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2010–2011 Arab world protests
File:Millionmarchtahrirsquare.jpg
Tahrir Square in Egypt – "March of the Millions"
DateDecember 18, 2010—ongoing
Casualties
Death(s)Over 600 (self-immolations included)
InjuriesOver 4,000
ArrestedOver 1,000

The 2010–2011 Arab world protests[1] are an unprecedented[2] series of major uprisings, demonstrations and protests in the Arab countries of Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Yemen and Jordan, with minor incidents occurring in Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Sudan, Syria, Iraq, Libya, and Morocco.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] The protests have shared an extensive use of techniques of civil resistance in sustained campaigns involving strikes, demonstrations, and other such methods. The Tunisian and Egyptian protests have been referred to as revolutions.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

Many factors have led to the protests, including accusations of government corruption, human rights violations and extreme poverty. Increasing food prices and rates of famine globally have also been a major reason, involving threats to food security worldwide and prices approaching levels seen during the 2007–2008 world food price crisis.[19][20][21]

The protests began on December 18, 2010 with an uprising turning into a revolution in Tunisia, following Mohamed Bouazizi's self-immolation in protest at police corruption and ill-treatment.[22][23][24] Due to similar hardships in the region and ultimately successful protests in Tunisia, a chain of unrest was started which was followed by protests in Algeria, Jordan, Egypt and Yemen,[25][26] and to a lesser degree in other Arab states. In many cases the climactic days have been termed[27] "day of rage," or some variation thereof.[28][29]

So far, two governments have been toppled—in Tunisia on January 14 and Egypt on February 11. The first government to be overthrown as a result of the protests was Tunisia's (an event termed the Jasmine Revolution in the Western media) when former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali fled to Saudi Arabia. World attention then focused on Egypt, where massive protests began on 25 January 2011. After four days of protests, President Mubarak, who has ruled Egypt for 30 years, offered reforms but not his personal resignation, which was the goal of the protesters. On the eighth day and as protests continued, even attracting more protesters from all social classes, he announced he would step down only in September, and would not seek another presidential term in the forthcoming election. Around the same time, Jordan's King Abdullah named a new prime minister[30] and the president of Yemen, Ali Abdullah Saleh, announced that he, too, would not seek another term in office, after 32 years of rule.[31] After eighteen days of non-stop protests in major cities in Egypt, Mubarak finally resigned on February 11.

The protests have drawn great attention and concern from around the world.[32] The possibility has been raised of the protests being nominated for the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize.[33]

Overview

Date started Country Date ended Type(s) of protests Reaction Death toll
December 18, 2010 Tunisia Tunisia Mohamed Bouazizi's self-immolation
Major street demonstrations; nationwide protest; attacks to ruling party offices and some police stations		 President Ben Ali announces he will not seek another term in 2014 (Jan 13),[34] sacking of Government (Jan 14) and early legislative elections in six months (Jan 14)[35]
Regime ousted: President and family flee the country (Jan 14)[36]
Prime Minister forms a Government of "national unity" (Jan 17)[37]
Ruling party leadership disbanded (Jan 20),[38] party is removed from Government (Jan 27)[39] and suspended (Feb 6)[40]		 219[41]
December 28, 2010 Algeria Algeria Major street demonstrations President Bouteflika promises end of 19-year state of emergency in the “very near future” (Feb 3), however no date has been announced [42] 5
January 13, 2011  Libya Country-wide protests over housing and corruption Government will provide housing and development (Jan 27)[43] 0
January 14, 2011 Jordan Jordan Minor protests and street demonstrations King Abdullah II announces sacking of Prime Minister and a new government (Feb 1)[44] 0
January 17, 2011  Mauritania January 17, 2011 Self-immolation 1
January 17, 2011  Sudan Minor protests 1
January 17, 2011  Oman January 17, 2011 Minor protests 0
January 18, 2011 Yemen Yemen Internal government dissent against President;[45] major street demonstrations[46][47] President Saleh announces he will not seek another term in 2013 (Feb 2)[48] 0
January 21, 2011  Saudi Arabia Self-immolation;[49] street demonstration[50] Police stops the demonstration about 15 minutes after it started. About 30 to 50 people are arrested. 4
January 25, 2011 Egypt Egypt Nationwide protest and uprising; major street demonstrations Prime Minister and Cabinet are sacked (Jan 29);[51] new Government takes over (Jan 31)[52]
President Mubarak announces he will not seek another term in September 2011 (Feb 1)[53]
Top officials of ruling party resign in masse (Feb 5)[54]
Government and some political parties agree on a constitutional reform committee (Feb 6)[55]
Mubarak "delegates powers" to vice president Suleiman (Feb 10)[56]
Ruling party's general secretary resigns; President Mubarak steps down, power being taken over by the Armed Forces Supreme Council (Feb 11)		 302[57]
January 26, 2011  Syria January 28, 2011 Self-immolation, minor protests 1
January 30, 2011  Morocco January 30, 2011 Self-immolation 0
February 1, 2011  Djibouti February 1, 2011 Minor protests 0
February 4, 2011  Bahrain Minor protests 0
February 10, 2011  Iraq Protests across Iraq in several cities. Prime Minister Maliki announces he will not run for a 3rd term (Feb 5)[58] 0
February 14, 2011  Iran Propose protests 0
Total death toll: 535

Countries where protests have taken place

Algeria

January 7th in Algeria
Main article: 2010–2011 Algerian protests

On 29 December, clashes with police were also reported in neighbouring Algiers, Algeria, over protests about the lack of housing. At least 53 people were reported to have been injured and another 29 were arrested. In total, three demonstrators were killed, more than 800 people were wounded, and at least 1,100 were arrested.

From 12–19 January, a wave of self-immolation attempts swept the country, beginning with Mohamed Aouichia, who set himself on fire in Bordj Menaiel in protest at his family's housing. On 13 January, Mohsen Bouterfif set himself on fire after a meeting with the mayor of Boukhadra in Tebessa who was unable to offer Bouterfif a job and a house. Bouterfif was reported to have died a few days later; about 100 youths protested his death, causing the provincial governor to sack the mayor. At least ten other self-immolation attempts were reported that week.

On 22 January the RCD party organised a demonstration for democracy in Algiers attended by about 300 people, illegal under the State of Emergency in force since 1992; it was suppressed by the police, with 42 injuries.

On 29 January, at least ten-thousand people marched in the northeastern city of Bejaia.[59]

On 3 February, President Abdelaziz Bouteflika announced that the 19-year state of emergency would be lifted in the very near future in an apparent bid to stave off unrest.[60]

On 5 February, a major "illegal" march was scheduled for the 12th of the month.[61]

On 11 February, nearly 2000 pro-democracy protesters clashed with police forces at the central May 1 square. The government had imposed a ban on all opposition rallies but protesters seemed deteremined to come out on the streets. Reports claim that the police have blocked all entry points into the capital and are arresting activists. Algeria could be next in line to Egypt, but analysts believe the government will silence the protests with its oil and gas wealth.[62][63]

Bahrain

Background

In the 1990s, an uprising took place in Bahrain in which leftists, liberals and Islamists joined forces. The uprising ended after Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa became Emir of Bahrain in 1999[64] and a referendum on 14–15 February 2001 massively supported the National Action Charter, which made Bahrain a constitutional monarchy.[65]

Bahrain is ruled by a Sunni king and has a Shia-majority population.[66]

Protests

On 4 February, several hundred Bahrainis gathered in front of the Egyptian embassy in Manama to express solidarity with anti-government protesters in Egypt.[67] According to the The Wall Street Journal, this was "one of the first such gatherings to be held in the oil-rich Persian Gulf states."[67] At the gathering, Ibrahim Sharif, the secretary-general of the National Democratic Action Society, (al-Wa'ad) called for "local reform."[67]

Al Jazeera reported that a protest is planned for 14 February,[68] just a few months after a controversial election. The date of 14 February was chosen as it is the tenth anniversary of the referendum that voted in favour of the National Action Charter of Bahrain.[69] Bahraini youths described their plans as an appeal for Bahrainis "to take to the streets on Monday 14 February in a peaceful and orderly manner" in order to rewrite the constitution and to establish a body with a "full popular mandate to investigate and hold to account economic, political and social violations, including stolen public wealth, political naturalisation, arrests, torture and other oppressive security measures, [and] institutional and economic corruption."[68][70] They referred to the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt as motivations for their appeal.[70] The Al Wefaq National Islamic Society, which won 18 of the 40 seats in the 2010 parliamentary election, participated in the planning for demonstrations on 14 February.[71] The Bahrain Center for Human Rights described authorities' preparations for the 14 February planned demonstrations as "a state of confusion, apprehension and anticipation".[72] On 11 February, King Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa ordered that 1,000 Bahraini dinars (approx. US$2,600 as of February 2011) be given to "each family" to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the National Action Charter referendum.[73] Agence France Presse linked the .د.ب 1,000 payments to the 14 February demonstration plans.[73]

Censorship and arrests

The Bahrain Center for Human Rights said that Bahraini authorities were blocking a Facebook group being used for planned protests on 14 February, and that its own website had been blocked for many years.[69][72] Several bloggers were arrested prior to 6 February.[72]

Domestic responses King Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa's announcement of giving .د.ب 1,000 to each family[73][66] was interpreted by Al Jazeera as an attempt to prevent protests.[66] Al Khalifa also offered to increased social spending and to release minor Shias jailed after August 2010 protests.[66]

International responses Al Jazeera claimed that Bahrain is considered to be the most vulnerable country to unrest amongst Gulf Arab states.[66] On 3 February, the British Embassy in Bahrain stated that it was aware of plans for protests on 14 February and did not advise British citizens to "take any special steps" beyond its standard advice that included a request "maintain a high level of security awareness" and to "avoid large gatherings, crowds and demonstrations, as a number of them have turned violent."[74]

Djibouti

Three-hundred people protested against President Ismail Omar Guelleh in Djibouti asking him not to run for another term and also for more liberty and for political and social reform. Somalilandpress described the protests as peaceful.[75]

Egypt

Protesters marching on 25 January. Demonstrators later moved to al-Tahrir Square, in Downtown Cairo, where the main protests were being held.
Main article: Egyptian Revolution of 2011

Following the uprising in Tunisia, potential presidential candidate Mohamed ElBaradei warned of a "Tunisia-style explosion" in the country.[76]

Protests in Egypt began on 25 January and ran for 18 days. Starting at around midnight on 28 January, the Egyptian government almost entirely cut off the country from internet access.[77] Later that day, as tens of thousands protested on the streets of Egypt's major cities, President Mubarak formally fired his government and appointed a new one, which included the first Vice President in almost 30 years. On 2 February, pro-Mubarak activists armed and riding camels and horses began to attack protesters with Molotov cocktails.[78] Egypt officially cut off internet access for sometime during the protests and many international journalists complained of harrasment. One local journalists was also killed in the protests.

On 10 February, Mubarak ceded power to Vice President Omar Suleiman.[79] However, protests continued the next day before which Suleiman announced that Mubarak had resigned from the presidency and transferred power to the Armed Forces of Egypt.[80]

States and ordinary citizens in places across the world either expressed solidarity with the protests or were cautious. A few states in the region were supportive of Mubarak holding onto power.

Iraq

In an effort to prevent potential unrest, Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki announced that he will not run for a third term in 2014.[81] Nevertheless, hundreds of protesters gatheres in several major Iraqi urban areas on 12 February (notably Baghdad and Karbala) demanding a more effective approach to the issue of national security and investigation into federal corruption cases, as well as government action towards making public services fair and accessible.[82][83][84] In response, the government of Iraq subsidised electricity costs.[85] Israel's Haaretz reported that a 31-year-old man in Mosul died after he self-immolated himself in protest against unemployment. Haaretz also reported a planned "Revolution of Iraqi Rage" to be held on 25 February near the Green Zone.[86]

Jordan

Main article: 2011 Jordanian protests

On 14 January, protests took place in Jordan's capital Amman, and at Maan, Karak, Salt and Irbid, and other cities. The protests, led by trade unionists and leftist parties, came after Friday prayers, and called for the government led by Prime Minister Samir Rifai to step down. They chanted anti-government slogans and called Rifai a "coward." One banner in the protest read "Jordan is not only for the rich. Bread is a red line. Beware of our starvation and fury," while protesters chanted "Down with Rifai's government. Unify yourselves because the government wants to eat your flesh. Raise fuel prices to fill your pocket with millions." Tawfiq al-Batoush, a former head of the Karak municipality, said: "We are protesting the policies of the government, high prices and repeated taxation that made the Jordanian people revolt."[87] The Muslim Brotherhood and 14 trade unions said they would hold a sit-down protest outside parliament the next day to "denounce government['s] economic policies." Parallels were drawn with the Tunisian protests.[88]

The Jordanian government reversed a fuel price rise following the protest.[89] Al Jazeera stated that protests are expected to continue for several weeks because of increasing food prices.[89]

On 21 January, 5,000 people in Amman took part in the largest protest so far.[90]

On 1 February, the Royal Palace announced that king Abdullah has sacked the government as a consequence of the street protests and has asked Marouf al-Bakhit, an ex-army general, to form a new Cabinet.[91] King Abdullah told Bakhit his authority will be to "take quick, concrete and practical steps to launch a genuine political reform process". The reforms should put Jordan on the path "to strengthen democracy," and provide Jordanians with the "dignified life they deserve," the monarch said.[92]

Libya

January

From 13–16 January, upset at delays and corruption, protesters in Darnah, Benghazi, Bani Walid and other cities in Libya broke into and occupied housing that the government was building.[93][94] By 27 January the government had responded to the unrest with a $24 billion investment fund to provide housing and development.[43]

In late January, Jamal al-Hajji, a writer, political commentator and accountant, "call[ed] on the internet for demonstrations to be held in support of greater freedoms in Libya" inspired by the Tunisian and Egyptian uprisings.[95] He was arrested on 1 February by plain-clothes police officers and charged on 3 February with injuring someone with his car. Amnesty International claimed that as al-Hajji had previously been imprisoned for his non-violent political opinions, the real reason for the present arrest appeared to be his call for demonstrations.[95]

17 February "Day of Rage"

A "Day of Rage" in Libya and by Libyans in exile is planned for 17 February.[68][96][97] The National Conference for the Libyan Opposition stated that "all" groups of opposed to Muammar al-Gaddafi in Libya and in exile plan protests against Gaddafi on 17 February, in memory of demonstrations in Benghazi on 17 February 2006 that were initially against the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons and became protests against al-Gaddafi.[97] The plans to protests are inspired by the 2010–2011 Tunisian and Egyptian uprisings.[97] In early February, Gaddafi met with "Libyan political activists, journalists, and media figures" and "warned" them that they would be "held responsible" if they participated "in any way in disturbing the peace or creating chaos in Libya".[97]

Mauritania

There were also similar protests in Mauritania where Yacoub Ould Dahoud, a protester, burned himself near the Presidential Palace in opposition to the policies of Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz.[98][99]

Morocco

Inspired by Tunisian and Egyptian protesters, at least four Moroccans have set themselves on fire and on January 30, 2011 at a protest gathering in Tangier.[9][100] The Moroccan government and royal family are fearing that mass protests could spread to their nation. Moroccan authorities have okayed an anti-government protest being planned on the popular social networking site Facebook, a media report said. The media report said several Moroccan youth movements have announced on Facebook that they are planning to organise an Egypt-style anti-government protest February 20, a move apparently welcomed by the government.[101][102] Rating agencies Standard & Poor's and Fitch have said the North African country of 32 million people is the least likely in the region to be affected by the wave of popular unrest.

Oman

In the Gulf country of Oman, 200 protesters marched on 17 January demanding salary increases and lower costs of living. The protest shocked news reporters who have viewed Oman as a "politically stable and sleepy country.".[103] Meanwhile, the Sultan of Oman cancelled his India tour because of probably the growing unrest in the Arab world (specially Yemen which borders Oman). A week-long of preparations were called off abruptly and the entourage has now returned back to Oman.[104]

Saudi Arabia

In Saudi Arabia, an unidentified 65-year man died on 21 January after setting himself on fire in the town of Samtah, Jizan. This was apparently the kingdom's first known case of self-immolation.[49][105] On 29 January, hundreds of protesters gathered in the city of Jeddah in a rare display of criticism against the city's poor infrastructure after deadly floods swept through the city, killing eleven people.[50] Police stopped the demonstration about 15 minutes after it started. About 30 to 50 people were arrested.[106]

On 10 February, members of the opposition came together and formed the Umma Islamic Party — considered to be the first political party in Saudi Arabia — to demand the end of absolute monarchy in the country.[107]

Sudan

Protests

On 30 January, protests took place in Khartoum and Al-Ubayyid.[108] In Khartoum, police clashed with demonstrators in the town centre and at least two universities. Demonstrators had organized on online social networking sites since the Tunisian protests the month before. Hussein Khogali, editor in chief of the Al-Watan newspaper stated that his daughter had been arrested for organizing the protest via Facebook and opposition leader Mubarak al-Fadil's two sons were arrested while on their way to the main protest. Pro-government newspapers had warned that protests would cause chaos.[109] Some protesters called for President Omar al-Bashir to step down. Activists said that dozens of people had been arrested. The protests came on the same day the preliminary results for the referendum indicated some 99% of South Sudanese voted to secede.[110] One student died in hospital the same night from injuries received in the clashes.[111] Students threw rocks at police officers while chanting "No to high prices, no to corruption" and "Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan together as one." Police officers arrested five and put down the protest.[112]

In the Al-Ubayyid (el-Obeid) 30 January demonstration, about 500 people protested "against the government and demanding change" in the market. Police broke up the demonstration using tear gas.[108]

On 1 February, about 200 students demonstrated in front of Al-Neelain University in Khartoum. Police stopped the demonstration.[113]

Arrests and other repressions

On 17 January, security forces in Sudan arrested the head of the Popular Congress Party, Hassan al-Turabi, as well as five other members of the party, after he called for a similar protest to oust the ruling government over electoral fraud, stoking inflation and abrogating civil liberties[114][115] at a time when Sudan was facing a secessionist referendum.

The Committee to Protect Journalists said journalists are facing increasing harassment. On 30 January, journalists were beaten by security forces and at least eight were detained. The following day, the distribution of several opposition newspapers was blocked by authorities.[116]

In late January, the African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies[117] reported that more than 100 people had been detained on the first day of protests and that activists were being "taken from their homes and offices".[113]

Syria

On 26 January 2011, Hasan Ali Akleh from Al-Hasakah poured gasoline and burned himself in the same way as Mohamed Bouazizi. According to eyewitnesses, the action was "a protest against the Syrian government".[118][119] On 29 January 2011, news channel Al Arabiya reported that Internet connection was cut off, that was quickly denied by official sources.[120] On 28 January 2011, a demonstration was held in Ar-Raqqah during the evening, in protest against the killing of two soldiers of Kurdish descent.[121]

On 31 January 2011, the Wall Street Journal ran an exclusive interview with Bashar al-Assad, President of Syria, in which he said it's time to reform. In a comment on the protests in Egypt, Tunisia and Yemen, he said a "new era" is coming to the Middle East, and that Arab rulers would need to do more to accommodate their people's rising political and economic aspirations.[122][123]

On 3 February another "Day of rage" was called for in Syria from 4–5 February on social media sites Facebook and Twitter. Protesters demand reform in the government, however most protests so far have remained outside of Syria and have been small.[124][125][126][127]

The protests were expected to begin on 4 February 2011 as social media mobilised the people of Syria for rallies demanding freedom, human rights and the end to the state of emergency. Protests were also scheduled for 5 February in front of the parliament in Damascus and at Syrian embassies internationally.[128] The planned protests had been named "Day of Rage."[129] President Bashar al-Assad has declared that his state is immune from the kinds of mass protests taking place in Egypt.[130] Al Jazeera also reported plans to increase security for the planned "days of rage." Days before the planned protests, Syrian authorities arrested several political activists, such as businessman Ghassan al-Najar, leader of the Islamic Democratic movement,[131][132] the writer Ali al-Abdallah,[133] Abbas Abbas, from Syrian Communist Party[134] and several other political pesonalities of Kurdish backgrounds, such as Adnan Mustafa.[135] Suhair Atassi, who runs the banned Jamal Atassi Forum, called for political reforms and the reinstatement of civil rights, as well as an end to the emergency law in place since 1963.[136] However, no protests occurred on either date.[137][138][139] Though internet services were said to been curbed, Facebook and Youtube were reported to have been restored on 8 February.[140] Suggestions were made that easing the ban could be a way to track activists.[141] After the failure of attempts to a "day of rage," Al Jazeera called the country "a kingdom of silence" and identified key factors for stability within Syria as being strict security measures, the popularity of President Bashar al-Assad, and fears of potential sectarian violence in the aftermath of a government ouster (akin to neighbouring Iraq).[142]

Tunisia

Demonstrators in downtown Tunis on January 14th, 2011
Main article: 2010–2011 Tunisian revolution

The 2010–2011 Tunisian revolution is a continuing series of street demonstrations taking place throughout Tunisia from December 2010 onwards. The demonstrations and riots were reported to have started over unemployment, food inflation, corruption, freedom of speech and poor living conditions. The protests were exacerbated by the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi that eventually led to the ousting of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, who stepped down from the presidency and fled Tunisia on 14 January 2011 after 23 years in power.

Yemen

Main article: 2011 Yemeni protests

Protests occurred in many towns in both the north and south of Yemen starting in mid-January. Protesters initially protested against governmental proposals to modify the constitution of Yemen, unemployment and economic conditions[143] and corruption.[144] Their demands increased to calls for President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who has been facing internal opposition from his closest advisors since 2009,[45] to resign.[47][144][145] A major demonstration of over 16,000 protestors took place in Sana'a on 27 January[46] and human rights activist and politician Tawakel Karman called for a "Day of Rage" on 3 February.[146] Xinhua News said that a million protesters were called for.[147] In response to the planned protest, Ali Abdullah Saleh stated that he will not seek another presidential term in 2013.[148] On 3 February, 20,000 people protested against the government in Sana'a,[149][150] others protested in Aden,[151] in a "Day of Rage" called for by Tawakel Karman,[146] while soldiers, armed members of the General People's Congress and many protestors held a pro-government rally in Sana'a.[152] Concurrent with the resignation of Egyptian president Mubarak, Yemenis again took to the streets protesting President Saleh on February 11 in what has been dubbed a "Friday of Rage".[153]

Self-immolation

Since Mohamed Bouazizi's self-immolation in Tunisia sparked an uprising that led to the ouster of Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, a number of self-immolation protests have taken place in other Arab countries. In Algeria, Mohsen Bouterfif set himself on fire after a meeting with a town mayor failed in helping him find employment and housing on 13 January 2011. He later died of his wounds. Another Algerian man attempted but failed to burn himself.[154] In Egypt, Abdou Abdel-Moneim Jaafar, a 49-year-old restaurant owner, set himself alight in front of the Egyptian Parliament.[155] In Saudi Arabia, an unidentified 65-year-old man died on 21 January 2011, after setting himself on fire in the town of Samtah, Jizan. This was apparently the kingdom's first known case of self-immolation.[49][105]


Additional self-immolation incidents
Name Residence Date of
self-immolation		 Date of
death		 Ref(s)
1 Algeria Mohsen Bouterfif Boukhadra 13 January 2011 16 January 2011 [156]
2 Algeria Aouichia Mohammad Bordj Menaïel 15 January 2011
—
 [157]
3 Algeria Boubacar Boyden Jijel 15 January 2011
—
 [158]
4 Algeria Mamier Lotfi El Oued 16 January 2011
—
 [159]
5 Algeria Senouci Touat Mostaganem 16 January 2011
—
 [157]
6 Mauritania Yacoub Ould Dahoud Tidjikja 17 January 2011 22 January 2011 [157]
7 Egypt Abdou Abdel-Moneim Jaafar El-Qanater 17 January 2011
—
 [155][157]
8 Egypt Mohammed Farouk Hassan Cairo 18 January 2011
—
 [160]
9 Egypt Ahmed Hashim al-Sayyed Alexandria 18 January 2011 18 January 2011 [161][162]
10 Egypt Mohammed Ashour Sorour Cairo 18 January 2011
—
 [161]
11 Saudi Arabia unknown Samtah 21 January 2011 21 January 2011 [49][105]
12 Syria Hasan Ali Akleh Al-Hasakah 26 January 2011 26 January 2011 [118][119]
13 Algeria unknown Medjana 28 January 2011 29 January 2011 [163]
14 Morocco unknown Tangier 30 January 2011
15 Morocco unknown Tangier 30 January 2011
16 Morocco unknown Tangier 30 January 2011
17 Morocco unknown Tangier 30 January 2011
18 Algeria unknown unknown unknown [164]
19 Algeria unknown unknown unknown [164]
20 Iraq "31-year-old male" Mosul 13 February 2011 13 February 2011 [165]
"—" denotes that the individual survived.

Preventive actions

Kuwait

In a move seen by some as attempt to head-off economic issues as a cause for unrest, Emir of Kuwait Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah gave all "its citizens [1.12 million people] free food rations and a grant of $4,000 [1,000 dinars]."[166] Officially the grant is in commemoration of "the 20th anniversary of Kuwait's liberation from occupying Iraqi forces and which also marks the 50th anniversary of the state's independence."[167] The cost of the food is estimated at 230 million dinars ($818 million) and will be available from 1 February 2011 to 31 March 2012.[167]

Palestine

Haaretz suggested that an announcement by the Palestinian Authority on 1 February to hold municipal elections in July is in reaction to the anti-government protests in Egypt. PA municipal, legislative and presidential elections were last held in 2004–2005, 2006, and 2005, respectively, leaving the president and members of parliament in office after their elected terms had ended.[168] Palestinian prime minister Salam Fayyad admitted that the protests had changed his mind about elections, which he had previously seen as divisive, and views the short-term unrest as a trend toward long-term 'positive change' in the Arab world's politics.[169] An aide to President Abbas said that the Palestinians will hold a election by September,[170] however the move was immediately condemned by Hamas who said they would boycott the election.

Similar concurrent protests outside the Arab world

Albania

Main article: 2011 Albanian opposition demonstrations

On January 26, Edi Rama, the Mayor of Tirana, Albania, called for protests against Prime Minister Sali Berisha's government. The demonstrators were dispersed by tear gas and water cannons. 4 protesters were killed, with over 150 injured, a move the latter called an attempt to foment similar unrest as in Tunisia.

Bangladesh

A general strike had been called in Bangladesh, which was seen as partly inspired by events in Egypt.[171]

Bolivia

On February 10, President Evo Morales canceled an appearance at a public event in Oruro due to fears over riots after protesters angry about rising food prices and Morales' style of government reportedly planted explosives there. Morales was said to be "on guard" in the wake of the Tunisian and Egyptian uprisings.[172] Protests against the president were also reported in several of the country's major cities.[173]

Ethiopia

Following Ben Ali's flight from Tunisia, the Ethiopian government said there would be a cap on the prices of essential foods.[171]

Former Soviet Union

Some analysts have warned of a possible "Egypt effect" in Russia and the former Soviet Union.[171]

Gabon

On January 29, riot police in Gabon fired tear gas to break up a protest by around 5,000 opposition supporters, where according to witnesses, up to 20 people were wounded. It was the second such protest since opposition leader Andre Mba Obame declared himself president on January 25 and urged people to take inspiration from Tunisia's uprising.[174]

Iran

The 32nd anniversary of the Islamic Revolution was said to have had a low turnout on 11 February, 2011. At the behest of Mir Hossein Mousavi and Mehdi Karroubi, opposition leaders called for nationwide protest marches for 14 February. Rumours suggested that the protesters would include university students, lorry drivers and gold merchants from across the country under the umbrella opposition known as the Green movement in what was seen as an inspiration of events from Egypt and Tunisia. The Revolutionary Guard said it would forcefully confront protesters.[175]

India

The Kashmiri regional party PDP President Mehbooba Mufti criticised the Jammu and Kashmir government for "dismissing the Kashmiri youth who led the summer unrest" as drug addicts and people from Lashkar-e-Taiba. She said the situation was akin to that in Egypt and called for a protest demonstration on 14 February.[176]

Serbia

On 5 February, 55,000 protesters gathered in the capital city of Belgrade for a rally called by the opposition Serbian Progressive Party. Party leader Tomislav Nikolić warned the government to bring forward an election scheduled for 2012 to within 2 months or to face a civil disobedience campaign. Protesters were concerned over economic woes as a result of high prices, low salaries and a stalled economy.[177]

See also

References

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Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2010–2011 Arab world protests.
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