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Haplogroup F-M89

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Haplogroup F
Possible time of origin48,000 years BP (38,700-55,700);[1][2]
Possible place of originEurasia, possibly South Asia or Southwest Asia
AncestorCF
DescendantsF*, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, G, H, IJK
Defining mutationsP14, M89, M213, P133, P134, P135, P136, P138, P139, P140, P141, P142, P145, P146, P148, P149, P151, P157, P158, P159, P160, P161, P163, P166, P187

In human genetics, haplogroup F is a very common Y-chromosome haplogroup spanning all the continents. This haplogroup and its subclades contain more than 90% of the world's existing male population. Sometimes it is referred to as haplogroup FT to distinguish the part of it which is referred to in standard nomenclature as haplogroup (or paragroup) F* (the branches of haplogroup F which have not yet been designated as defining a major haplogroup of their own).

This haplogroup is ancestral to, and contains, Y-chromosome haplogroups G (M201), H (M69), and IJK (L15/S137, L16/S138, L69.1(=G)/S163.1) along with IJK's descendant haplogroups (IJ, and K) and so on.

Origins

This supercluster contains mainly lineages that are not typically found in sub-Saharan Africa, suggesting that its ancestral C-F chromosome may have been carried out of Africa very early in the modern human diaspora, and F may have appeared 48,000(38,700-55,700) years ago, probably in Eurasia.[1]

According to the phylogeographic distribution of haplotypes observed among South Asian populations defined by social and linguistic criteria, the possibility arose of haplogroup F might have originated in or near India, and F* might share a common demographic history with H, C5, R2 and L1.[3] The presence of several subclusters of F and K that are largely restricted to the Indian subcontinent is consistent with the scenario that a coastal (southern route) of early human migration out of Africa carried ancestral Eurasian lineages first to the coast of the Indian subcontinent, or that some of them originated there.[4]

Other sources mention that this ancient haplogroup may have first appeared in North Africa, the Levant, or the Arabian Peninsula as much as 50,000 years ago (50,300±6500).[5] It is sometimes believed to represent a "second-wave" of expansion out of Africa. However, the location of this lineage's first expansion and rise to prevalence appears to have been in South Asia or somewhere close to it within the extended Middle East. All of Haplogroup F's descendant haplogroups also show a pattern of radiation from South Asia (haplogroups H, F* and K) or the Middle East (haplogroups G and IJ).

Several lineages derived from Haplogroup F appear to have migrated into Africa from a homeland in Southwest Asia sometime during prehistory. Y-chromosome haplogroups associated with this hypothetical "Back to Africa" migration include J, R1b, and T.

Distribution

Because R, I, J, and K are subclades of F, it is the most common macro-haplogroup outside of Africa with more than 90% of the world's population, therefore is predominant everywhere except for Africa, where haplogroups A, B, and E predominate, as well as parts of Eastern Asia and Oceania, where C and D are most common. [citation needed]

Paragroup F*

Within Haplogroup F, besides the major sub-clades of G, H and IJK, other patrilines can still be detected at a very low frequency among many populations of the southern fringe of Eurasia and Oceania. Haplogroup F-M89 is a “default” haplogroup potentially comprising several lineages.[6] Originally it was believed all M89+ men would be found to belong to F descendant haplogroups G-T, but an increasing number of men have continued to test positive only for the mutation that defines F.[7] The F* haplogroup is paraphyletic and rare in most regions.

In India it is distributed similarly to H.[8] India has a frequency of 12.5%, being the most frequent haplogroup in tribal groups after Haplogroup H. Among tribal groups it is at 18.1% with a moderate distribution among caste groups (approx. 9.6%),[6] so the gene flow between castes was low but it is important in panchamas and sudras.[9] So it is important in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh,[3] in Koya tribes is at 27% and in Sinhalese people 10%.[4]

It is found in two north Portuguese populations (0.5%) and this may have occurred as a result of admixture since Portugal had significant contacts with India about 500 years ago.[10]

The Ailao Mountains of Yunnan Province in southwestern China appear to be the only regions where such lineages, which are grouped for convenience as Haplogroup F*, comprise a significant portion of the Y-chromosome diversity of a modern population; F* Y-chromosomes have been found to be particularly common among the Kucong or Yellow Lahu, a group of hunter-gatherers who live in the Ailao Mountains of Yunnan.[11]

Also it has been found in the Malay Archipelago and in 8% of sampled Korean males.[12]

Subclades

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2009 tree[1] and subsequent published research.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
  2. ^ 50,300±6500 Hammer, M.F., Zegura, S.L.(2002) The human Y chromosome haplogroup tree: Nomenclature and phylogeography of its major divisions. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 31:303–321.
  3. ^ a b c Sengupta, S; Zhivotovsky, L; King, R; Mehdi, S; Edmonds, C; Chow, C; Lin, A; Mitra, M; Sil, S (2006). "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (2): 202–21. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230. PMID 16400607.
  4. ^ a b Kivisild, T; Rootsi, S; Metspalu, M; Mastana, S; Kaldma, K; Parik, J; Metspalu, E; Adojaan, M; Tolk, HV (2003). "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 313–32. doi:10.1086/346068. PMC 379225. PMID 12536373.
  5. ^ Hammer, Michael F.; Zegura, Stephen L. (2002). "THE HUMAN Y CHROMOSOME HAPLOGROUP TREE: Nomenclature and Phylogeography of Its Major Divisions". Annual Review of Anthropology. 31 (1): 303–21. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085413.
  6. ^ a b Cordaux, Richard; Aunger, Robert; Bentley, Gillian; Nasidze, Ivane; Sirajuddin, S.M.; Stoneking, Mark (2004). "Independent Origins of Indian Caste and Tribal Paternal Lineages" (PDF). Current Biology. 14 (3): 231–5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.024. PMID 14761656.
  7. ^ The Haplogroup F Y-DNA Project - Family Project Website
  8. ^ a b Chiaroni, J.; Underhill, P. A.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (2009). "Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (48): 20174–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910803106. PMC 2787129. PMID 19920170.
  9. ^ Zerjal, Tatiana; Pandya, Arpita; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Ling, Edmund Y. S.; Kearley, Jennifer; Bertoneri, Stefania; Paracchini, Silvia; Singh, Lalji; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2006). "Y-chromosomal insights into the genetic impact of the caste system in India". Human Genetics. 121 (1): 137–44. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0282-2. PMC 2590678. PMID 17075717.
  10. ^ Athey, T. Whit (2005). "Pitfalls in Determinations of Y Haplogroup F*" (PDF). Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 1: 35–9.
  11. ^ Black, M. L.; Wise, C. A.; Wang, W; Bittles, Alan Holland (2006). "Combining Genetics and Population History in the Study of Ethnic Diversity in the People's Republic of China". Human Biology. 78 (3): 277–93. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0041.
  12. ^ Kayser, M; Brauer, S; Weiss, G; Schiefenhövel, W; Underhill, P; Shen, P; Oefner, P; Tommaseo-Ponzetta, M; Stoneking, M (2003). "Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 281–302. doi:10.1086/346065. PMC 379223. PMID 12532283.
  13. ^ Regueiro, M.; Cadenas, A.M.; Gayden, T.; Underhill, P.A.; Herrera, R.J. (2006). "Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration". Human Heredity. 61 (3): 132–43. doi:10.1159/000093774. PMID 16770078.
  14. ^ Armenian DNA Project Family Tree DNA - Genealogy by Genetics, Ltd. World Headquarters, 2010
  15. ^ Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A (2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 154. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMC 2720951. PMID 19573232.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

External links

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