equality of non-monosexual orientations and of transsexuality.[34] This can extend to public biphobia and transphobia.[32][34]

Many people have looked for a generic term to replace the initialisms, acronyms, and abbreviations.[34] Words like queer and rainbow have been tried but most have not been widely adopted.[34][35] "Queer" has many negative connotations to older people who remember the word as a taunt and insult, a usage of the term that has continued.[34][35] Many younger people also understand "queer" to be more politically charged than "LGBT".[36][35] Rainbow has connotations that recall the hippies, New Age movements and politics like Jesse Jackson's Rainbow/PUSH Coalition in the United States.

Other gay people also do not care for the term as the lettering comes across as being overly "politically correct", or as an attempt to categorize the various groups of people into one grey area word.[29][36] Another concern is that LGBT may imply that the issues and priorities of the main groups represented are given equal consideration.[29]

There are also some lesbian, gay and bisexual and transgender people as well as ontologists who are against an "LGBT community" or "LGB community".[14][37][38] Some are also against the political and social solidarity, and visibility and human rights campaigning that normally goes with it including gay pride marches and events.[37][38] Some of them believe that grouping together people with non-heterosexual orientations perpetuates the myth that being gay/lesbian/bi makes a person deficiently different than other people.[14][37] These people are often seen or portrayed as fringe community members and may seem less visible compared to more mainstream LGBT activists.[37][38] Since this faction is difficult to distinguish from the heterosexual majority, it is common for people to assume all LGBT people support LGBT liberation and the visibility of LGBT people in society, including the right to live one's life in a different way from the majority.[37][39][38] Compared to the Asian Society, the LGBT community is more acceptable in the Western culture, since many Asian parents have negative images of lesbians or gays. Most Asian languages have no word for lesbian, gay or coming out, and there are few lesbian role models to look to.[40]

See also

Look up GLBT in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Swain, Keith W. (21 June 2007). "Gay Pride Needs New Direction". Denver Post. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e Thims, Libb (2007, ISBN:1430328401). "Human Chemistry (Volume Two)". Lulu.com. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d Shankle, Michael D. (2006, ISBN:1560234962). "The Handbook of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Public Health: A Practitioner's Guide To Service". Haworth Press. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ Klesse, Christian (2007). "The Spectre of Promiscuity: Gay Male and Bisexual Non-Monogamies and Polyamories". Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0754649067. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
  5. ^ a b Ross, E. Wayne (2006, ISBN0791469093). "The Social Studies Curriculum: Purposes, Problems, and Possibilities". SUNY Press. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Kennedy, Hubert C. (1980) The "third sex" theory of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Journal of Homosexuality. 1980-1981 Fall-Winter; 6(1-2): pp. 103-1
  7. ^ Hirschfeld, Magnus, 1904. Berlins Drittes Geschlecht ("Berlin's Third Sex")
  8. ^ Ellis, Havelock and Symonds, J. A., 1897. Sexual Inversion.
  9. ^ Carpenter, Edward, 1908. The Intermediate Sex: A Study of Some Transitional Types of Men and Women.
  10. ^ Duc, Aimée, 1901. Sind es Frauen? Roman über das dritte Geschlecht ("Are These Women? Novel about the Third Sex")
  11. ^ a b Leli, Ubaldo (2005, ISBN:0789025760). "Transgender Subjectivities: A Clinician's Guide". Haworth Press. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Alexander, Jonathan (2004, ISBN:1560232870). "Bisexuality and Transgenderism: InterSEXions of The Others". Haworth Press. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ Bohan, Janis S. (1996, ISBN:0415915147). "Psychology and Sexual Orientation: Coming to Terms". Routledge. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ a b c d Bloodsworth-Lugo, Mary K. (2007, ISBN:0791472213). "In-Between Bodies: Sexual Difference, Race, and Sexuality". SUNY Press. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ Alder, Christine (2004, ISBN:0791461106). "Girls' Violence: Myths and Realities". SUNY Press. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Cherland, Meredith Rogers (2007, ISBN:0805850562). "Advocacy Research in Literacy Education: Seeking Higher Ground". Routledge. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Lebaron, Sarah (2005, ISBN:1596580925). "Oberlin College: Oberlin, Ohio". College Prowler, Inc. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Chen, Edith Wen-Chu (2006, ISBN:0742553388). "Teaching about Asian Pacific Americans: Effective Activities, Strategies, and Assignments for Classrooms and Communities (Critical Perspectives on Asian Pacific Americans)". Rowman & Littlefield. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Babb, Florence E. (2001, ISBN:0292709005). "After Revolution: Mapping Gender and Cultural Politics in Neoliberal Nicaragua". University of Texas Press. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ Padilla, Yolanda C. (2003, ISBN:1560232757). "Gay and Lesbian Rights Organizing: Community-based Strategies". Haworth Press. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ^ Swigonski, Mary E. (2001, ISBN:1560232579). "From Hate Crimes to Human Rights: A Tribute to Matthew Shepard". Haworth Press. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ "About Us". Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transsexual, Transgender, Two-Spirit Queer Community Centre Inc. 2006. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
  23. ^ O'Rourke, P. J. (2001, ISBN:0802141986). "Peace Kills: America's Fun New Imperialism". Grove Press. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ^ Brown, Catrina (2006, ISBN:1412909880). "Narrative Therapy: Making Meaning, Making Lives". Sage Publications Inc. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ Rimmerman, Craig A. (2006, ISBN:1412909880). "The Politics of Gay Rights". University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Young, R M & Meyer, I H (2005) The Trouble with "MSM" and "WSW": Erasure of the Sexual-Minority Person in Public Health Discourse American Journal of Public Health July 2005 Vol. 95 No. 7.
  27. ^ Glick, M Muzyka, B C Salkin, L M Lurie, D (1994) Necrotizing ulcerative periodonitis: a marker for immune deterioration and a predictor for the diagnosis of AIDS Journal of Periodontology 1994 65 p. 393-397.
  28. ^ "Welcome to the Bradford University Minority Sexual and Gender Identity Site!". Bradford Uni MSGI Society. 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-09.
  29. ^ a b c Wilcox, Melissa M. (2003, ISBN:0253216192). "Coming Out in Christianity: Religion, Identity, and Community". Indiana University Press. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ^ Aragon, Angela Pattatuchi (2006, ISBN:1560236450). "Challenging Lesbian Norms: Intersex, Transgender, Intersectional, and Queer Perspectives". Haworth Press. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ Makadon, Harvey J. (2008, ISBN:193051395X). "The Fenway Guide to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health". ACP Press. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ a b c Mohr, Richard D. (1988, ISBN:0231067356). "Gays/Justice: A Study of Ethics, Society, and Law". Columbia University Press. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  33. ^ Blasius, Mark (1994, ISBN:1566391733). "Gay and Lesbian Politics: Sexuality and the Emergence of a New Ethic". Temple University Press. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ^ a b c d e f Blasius, Mark (2001, ISBN:0691058679). "Sexual Identities, Queer Politics: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Politics". Princeton University Press. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Cite error: The named reference "Sexual Identities, Queer Politi" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  35. ^ a b c Armstrong, Elizabeth A. (2002, ISBN:0226026949). "Forging Gay Identities: Organizing Sexuality in San Francisco, 1950-1994". University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ^ a b Halpin, Mikki (2004, ISBN:0689874480). "It's Your World--If You Don't Like It, Change It: Activism for Teenagers". Simon and Schuster. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  37. ^ a b c d e Sycamore, Matt Bernstein (2005, ISBN:1932360565). "That's Revolting!: Queer Strategies for Resisting Assimilation". Soft Skull Press. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ a b c d Carlsson, Chris (2005, ISBN:1931404054). "The Political Edge". City Lights Books. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ^ Leondar-Wright, Betsy (2005, ISBN:0865715238). "Class Matters: Cross-Class Alliance Building for Middle-Class Activists". New Society Publishers. Retrieved 2008-07-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  40. ^ Dronkers-Laureta, John and Belinda (2008-07-08). "LGBT Perspective: You Are Not Alone". AsianWeek. Retrieved on 2008-08-04.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to LGBT.
Wikiquote has quotations related to LGBT.
  • GLBTQ An Encyclopedia of GLBT & Queer culture
  • LBGT Rights Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender Rights before the European Court of Justice


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