Hazara region
Hazara (Urdu: هزاره) is a valley and region located in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Until the year 2000 the region was an administrative subdivision of the NWFP known as Hazara Division, headquartered at the city of Abbottabad.[1] However, the divisions were abolished in 2000, as part of an administrative shake up. Although the administrative division has been abolished by the government, the identity and name have been retained and used for other purposes. For example, the University of Hazara, based in Mansehra, provides higher education to people of the region. The election commission of Pakistan also groups the districts of Pakistan under the former divisions. Five districts make up Hazara; these are Abbottabad, Battagram, Haripur, Kohistan and Mansehra.[2]
History
According to the Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 13, p. 76: "The origin of the name Hazāra is obscure. It has been identified with Abisāra, the country of Abisares, the chief of the Indian mountaineers at the time of Alexander's invasion. Dr. Stein regards it as derived from Urasā, the ancient name of Pakhli. Another possible derivation is from Hazara-i-Karlugh, or the Karlugh legion, which was settled in this tract by Timur after his invasion of India."[3]
In spite of Imperial Gazetteer's above-quoted views, modern historians and distinguished Indologists including Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee, Dr B. C. Law, Dr J. C. Vidyalankar, Dr M. Witzel, Dr M. R. Singh and Prof K. N. Dhar concur with Dr Stein's identification of modern Hazara with the ancient Sanskrit name Urasa [4].
Evidence from 7th c Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang [5] combined with earlier evidence from Mahabharata [6] attests that Poonch and Hazara District of Kashmir had formed parts of epic Kamboja and that the Kamboja rulers of this region observed republican system of government [7].
Alexander the Great and Ashoka
Alexander the Great, after conquering parts of Punjab, established his rule over a large part of Hazara. In 327 B.C., Alexander handed this area over to Abisaras (Αβισαρης), the Raja of Poonch state.
Hazara remained a part of Taxila during the rule of the Maurya dynasty. Ashoka was the Governor of this area when he was a prince. After the death of Ashoka’s father, Bindusara, Ashoka inherited the throne and ruled this area as well as Gandhara. Today, the famous edicts of Ashoka, inscribed on three rocks near Bareri Hill, serve as evidence of his rule. These edicts also show that this area was a famous religious centre for pilgrims. The name Mansehra is a modified form of the name Maan Singh, who once ruled over this area.
Hazara has several places of significance for the pagans related to the Pandavas.
'There are the five Pandavas, the heroes of the Mahabharat favourite objects of worship in the east and sometimes addressed as the Panj Pir. Many are the legends current about these heroes and they are localised at quite a number of places. The Hill of Mokshpuri , just above Dunga Gali has an elevation of 9232 feet. Its name means 'the hill of salvation' and on its summit is a Panduan da Sthan, or place of the Pandavas, where it is said they were visited and tempted by Apsaras who still frequent the place .[8]
In the 2nd century CE, a mythical king Raja Risalu, son of Raja Salbahan of Sialkot, brought the area under his control. The local people consider him as their hero and, even today, parents tell their children the stories of Raja Risalu and his wife Rani Konklan on winter nights. When a Chinese pilgrim, Hiun-Tsang, visited this area, it was under the control of Durlabhavardhana, the ruler of Kashmir.
The Turkish Shahi Dynasties ruled Hazara one after another. Among the Hindu Shahi dynasty rulers, Raja Jayapala is the best known. Mehmood of Ghazni defeated Raja Jayapala during his first campaign. However, there is no historical evidence that Mehmood of Ghazni ever visited or passed through Mansehra. After the fall of the Shahi dynasty, in the 11th century, the Kashmiris took control of this area under the leadership of Kalashan (1063 to 1089). From 1112 to 1120, King Susala ruled this area. In the 12th century, Asalat Khan captured this area but soon after Mohammad of Ghor's death the Kashmiris once again regained control of Hazara.
Amb and its surrounding areas of Hazara have a long history which can be traced to Alexander the Great's invasion of India. Arrian, Alexander's historian, did not indicate the exact location of Embolina, but since it is known that Aoronos was on the right bank of the River Indus, the town chosen to serve as Alexander's base of supplies may with good reason be also looked for there. The mention in Ptolemy's Geography of Embolima as a town of Indo-Scythia situated on the Indus supports this theory.
In 1854 General Abbott, the British frontier officer from whom Abbottabad, administrative centre of Hazara, takes its name, discussed his location of Aornos on the Mahaban range south of Buner. He proposed, as M. Court, one of Ranjit Singh's French generals had done before him in 1839, to recognize Embolima in the present village of Amb situated on the right bank of the Indus. It lies about eight miles to the east of Mahaban and is the place from which the Nawabs of Amb take their title.[9]
Turkish rule
In 1399, the great Muslim warrior Timur, on his return to Kabul, stationed his Turk soldiers in Hazara to protect the important route between Kabul and Kashmir. By 1472, Prince Shahab-ud-Din came from Kabul and established his rule over the region. Prince Shahab-ud-Din, a Turk of central Asian origin, founded the state and named it Pakhli Sarkar and chose Gulibagh as his capital. During the Mughal rule, these local Turkish chiefs acknowledged Mughal authority. In fact, Hazara (Pakhli) provided the main route to Kashmir and was the most commonly used route for Emperor Akbar to travel to Kashmir. During the last days of Emperor Akbar's rule, the Turkish Chief Sultan Hussain Khan revolted against the Mughals. He claimed that the Mughals were interfering with his internal affairs. After this complaint, he was exiled by the Mughals, but later was pardoned and given back his land. Now, descendants of these Turkish rulers live in village girwalBehali and some other villages of Mansehra, Abbottabad, and Haripur districts.
Durrani rule
When Ahmad Shah Durrani expanded his kingdom to Punjab, Hazara also came under his control. Durrani considered it wise to rule the area through local tribal chiefs, like Saadat Khan and Faqir Khan of Garhi Habibullah. Saadat Khan was such an authoritative man amongst Swatis whereas Faqir Khan was the khakan of his Mughal tribe and they were considered to be the fighting machines[citation needed], even disputed matters of Jadoons and Tanolis had been sent to them for rectification through jirgas[citation needed]. The Durranis' rule ended abruptly in the beginning of the 18th century.
The first quarter of the 18th century was miserable for the Turks. Their rule came to an end due to the decay of their vitality and the increasing aggression of the Pukhtoons. The most crucial attack was that of the Swatis in 1703, under the command of Syed Jalal Baba who was a son-in-law of last Turk ruler, Sultan Mehmud Khurd. During the absence of his father-in-law Syed Jalal Baba invited Swatis to invade Pakhli Sarkar. Being an insider, he provided crucial information to invading forces and succeeded in overthrowing his in-laws through his shrewd conspiracy. Turks had already became weak due to their internal feuds, as well. Swatis thus ousted the Turks from upper Hazara (Mansehra and Batagram) and captured it. By the time Awans, Jadoons, Karlal,Rajpoots and Tareens captured lower Hazara (Abbottabad and Haripur).
The Tanolis, who founded a state named Amb, had already established their authority over Tanawal. The voluminous Urdu copy of the settlement report of Hazara compiled by Major Wace in 1872 contains many passages in its historical resume of the area. In a number of maps drawn at the time and enclosed in the report, showing Hazara under the Mughals and under the Durranis, the Amb state has been shown as Mulk-i-Tanawal. The original existence of that Mulk is as old as the middle period of the great Afghan invasions of India. Their leader Nawab Khan (Father of Painda Khan) never accepted the Durrani Rule and used to heavily tax the Durrani caravans which passed through the Mulk-e-Tanawal. He defeated the Durranis in battle but met his death at the hands of Sardar Azim Khan Durrani in 1818, who invited him to his camp and killed him by treachery. Upper Tanawal and Lower Tanawal, covering the greater part of Hazara, have been ruled by Tanolis for centuries.
Descendants of the former Turkish rulers of Hazara now live in the village of Behali, district Mansehra, and in some other villages of Abbottabad, Haripur and Mansehra.
Sikh rule
Durrani rule had weakened considerably at the beginning of the 19th century. The Sikhs annexed Hazara in two stages. Lower Hazara became tributary to the Sikhs as soon as they wrested the Fort of Attock from the Durranis. Upper Hazara suffered a similar fate when the Sikhs took Kashmir from the Barakzais in 1819. The Sikhs fought many sanguinary battles with the turbulent tribes that inhabited this region.
The early Sikh attempts to collect revenue from this region, not only met with failure, but with the loss of prominent Sikh administrators. Makhan Singh, the Sikh Governor of Rawalpindi, arrived in Karlugh to collect revenue, but was killed. In 1818 Ranjit Singh deputed Amar Singh for the same purpose, but he too was killed at Harroh by the Karlals. Then Ranjit Singh deputed Ram Dayal, the grandson of the famous fighting Khatri, Mokham Chand. He too suffered the same fate as his predecessors.
Hari Singh Nalwa, the Commander-in-Chief of the Sikh Army along the north-west frontier of the kingdom, had two important victories to his credit in this region. In 1819, after the Sikh Army had successfully wrested the Kashmir Valley from the Afghans, Hari Singh had been successful in establishing a thana at Tarbela on his return passage to the Punjab plains. Similarly, in 1821, on his return from the Kashmir Valley following his tenure as its Governor, despite being completely outnumbered, Hari Singh had successfully defeated a combined force of 25,000 tribals.[10]
In 1822, Maharaja Ranjit Singh bestowed Pakhli and Damtaur on Hari Singh Nalwa as a jagir in reward for his success in this region. Soon thereafter, Hari Singh commenced building the fortified town of Haripur. This greatly assisted his successful governance of other areas besides Pakhli and Damtaur that lay under his jurisdiction. These included Darband, Hazara-i-Karlugh, Khanpur and the Dhund and Karral Hills.[11].
It took Sardar Hari Singh three years to subdue the warlike mountaineers inhabiting this region. He began by issuing a crushing defeat to the Tarins and the Bambas. This was followed by the Battle of Sirikot, where Hari Singh almost lost his life. The result was that the Mishwanis, inhabitants of Sirikot, were evicted from their homes for five years. The Gakhar lords, occupied the hilly territory to the south of the Haripur plains. Under the Durrani rule, the Gakhars had received large allowances for the military services they rendered. The Sikhs were unwilling to give them the same allowance and "the famous Hari Singh Nalwa, Ranjit Singh's Governor of Hazara, twice invaded the hills between 1820 and 1830, and on the second occasion effected their subjugation."[12]
Though Hari Singh Nalwa's tenure as the Jagirdar of Hazara is known for his successful subduing of rebellion, his more spectacular contribution was the land reforms and water management that he promoted. It was at his behest that a territory that was known for many centuries for its predatory tribes now became a successful revenue earner.[13] It was following Hari Singh's death in 1837, that the entire territory under his jurisdiction came to be called Hazara.
Painda Khan Tanoli was the tribal chief of the Tanolis at the time of the invasion of Hazara by the Sikhs. Painda Khan is famed for his staunch rebellion against Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Governors of Hazara. He was the son of Mir Nawab Khan, who defeated the Durranis and freed his kingdom from their influence.
From about 1813, he spent a life long rebellion against the Sikhs. Painda Khan's relentless rebellion against the Sikh empire, cost him a major portion of his Kingdom, leaving only his twin capitals Amb and Darband. However, this deterred him less and appeared to increase his resistance against the Sikh government. The District Gazetteer of the North-West Frontier Province (p138) confirms, "Painda Khan, played a considerable part in the history of his time and vigorously opposed the Sikhs." General Abbott commented that 'During the first period of Painda Khan's career, he was far too vigorous and powerful to be molested by any neighbouring tribe, and when he began to fail before the armies and purse of the Sikh Government, he was interested in keeping upon the best terms with his northern neighbours of the Black Mountains.' He is further described as a Chief renowned on the Border, a wild and energetic man who was never subjugated by the Sikhs.
His son Jehandad Khan also followed his footsteps. "Of all the tribal chiefs of Hazara, the most powerful said to be Jehandad Khan of the Tanoli, whose land straddled both banks of the Indus and whose fellow-tribesmen were 'brave and hardy and accounted for the best swordsmen in Hazara'. There was a long history of conflict between Jehandad Khan's family and the Sikhs, and the name of his father Painda Khan, was said to be 'magic to the ears of the people of Hazara' because of the struggles he fought on behalf of his 'poor circumscribed and rugged principality' against the Sikhs.
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When Sikh power was on the fall in 1845 Jehandad Khan blockaded the garrisons of no less than 22 Sikh posts in Upper Tanawal ; and when they surrendered at discretion, he spared their lives, as the servants of a fallen Empire.
However in 1845 the local populace, taking advantage of the problems in Lahore (the capital of the Sikh Empire), rose up in rebellion. They drove the governor of Hazara, Diwan Mulraj, to Hasan Abdal in 1846. However, with the conclusion of the first Sikh War, Hazara along with Kashmir was given to Raja Gulab Singh. But in 1847 the Raja gave back Hazara to the Lahore Darbar in exchange for land near Jammu, and Hazara passed into British control.[14]
British rule
After the first Sikh War, the area was governed by Major James Abbott. Abbott managed to secure and pacify the area within a year. During the Second Sikh War Abbott and his men were cut off by the Sikh army from supplies and reinforcements from the rest of the British Army, but were able to maintain their position.[14]
By 1849, the British had gained control of all of Mansehra. However, the western Pashtun tribes remained rebellious. These tribes included the clans of Allai, Batagram in the Nandhiar valley, and the tribes inhabiting both slopes of the Black Mountain of Hazara.
In 1852, after three years of relative peace, Zaman Shah of Kaghan turned against the British. James Abbot sent an expedition to Kaghan which deprived Zaman Shah of his territory and he was exiled to Pakhli plain. After four years the British forgave him and he was permitted to get back his lost territory.
The British sent many expeditions against the Pashtun tribes to crush the rebellion between 1852 and 1892, especially against the Black Mountains. Along with some parts of Balakot which are located near to the boundary of Azad Jammu & Kashmir including Neelum Valley to stop the resistance by Mughal tribes and those tribes were command by Faqir Khan of Lambian Pattian.
To maintain peace in the area the British also took preventive measures by co-opting the local rulers.
The British accepted the Independence of the Nawab of Amb; within his own territory and thus no writ of the British Government, civil or criminal, was ever enacted within the Tanoli State of Amb. The smaller Tanoli State of Phulra, which was granted by Painda Khan to his brother Madad Khan, was also ackhnowledged by the Britishers as a semi-independent Princely State. Thus the British Government agreed not to meddle with the affairs of the Tanoli territory of Hazara, with the mutual understanding that the Tanolis would not attack the British controlled territories.
The British divided Hazara District into three Tehsils (administrative subdivisions) : Mansehra, Abbottabad, and Haripur; and decided to annex it to the Punjab. In 1901, when the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) was formed, Hazara was separated from Punjab and made a part of NWFP. Throughout their rule in Mansehra, the British met fierce resistance from the local Pashtun tribes and declared martial law. Meanwhile, the people of Mansehra's many villages largely governed themselves. Many of Mansehra's citizens joined the Khilafat movement.
When the all India Muslim League started its movement for a separate land, In 1936 the first and founding meeting of Muslim league in hazara was convened at abbottabad at the residence of NOOR -UD -DIN QURESHI.In this meeting the leaders of all India Muslim league Nawab Bhadur Yar Jang, Mulana Shoukat Ali, Hamid badayuni and other came from India, the local people joined and struggled for liberation under the leadership of Noor-ud-din qureshi.while in mansera in the same year Muslim league was organised by Ali Gohar Khan and Hakim Abdul karim ,both were elected as first president and General sectrary of district Muslim league mansehra.Quaid-i-Azam[citation needed]. Their eventual victory culminated in the creation of Pakistan, an independent state for the Muslims of the South Asia.
Nawab Sir Muhammad Farid Khan (K.B.E) of Amb State had very good relations with The Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Nawabzada Liaqat Ali Khan. His contributions to the Pakistan movement have been acknowledged by letters from The Quaid e Azam[15][16]. In 1947 the Nawab of Amb, Mohammad Farid Khan, acceded to Pakistan by signing the Instrument of Accession of his State, in favour of Pakistan. In 1969, the State was incorporated into the North-West Frontier Province and in 1971 the royal status of the Nawab was abolished by the Government of Pakistan.Pakistan movement and Politics
During Bhutto's regime, Mansehra was upgraded to a district, containing two subdivisions: Mansehra and Batagram. Later, the Mansehra district had the Balakot subdivision added to it.
Independence
During British rule, the region of Hazara had formed part of the Punjab province, until the western parts of that province were separated to form the new North-West Frontier Province. The areas around Abbottabad and Mansehra became the Hazara District of Peshawar Division, whilst areas to the north of this became the Hazara Tribal Agency and the Kohistan Tribal Agency. Sandwiched between Hazara Tribal Agency and the Hazara district were the small princely states of Amb and Phulra. This system of administration continued until 1950, when these two small states were incorporated into the Hazara district.
From 1955 to 1970, the North-West Frontier Province became part of West Pakistan under the One Unit policy, with the Hazara district forming part of the Peshawar division of West Pakistan. On the dissolution of West Pakistan, the Hazara district and the two tribal agencies were merged to form the new Hazara division with its capital at Abbottabad. The division was initially composed of three districts (Abbottabad, Kohistan and Mansehra) but within a few years, Haripur district was spun off from Abbottabad District and Batagram District was spun off from Mansehra District.
In 2000, administrative divisions were abolished and the fourth tier districts were raised to become the new third tier of government in Pakistan.
Geography and climate
Hazara is bounded on the north and east by the Northern Areas and Azad Kashmir. To the south are the Islamabad Capital Territory and the province of Punjab, whilst to the west lies the rest of the North-West Frontier Province. The river Indus runs through the division in a north-south line, forming much of the western border of the division. The total area of Hazara is 18,013 km².
Because it lies immediately south of the main Himalaya Range, and is exposed to moist winds from the Arabian Sea, Hazara is the wettest part of Pakistan. At Abbottabad, annual rainfall averages around 1,200mm (47 inches) but has been as high as 1,800mm (70 inches), whilst in parts of Mansehra District such as Balakot the mean annual rainfall is as high as 1,750mm (68 inches). Due to its location on the boundary between the monsoonal summer rainfall regime of East Asia and the winter-dominant Mediterranean climate of West Asia, Hazara has an unusual bimodal rainfall regime, with one peak in February or March associated with frontal southwest cloudbands and another monsoonal peak in July and August. The driest months are October to December, though in the wettest parts even these months average around 40mm (1.6 inches).
Due to the high altitude, temperatures in Hazara are cooler than on the plains, though Abbottabad at 1,200m still has maxima around 32°C (90°F) with high humidity in June and July. Further up, temperatures are cooler, often cooler than the Northern Areas valleys due to the cloudiness. In winter, temperatures are cold, with minima in January around 0°C (32°F) and much lower in the high mountains. Snowfalls are not uncommon even at lower levels.
Population
The population of the Hazara region was estimated to be over 4.5 million in 2005. The total area of Hazara is 18013 km²: See table below.
| District | Area (km²) | Population (Millions) |
| Abbottabad | 1802 | 1 |
| Batagram | 1310 | 0.5 |
| Haripur | 1763 | 0.7 |
| Kohistan | 7581 | 0.6 |
| Mansehra | 5957 | 1.4 |
Demographics and Society
It is Híndko power center with more than 60 % people's first mother lanugage is Hindko. Pashto is predominant in batagram. 60% of population of Mansehra speaks hinkdo while most of the remaining speak pashto. Pashto and kohistani is spoken in Kohistan.
Main Tribes of Hazara
The tribes in Hazara are Swati, Gujjar, Awan, Turk, Durrani, Tanoli, Dhund Abbasi, Syed, Jadoon, Sardar, Karlal, Kashmiri, Qureshi, Gakhar, Tareen, Mughal, Mashwani, Tahirkheli, Dilazak, Panni, Bib, Sarrara, Utmanzai, Hassanzai.
Afghan refugees, although predominantly Persian (including the Ghilzai and Durrani tribes), and other smaller groups are found throughout the Division. There is a considerable presence of Tajiks, Uzbeks (Mazar-e-Sharif Restaurant) and Hazara (Afghan) in the area.
The population of Hazara was estimated to be over 4.5 million in 2005.
The University of Hazara provides higher education to people of the region.
Transport
Hazara lies close to the crossroads formed by the river Indus and the Grand Trunk Road. The Karakoram Highway begins at the town of Havelian and goes north through the division towards China via the Northern Areas.
Notable people
 |
- Nawabzada Salahuddin Saeed, Nawab of Amb (princely state) - ex MNA[17]
- President Muhammad Ayub Khan (Field Marshal) - President of Pakistan
- Malik Amir Alam - Former Deputy Speaker N.W.F.P
- Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan - Former CM and President Muslim Leaque
- Haider Zaman Khan district Nazim of Abbottabad
- Khan Bahadur Raja Jahandad Khan - Chief of Gakhars
- Sultan Raja Erij Zaman Khan - current Chief of Gakhars
- Mohammad Irfan - International renown Psychiatrist/Pioneer Psychiatrist of NWFP
- Sardar Haider Zaman Khan - (Politician)
- Raja Sikander Zaman - (Politician)
- Aman ullah Khan Jadoon (Former Federal Minister)
- Syed Ijaz hussain shah (journalist/news editor)
- Sardar Mehtab Ahmad Abbasi ex Chief minister
- Gohar Ayub Khan -ex Speaker National Assembly
- Mohammad Ayub Khan Tanoli, Ex Provincial Minister of Education & Law,also Lawyer of NWFP)
- Yasir Hameed - (International Cricket Player)
- Sardar Bahader Khan ex Federal Minister
- Jalal-ud-Din (Jalal Baba) Ex- Minister interior
- Mohammad Hanif Khan - former federal minister information
- M.Sardar Khan Advocate-Former Attorny General of Pakistan and Advocate General NWFP
- Ghullam Rabbani - Pioneer Doctor/Independence Leader Hazara Division
- Asghar Khan - Air Marshal and Chief Tareeq-e-Isteqlal
- Syed Qasim Shah - ex- Federal Minister
- Yousaf Ayub Khan-Distric Nazim Haripur & Ex NWFP Minister (More times)
- Omer Ayub Khan- Ex Federal Minister of Finance
- Mohammad Anwar Shahmim - ex-Air Chief Marshal Pakistan
- Ajaz Ali Durrani - Ex NWFP Minister
- Mohammed Iqbal Khan Jadoon - ex-Chief Minister
- PEER SYED MAHMOOD SHAH MUHADDIS HAZARVI Spiritual Leader/Author/Chief of Kazmi Sadat tribe,Great Exegetical Writer, Grand Traditionist, Jurisprudence of Muslim Nation, Mystic Saint, Thinker of Khilafat
- Muhammad Saleem Khan Haripur Talokar- Ex Depty Commioner of Hazara Devision at British Rejim
- Peer Syed Mohyuddin Mahboob Kazmi Qadri Sajjada Nasheen Khanka MahboobAbad Shareef Havelian
Saint/Author/Spiritual Leader/Chief of SADAT,SYED Tribe in Hazara,sectry genrl Pakistan Mashaekh Councl.
References
- ^ Hazara -Nordisk familjebok
- ^ Divisions/Districts of Pakistan
- ^ Hazāra District - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 13, p. 76.
- ^ Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kaśmīr (1988), P 267, Kalhana, M. A. Stein; The Historical Background of Pakistan and Its People (1973), P 156, Ahmed Abdulla; Ethnic Settlements in Ancient India: A Study on the Puranic Lists of the Peoples of Bharatavarsa (1955), P 91, Sashi Bhusan Chaudhuri; Kalhana (1978), P 57, Somnath Dhar; The Indian Society: A Process of Peoples' Revolutionary Struggle Through the Ages (1974), P 207, R. P. Saraf; Indian Conquest of the Himalayan Territories: Military Exploits of General Zorawar Singh Dogra (1978), P 18, Sukh Dev Singh Charak; Maharaja Ranjitdev and the Rise and Fall of Jammu Kingdom, from 1700 A.D. to 1820 A.D. (ed. 1971), P 133, Sukh Dev Singh Charak; Studies in Alexander's Campaigns (1973), P 48, B. C. (Binod Chandra) Sinha; History of India (1906), P 76, Henry Miers Elliot, Romesh Chunder Dutt, Dr Vincent Arthur Smith, Stanley Lane-Poole, Sir William Wilson Hunter, Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall; Hindu Sahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab - P 77, Yogendra Mishra; Who's Who In The Age Of Alexander The Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire (2006), P xxviii, Waldemar Heckel; The North-west India of the Second Century B.C. )1974), P 20, Mehta Vasishtha Dev Mohan; Studies in Skanda Purāṇa – 1965, Page 1, A. B. L. Awasthi; The Indian Historical Quarterly (1963), P 553; History of the Panjab Hill States (1933), P 671, John Hutchison, Jean Philippe Vogel; Eminent Rulers of Ancient Kashmir: A Detailed History of the Life and Rule of Ten Kings and...(1975), M. L. (Manohar Lal) Kapur; The Greek World in the Fourth Century: From the Fall of the Athenian Empire to the Successors of...(1997), P 224, Lawrence A. Tritle; The Panjab, North West Frontier Province and Kashmir – (2003), P 160, James Douie; History of the Panjab Hill States (1994), P 667, John Hutchison, Jean Philippe Vogel; The Geographical Encyclopaedia of Ancient and Medieval India: Based on Vedic, Puranic, Tantric,..(1967), P 40, Krishna Datta Bajpai; The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule---= al Shri Parmananda Research Institute; An Advanced History of India (1956, P 164; Ancient Nepal (1969), P 21, D. R. Regmi; The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India. (1971), p 236, Nundo Lal Dey; Kashmir: an historical introduction (1961), P 100, James P. Ferguson; History of Kanauj (1990), P 84, Rama Shankar Tripathi; Foundations of the Hindo Indian Culture Pt. 1 & 2 (1991), P 24, Govind Chandra Pande; Kashīr, Being a History of Kashmīr from the Earliest Times to Our Own (1949), P 238, Ghulām Muhyid Dīn Sūfī, Ghulam Muhyi'd Din Sufi; On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, 629-645 A.D. (1904), P 257, Thomas Watters, Vincent Arthur Smith, Thomas William Rhys Davids, Stephen Wootton Bushell; Accounts of India and Kashmir in the Dynastic Histories of the Tʾang Period (1968), P 24, Hsü Liu, Hsiu Ou-yang; Indological Studies (1950), P 18, Bimala Churn Law; Harsha and His Times (1970), P 211, Baijnath Sharma; Memoirs of Zehīr-Ed-Dīn Muhammed Bābur: emperor of Hindustan (1921), P 201, Babur; Trubner's Oriental Series: Translated from the Chinese of Hiuen Tsiang (A.D. 629), (2001), Samuel Beal - Social Science; Yuan Chawang, pp 256-57 (I), Watters etc etc.
- ^ Watters, Yuan Chawang, Vol I, p 284.
- ^ MBH 7.4.5; 7/91/39-40.
- ^ See refs: Mahabharata 7/91/39-40; Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 133, 218/220, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee; History of India – 1944, P 94; Narendra Krishna Sinha, Anil Chandra Banerjee; Chilas: The City of Nanga Parvat (Dyamar) – 1983, Page 120, Ahmad Hasan Dani; Indological Studies – 1950, P 18, Dr B. C. Law; A Companion to Middle Indo-Aryan Literature – 1977, P 168, Suresh Chandra Banerji; A Companion to Sanskrit Literature: spanning a period of over three thousand years, containing... – 1971, P 486, Sures Chandra Banerji; Asoka - P 31, Dr R. G. Bhandarkar; J.N. Banerjea Volume: A Collection of Articles by His Friends and Pupils, 1960, p 18, University of Calcutta. Dept. of Ancient Indian History and Culture. Alumni Association.
- ^ A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West provinces , compiled by H A Rose , v. I p. 120
- ^ On Alexander's Track to the Indus By Aurel Stein, Published by B. Blom, 1972, Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 2 Sep 2008, 182 pages
- ^ Hazara Gazetteer 1883-4, Lahore: Punjab Government, p 24
- ^ Nalwa, V. (2009), Hari Singh Nalwa - Champion of the Khalsaji, New Delhi: Manohar, pp. 84-86, ISBN 8173047855.
- ^ Rawalpindi Gazetteer 1883-4, Lahore: Punjab Government, p. 38
- ^ Nalwa, V. (2009), Hari Singh Nalwa - Champion of the Khalsaji, New Delhi: Manohar, pp. 90-97, ISBN 8173047855.
- ^ a b Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 13, p. 77.
- ^ Quaid-I-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: First Series, Volume III: On the Threshold of Pakistan, July 1 - July 25, 1947 By Mahomed Ali Jinnah, Z. H. Zaidi Contributor Z. H. Zaidi Edition: illustrated Published by Oxford University Press, 1997 Original from the University of Michigan Digitized 29 Aug 2008 ISBN 9698156070, 9789698156077 1120 pages
- ^ Frontier of faith: Islam in the Indo-Afghan borderland By Sana Haroon Edition: illustrated Published by Columbia University Press, 2008 ISBN 023170013X, 9780231700139 254 pages
- ^ Pakistan Election Commission - Unique Stats: http://www.ecp.gov.pk/content/uniquestats.html
