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Federal republic

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A federal republic is a federation of states with a republican form of government. Usage of the term republic is inconsistent but, as a minimum, it means a state or federation of states that does not have a monarch.

In a federal republic, there is a division of powers between the national ("federal") government, and the government of the individual subdivisions. While each federal republic manages this division of powers differently, national security and defense, monetary policy, and other issues of a "national" scope are handled at the "federal" level while more local issues such as road and infrastructure maintenance and education policy are handled at the local level. However, views differ on what issues should be of sub-divisional governmental structures, the subdivisions also have sovereignty in some matters where the federal government does not have jurisdiction. This is in contrast to a unitary republic whereby the national government has complete sovereignty over all aspects of political life. In this case, regional structures of governanthe regional bodies or states on issues affecting the whole. The federal republic is a form of government used by many countries around the world and it can take almost any form- from aristocracies to democracies to tyrannies. As in the United States, many federal republics are Constitutional Republics which seek to ensure the rights of individuals and groups within the republic.

Contemporary

Nation Official Name and Style Subdivisions Head of state
 Argentina Argentine Republic Provinces President
 Austria[1] Republic of Austria States Federal President
 Bosnia and Herzegovina[2] Bosnia and Herzegovina Entities Collective Presidency
 Brazil[3] Federative Republic of Brazil States President of the Republic
 Comoros Federal Republic of the Comoros Autonomous islands President
 Ethiopia[4] Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Regions President
 Germany[5] Federal Republic of Germany States Federal President
 India[6] Republic of India States President
 Iraq Republic of Iraq Provinces President
 Mexico[7] United Mexican States States President
 Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia States President
   Nepal[8] Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal Yet to decide by the constituent assembly President
 Nigeria[9] Federal Republic of Nigeria States President
 Pakistan[10] Islamic Republic of Pakistan Provinces President
 Russian Federation[11] Russian Federation Federal subjects President
 Somalia Federal Republic of Somalia States President
 South Sudan Republic of South Sudan States President
 Sudan Republic of the Sudan States President
  Switzerland[12] Swiss Confederation Cantons Federal Council
 United States[13] United States of America States President
 Venezuela[14] Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela States President

Historic

Federation Official Name and Style Period Subdivisions
 Dutch Republic Republic of the Seven United Netherlands 1581–1795 Provinces
 Colombia Republic of Colombia
United States of Colombia		 1819-1831
1863–1886		 States
Federal Republic of Central America United Provinces of Central America
Federal Republic of Central America		 1823–1838
 Germany German Reich (Weimar Republic) 1919-1933 States
 Soviet Union Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1922-1991 Republics
 Yugoslavia[15] Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia		 1945-1963
1963-1992		 Republics
 Serbia and Montenegro Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
State Union of Serbia and Montenegro		 1992-2003
2003-2006		 Republics
 Burma Union of Burma 1948-1962 States
 Indonesia Republic of the United States of Indonesia 1949-1950[note 1] States
 Cameroon Federal Republic of Cameroon 1961-1972
 Czechoslovakia[15] Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
Czech and Slovak Federative Republic		 1969-1990
1990-1993		 Socialist Republics

Notes

  1. ^ The states lived on until a final treaty in 1956 in which Republic of South Maluku and the State of Eastern Sumatra agreed to devolve into the Republic of Indonesia.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ CIA World Factbook: Austria, 14 May 2009
  2. ^ CIA World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina, 14 May 2009
  3. ^ CIA World Factbook: Brazil, 14 May 2009
  4. ^ CIA World Factbook: Ethiopia, 14 May 2009
  5. ^ CIA World Factbook: Germany, 14 May 2009
  6. ^ CIA World Factbook: India, 14 May 2009
  7. ^ CIA World Factbook: Mexico, 14 May 2009
  8. ^ CIA World Factbook: Nepal, 14 May 2009
  9. ^ CIA World Factbook: Nigeria, 14 May 2009
  10. ^ CIA World Factbook: Pakistan, 14 May 2009
  11. ^ CIA World Factbook: Russia, 14 May 2009
  12. ^ CIA World Factbook: Switzerland, 14 May 2009
  13. ^ CIA World Factbook: United States, 14 May 2009
  14. ^ CIA World Factbook: Venezuela, 14 May 2009
  15. ^ a b The CIA World Factbook officially dated October 15, 1991
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