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Anders Behring Breivik

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Anders Behring Breivik
Born (1979-02-13) 13 February 1979 (age 45)[2]
Oslo, Norway[3]
NationalityNorwegian
Criminal penalty21 years preventive detention
Details
Date22 July 2011
15:25 CEST
Location(s)Oslo and Utøya, Norway
Target(s)Norway Labour Party
Killed77
Injured319[1]
WeaponsCar bomb (made using ANFO)
Ruger Mini-14 Carbine
Glock 34 pistol

Anders Behring Breivik (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈɑn:əʂ ˈbeːrɪŋ ˈbrɛiviːk];[6] born 13 February 1979) is the perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks. In a sequential bombing and mass shooting on 22 July 2011, he bombed government buildings in Oslo, resulting in eight deaths, then carried out a mass shooting at a camp of the Workers' Youth League (AUF) of the Labour Party on the island of Utøya, where he killed 69 people, mostly teenagers.[7][8] He was convicted of mass murder, causing a fatal explosion, and terrorism in August 2012.[9][10]

Breivik described his far-right militant ideology in a compendium of texts entitled 2083: A European Declaration of Independence, which he distributed electronically on the day of the attacks.[11][12][13][14] In it he lays out his worldview, which includes Islamophobia, support of "far-right Zionism"[11] and opposition to feminism.[15][16] It regards Islam and Cultural Marxism as "the enemy", and argues for the violent annihilation of "Eurabia" and multiculturalism, and the deportation of all Muslims from Europe based on the model of the Beneš decrees.[17][18] Breivik wrote that his main motive for the atrocities was to market his manifesto.[19]

Two teams of court-appointed psychiatrists examined Breivik prior to his trial; in the first report Breivik was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia,[20] and a second evaluation was commissioned following widespread criticism of the first report.[21] The second psychiatric evaluation was published one week before the trial, concluding that Breivik was not psychotic during the attacks nor during the evaluation;[22] he was diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder.[23] His trial began on 16 April 2012, and closing arguments were held on 22 June.[24]

On 24 August 2012, Oslo District Court found Breivik sane and guilty of murdering 77 people. He was sentenced to 21 years of preventive detention, a special form of prison sentence, with a minimum of 10 years and the possibility of extension for as long as he is deemed a danger to society; he will likely remain in prison for life.[25] This is the maximum penalty in Norway. Breivik announced that he does not recognize the legitimacy of the court, and therefore does not accept its decision—though he claims he "cannot" appeal, as this would legitimize Oslo District Court.[26][27]

Biography

Early life

Anders Behring Breivik grew up on the west side of Oslo. From 1980 to 1994 he lived with his mother in this house in Skøyen.

Breivik was born in Oslo on 13 February 1979,[2][3] the son of Wenche Behring (1946–2013), a nurse, and Jens David Breivik (born 1935), a civil economist, who worked as a diplomat for the Norwegian Embassy in London and later Paris.[28] He spent the first year of his life in London until his parents divorced when he was one year old. His father, who later married a diplomat, fought for his custody but failed. When Breivik was four, two reports were filed expressing concern about his mental health, concluding that Anders ought to be removed from parental care.[29] One psychologist in one of the reports made a note of the boy's peculiar smile, suggesting it was not anchored in his emotions but was rather a deliberate response to his environment.[30] In another report by psychologists from Norway's centre for child and youth psychiatry (SSBU) concerns were raised about how his mother treated him: "She 'sexualised' the young Breivik, hit him, and frequently told him that she wished that he were dead." In the report Wenche Behring is described as "a woman with an extremely difficult upbringing, borderline personality structure and an all-encompassing if only partially visible depression" who "projects her primitive aggressive and sexual fantasies onto him [Breivik]". The psychologist who wrote the report was later forbidden from giving evidence in court by Ms Behring who herself was excused from testifying on health grounds.[31] 17 August 2013, journalist Marit Christensen disclosed that for the last year of Wenche Behring Breivik's life, Christensen had been her confidant, and a book based on Christensen's interviews with her will be published in the autumn 2013, under the title "The Mother"[32]

Breivik lived with his mother and his half sister in the west-end of Oslo and regularly visited his father and stepmother in France, until they divorced when he was 12. His mother also remarried, to a Norwegian Army officer.[29] His family name is Breivik, while Behring, his mother's maiden name, is his middle name and not part of the family name. His family name comes from Breivika in Hadsel, and literally means "broad vik".[7]

Anders Breivik has criticised both of his parents for supporting the policies of the Norwegian Labour Party, and his mother for being, in his opinion, a moderate feminist. He wrote about his upbringing: "I do not approve of the super-liberal, matriarchal upbringing as it completely lacked discipline and has contributed to feminising me to a certain degree."

Breivik attended Smestad Grammar School, Ris Junior High, Hartvig Nissens Upper Secondary School and Oslo Commerce School.[33] A former classmate has recalled that he was an intelligent student who often took care of people who were bullied.[34] Breivik chose to be confirmed into the Lutheran Church of Norway at the age of 15.[5][35][36][37]

When he reached adolescence Breivik's behaviour was described as having become rebellious. In his early teen years he was a prolific graffiti artist, part of the hip hop community in Oslo West. He took his graffiti much more seriously than his comrades and was caught by the police on several occasions; however, Child Welfare Services were notified only once. He was also fined on two occasions.[38] According to Breivik's mother, after he was caught spraying graffiti on walls in 1995, at the age of 16, and fined, his father stopped contact with him.[38][39] They have not been in contact since then.[40] The opposite view is claimed by Breivik's father, that it was his son who broke off contact with him and that he would always have welcomed Anders despite his destructive activities.[41] At this age he also broke off contact with hip hop community after he had a falling out with his best friend.[42]

School

Breivik attended Smestad Primary School and Ris middle school in the west of Oslo, and Hartvig Nissens school and Oslo Commerce School (1995–98). A classmate said that Breivik was perceived as an intelligent person, physically stronger than others of the same age; he took care of people who were bullied.[43]

Since adolescence, Breivik had spent much time on weight training, and started using anabolic steroids. He cared a lot about his own looks and about appearing big and strong. In his early twenties he underwent cosmetic surgery, according to friends, in the chin, nose and forehead, and was very satisfied with the result.[44]

Adulthood

Breivik was exempt from conscription to military service in the Norwegian Army and has no military training.[45] The Norwegian Defence Security Department, which conducts the vetting process, say he was deemed "unfit for service" at the mandatory conscript assessment.[46] In 1997, at age 18, he lost 2 million kroner ($369,556)[47] in the stock market.[48]

After the age of 21 Breivik was in the customer service department of an unnamed company, working with "people from all countries" and being "kind to everyone".[49] A former co-worker described him as an "exceptional colleague",[50] while a close friend of his stated that he usually had a big ego and would be easily irritated by those of Middle Eastern or South Asian origin.[51]

Planning attacks

Breivik claims that in 2002 (at the age of 23) he started a nine-year-plan to finance the 2011 attacks, founding his own computer programming business while working at the customer service company. He claims that his company grew to six employees and "several offshore bank accounts", and that he made his first million kroner at the age of 24.[52] The company was later declared bankrupt and Breivik was reported for several breaches of the law.[53] He then moved back to his mother's home, according to himself to save money. The first set of psychiatrists who evaluated him said in their report his mental health deteriorated at this stage and he went into a state of withdrawal and isolation.[54] His declared assets in 2007 were about NOK 630,000. (US$116,410[47]), according to Norwegian tax authority figures.[49] He claims that by 2008 he had about {{currency}} – invalid amount (help) (US$369,556[47]) and nine credit cards giving him access to €26,000 in credit.[52]

In May 2009 he founded a farming company under the name "Breivik Geofarm",[55] described as a farming sole proprietorship set up to cultivate vegetables, melons, roots and tubers.[56]

Also in 2009 he visited Prague in an attempt to buy illegal weapons. He was unable to obtain a weapon there, and Breivik decided to obtain weapons through legal channels in Norway instead.[57] He obtained one semi-automatic 9 mm Glock 17 pistol legally by demonstrating his membership in a pistol club in the police application for a gun licence, and the semi-automatic Ruger Mini-14 rifle by possessing a hunting licence.[58] Breivik's manifesto included writings detailing how he played video games such as World of Warcraft to relax, and Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 for "training-simulation".[59] He further told a court in April 2012 that he trained for shooting using a holographic device while playing Call of Duty. He claimed it helped him gain target acquisition.[60]

Breivik had no declared income in 2009 and his assets amounted to 390,000 kroner ($72,063[47]), according to Norwegian tax authority figures.[49] He states that in January 2010 his funds were "depleting gradually". On 23 June 2011, a month before the attacks, he paid the outstanding amount on his nine credit cards so he could have access to funds during his preparations.[52]

In late June or early July 2011, he moved to a rural area south of Åsta in Åmot, Hedmark county, about 140 km (87 mi) northeast of Oslo,[61] the site of his farm. As he admits in his manifesto he used the company as a cover to legally obtain large amounts of artificial fertiliser and other chemicals for the manufacturing of explosives.[61] A farming supplier sold Breivik's company six tonnes of fertiliser in May.[62] The newspaper Verdens Gang reported that after Breivik bought a small quantity of an explosive primer from an online shop in Poland, his name was among 60 passed to the Police Security Service (PST) by Norwegian Customs as having used the store to buy products. Speaking to the newspaper, Jon Fitje of PST said the information they found gave no indication of anything suspicious. In his manifesto Breivik described his first experiments with explosives, and details a successful test detonation at a remote location on 13 June 2011.[63] He sets the cost of the preparations for the attacks at € 317,000 – "130,000 out of pocket and 187,500 euros in lost revenue over three years." [sic][49]

Breivik's farmer neighbour described him as looking like a "city dweller, who wore expensive shirts and who knew nothing about rural ways". Breivik had also covered up the windows of his house. The owner of a local bar, who once worked as a profiler of passengers' body language at Oslo airport, said there was nothing unusual about Breivik, who was an occasional customer at the bar.[64]

2011 attacks

Main article: 2011 Norway attacks
Oslo city centre, shortly after Breivik's ANFO car bomb detonated
Flowers laid in front of Oslo Cathedral the day after the attacks.

On 22 July 2011, Breivik bombed government buildings in Oslo, which resulted in eight deaths.

Within hours after the explosion he arrived at Utøya island, the site of a Labour Party youth camp, posing as a police officer in order to take the ferry to the island, and then opened fire on the unarmed adolescents present, reportedly killing 69.[65][66][67] The youngest victim was Sharidyn Svebakk-Bøhn of Drammen,[68] who was 14 years old.[69] Another victim was Trond Berntsen, the step-brother of Crown Princess Mette-Marit (the son of Princess Mette-Marit's late stepfather).[70]

Breivik confessed and stated that the purpose of the attack was to save Norway and Western Europe from a Muslim takeover, and that the Labour Party had to "pay the price" for "letting down Norway and the Norwegian people".[71]

When an armed police SWAT unit from Oslo arrived on the island and confronted him, he surrendered without resistance.[72] After his arrest, he was held by armed police on the island, and interrogated throughout the night, before being moved to a holding cell in Oslo. On the way to his first jail meeting, Breivik's police escort was met with an angry crowd, some of whom shouted "burn in hell" or "traitor", while others used stronger words.[67][71][73]

Arrest and preparations for trial

On 25 July 2011, Breivik was charged with violating paragraph 147a of the Norwegian criminal code,[74][75] "destabilising or destroying basic functions of society" and "creating serious fear in the population",[76] both of which are acts of terrorism under Norwegian law. He was ordered held for eight weeks, the first four in solitary confinement, pending further court proceedings.[74][77] The custody was extended in subsequent hearings.[78] The indictment was ready in early March. The Director of Public Prosecutions had initially decided to censor the document to the public, leaving out the names of the victims as well as details about their slayings. Due to many reactions this decision was reversed shortly prior to its release.[79] On 30 March, the Borgarting Court of Appeal announced that it had scheduled the expected appeal case for 15 January 2013. It will be conducted in the same specially constructed court room where the initial criminal case will be tried.[80]

Anders Behring Breivik has been remanded at Ila Prison since his arrest. There, he has at his disposal three prison cells. One where he can rest, sleep and watch DVD movies or television, a second that is set up for him to use a PC without Internet connection, and in a third cell there is gym equipment that he can use. Only selected prison staff with special qualifications are allowed to work around him, and the prison management aims to not let his presence as a high-security prisoner affect any of the other inmates.[81] Subsequent to the January 2012 lifting of letters and visitors censorship for Breivik, he has received a number of inquiries from private individuals,[82] and he has devoted time to writing back to like-minded people. According to one of his attorneys, Breivik is curious to learn whether his manifesto has begun to take root in society. Breivik's attorneys in consultation with Breivik are considering to have some of his interlocutors called to witness during the trial.[83] Several media, both Norwegian and international, have requested interviews with Breivik. The first such was cancelled by the prison administration following a background check of the journalist in question. A second interview has been agreed to by Breivik, and the prison has requested a background check to be done by the police in the country where the journalist is from. No information has been given about the media organisations in question.[84]

Psychiatric evaluation

Breivik underwent his first examination by court-appointed forensic psychiatrists in the autumn of 2011. The psychiatrists diagnosed him with paranoid schizophrenia, concluding that he had developed the disorder over time and was psychotic both when he carried out the attacks and during the observation. He was also diagnosed with abuse of non-dependence-producing substances antecedent of 22 July. The psychiatrists consequently found Breivik to be criminally insane.[85][86]

According to the report, Breivik displayed inappropriate and blunted affect and a severe lack of empathy. He spoke incoherently in neologisms and had acted compulsively based on a universe of bizarre, grandiose and delusional thoughts. Breivik alluded to himself as the future regent of Norway, master of life and death, while calling himself "inordinately loving" and "Europe's most perfect knight since WWII". He was convinced that he was a warrior in a "low intensity civil war" and had been chosen to save his people. Breivik described plans to carry out further "executions of categories A, B and C traitors" by the thousands, the psychiatrists included, and to organise Norwegians in reservations for the purpose of selective breeding. Breivik believed himself to be the "knight Justiciar grand master" of a Templar organisation. He was deemed to be suicidal and homicidal by the psychiatrists.[85]

According to his defence attorney, Breivik initially expressed surprise and felt insulted by the conclusions in the report. He later stated that "this provides new opportunities".[87]This paragraph is currently not fully representative of the facts.[clarification needed]

The outcome of Breivik's first competency evaluation was fiercely debated in Norway by mental health experts, over the court-appointed psychiatrists' opinion and the country's definition of criminal insanity.[88][89] An extended panel of experts from the Norwegian Board of Forensic Medicine reviewed the submitted report and approved it "with no significant remarks".[90] News in the meantime emerged that the psychiatric medical staff in charge of treating prisoners at Ila Detention and Security Prison did not make any observations that suggested he suffered from either psychosis, depression or was suicidal. According to senior psychiatrist Randi Rosenqvist, who was commissioned by the prison to examine Breivik, he rather appeared to have personality disorders.[89][91][92] Counsels representing families and victims filed requests that the court order a second opinion, while the prosecuting authority and Breivik's lawyer initially did not want new experts to be appointed. On 13 January 2012, after much public pressure, the Oslo District Court ordered a second expert panel to evaluate Breivik's mental state.[93] He initially refused to cooperate with new psychiatrists.[94] He later changed his mind and in late February a new period of psychiatric observation, this time using different methods than the first period, was begun.

If the original diagnosis were upheld by the court, it would mean that Anders Behring Breivik could not be sentenced to prison. The prosecution may instead have requested that he be detained in a psychiatric hospital.[95] Medical advice would then determine whether or not the courts decided to release him at some later point. If considered a perpetual danger to society, Breivik could have been kept in confinement for life.[96] Shortly after the second period of psychiatric observation prior to the trial was begun, the prosecution stated that they expected that Breivik would be declared legally insane.[97][98] However, on 10 April 2012, the second psychiatric evaluation was published with the conclusion that Breivik was not psychotic during the attacks and he was not psychotic during their evaluation.[22] Instead, they diagnosed antisocial personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder.[23][99][100] Breivik expressed hope at being declared sane in a letter sent to several Norwegian newspapers shortly before his trial, writing about the prospect of being sent to a psychiatric ward he stated: "I must admit this is the worst thing that could have happened to me as it is the ultimate humiliation. To send a political activist to a mental hospital is more sadistic and evil than to kill him! It is a fate worse than death."[101]

On 8 June 2012, Professor of Psychiatry Ulrik Fredrik Malt testified in court as an expert witness, stating that he finds it unlikely that Breivik is schizophrenic. According to Malt, Breivik suffers from Asperger syndrome, Tourette syndrome, narcissistic personality disorder and possibly paranoid psychosis.[102]

Criminal trial

Main article: Trial of Anders Behring Breivik

The criminal trial of Breivik began on 16 April 2012 in Oslo Courthouse under the jurisdiction of Oslo District Court. The appointed prosecutors are Inga Bejer Engh and Svein Holden with Geir Lippestad serving as Breivik's lead counsel for the defence. Closing arguments were held on 22 June.[24]

Court verdict

On 24 August 2012 Breivik was adjudged sane and sentenced to containment—a special form of a prison sentence that can be extended indefinitely—with a time frame of 21 years and a minimum time of 10 years, the maximum penalty in Norway.[103] Breivik's lead counsel Geir Lippestad confirmed that his client would not appeal the sentence.[104]

The court stated that "many people share Breivik's conspiracy theory, including the Eurabia theory. The court finds that very few people, however, share Breivik's idea that the alleged 'Islamisation' should be fought with terror."[105]

Post trial

The entrance of Skien Prison

As of 26 July 2012 Anders Behring Breivik had received almost 600 letters in his prison cell. Although he has a computer at his disposal he does not have access to the Internet. All correspondence from Breivik therefore must be sent on paper, and the prison authorities monitor the content. The newspaper Verdens Gang reported on 26 July 2012 that Breivik planned to set up an organisation he called the Conservative Revolutionary Movement which he envisioned consisting of around 50 right-wing activists in Europe, as well as an organization for imprisoned right-wing activists. The newspaper writes that Breivik has written to, among others, Peter Mangs and Beate Zschäpe. Since the trial he has spent 8–10 hours per day writing. He has said that he wants to write three books: the first being his own account of the events on the day of the attacks, the second discussing the ideology underlying his actions, and a third on his visions for the future. He has also stated that he wants to study political science during his prison sojourn.[106][107]

Politicians from several Norwegian parties have protested Breivik's activities in prison, which they see as him continuing to espouse his ideology and possibly encouraging further criminal acts.[108] The prison authorities have queried the Ministry of Justice on whether these activities, which Breivik terms as network building, can be perceived in the context of the terrorist acts he has committed and have received an affirmative reply from the ministry. This would mean that letters from Breivik may be confiscated.[106][107] The clause which authorises such measures contains the wording, "...if the package contains information on planning or execution of punishable offense, evasion of the execution or acts which will disturb peace, order and security".[106]

On 23 July 2012 Breivik was transferred to Skien Prison. The transfer was unannounced to the public and unbeknownst to Breivik himself due to reconstruction work at Ila Prison where Breivik was to serve out his prison sentence under psychiatric care due to inadequate security at Norwegian psychiatric hospitals. He was incarcerated at Skien for approximately ten weeks.[109]

In November 2012 Anders Behring Breivik wrote a letter of complaint to the prison authorities about the conditions he is being held under. Amongst his complaints were that his cell is not adequately heated and he has to wear three layers of clothing to stay warm, his cell is poorly decorated and has no view, the handcuffs used when he moves around the prison are too sharp and cut his wrists and he is too rushed for his morning shave and teeth cleaning.[citation needed] He has described his conditions in prison as a "mini Abu Ghraib."[110]

On 23 March 2013 Breivik's mother Wenche Behring Breivik died from complications from cancer.[111] On the same day media said that mother and son "took farewell during a meeting at Ila last week. Breivik was permitted to move himself out of the cage in the visit room—to give his mother a goodbye hug (avskjedsklem)".[112] Breivik had asked for permission by the prison officials to attend his mother's funeral service;[113] the request was rejected.[114]

Writings and video

Forums

Janne Kristiansen, Chief of the Norwegian Police Security Service (PST), has stated that Breivik "deliberately desisted from violent exhortations on the net [and] has more or less been a moderate, and has neither been part of any extremist network."[115] He is reported to have written many posts on the Islam-critical[116] website document.no.[117] He also attended a meeting of "Documents venner" (Friends of Document), affiliated with the website, in the fall of 2009.[118] Due to the media attention on his Internet activity following the 2011 attacks, document.no compiled a complete list of comments made by Breivik on its website between September 2009 and June 2010.[119][120][121]

In his writings Breivik displays admiration for the English Defence League (EDL), expressing an interest in starting a similar organisation in Norway, and writing that he had advised them to pursue a strategy of provoking overreaction from Jihad Youth/Extreme-Marxists, which in turn might draw more people to join the organisation.[122][123] On 25 July 2011 British Prime Minister David Cameron announced a review of Britain's own security following the attacks.[124] EDL issued a statement on 24 July 2011 condemning the attacks, saying that "No form of terrorism can ever be justified and the taking of innocent lives can never be justified".[125] Some editorialists criticised the EDL and other anti-Muslim groups in this context.[126][127][128] The Norwegian newspaper Dagens Næringsliv writes that Breivik sought to start a Norwegian version of the Tea Party movement in cooperation with the owners of document.no, but that they, after expressing initial interest, ultimately turned down his proposal because he did not have the contacts he promised.[129] He also expressed his admiration of the Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, finding him "a fair and resolute leader worthy of respect", though he was "unsure at this point whether he has the potential to be our best friend or our worst enemy." Putin's spokesman Dmitri Peskov has denounced Breivik's actions as the "delirium of a madman".[130]

YouTube video

Six hours before the attacks, Breivik posted a YouTube video urging conservatives to "embrace martyrdom" and showing himself wearing a thermal sports top and pointing a Ruger Mini-14.[131] He also posted a picture of himself as a Knight Templar officer in a uniform festooned with gold braid and multiple medals.[132] In the video he put an animation depicting Islam as a trojan horse in Europe.[133] Analysts describe it as promoting physical violence towards Muslims and Marxists who reside in Europe.[134]

The music in the video comes from the Age of Conan: Hyborian Adventures soundtrack and is sung by Norwegian singer Helene Bøksle. Breivik writes of Bøksle's voice that it is the perfect sound to listen to when one commits acts of martyrdom. During his trial he also testified that he uses this music, particularly the song "Ere the World Crumbles" when he meditates, as he did in preparation for his terrorist acts on 22 July 2011. The lyrics of the music are in the Old Norwegian language and come from the Völuspá, the first and best known poem of the Poetic Edda. In the week following the attack, Bøksle said in a press release that she distanced herself from Breivik's use of the music. The music's composer, Knut Avenstroup Haugen, has done the same.[135][136]

Manifesto

Content

Breivik has been linked to a document titled 2083: A European Declaration of Independence,[137] which is 1,518 pages and bearing the name "Andrew Berwick".[138][139] Breivik admitted in court that it was mostly other people's writings he had cut-and-pasted from the web.[140] The file was e-mailed to 1,003 addresses about 90 minutes before the bomb blast in Oslo.[137][141] The document describes two years of preparation of unspecified attacks, supposedly planned for autumn 2011, involving a rented Volkswagen Crafter van (small enough to not require a truck driving license) loaded with 1,160 kilograms (2,560 lb) of ammonium nitrate/fuel oil explosive (ANFO), a Ruger Mini-14 semi-automatic rifle, a Glock 34 pistol, personal armor including a shield, caltrops, and police insignias. It also reports that Breivik spent thousands of hours on gathering email addresses from Facebook for distribution of the document, and that he rented a farm as a cover for a fake farming company buying fertilizer (3 tons for producing explosives and 3 tons of a harmless kind to avoid suspicion) and as a lab. It describes burying a crate with the armor etc. in July 2010 in the woods, and collecting it on 4 July 2011, and abandoning his plan to replace it with survival gear because he did not have a second pistol. It also expresses support for far-right groups such as the English Defence League[142] and paramilitaries such as the Scorpions.[143]

The introductory chapter of the manifesto defining "Cultural Marxism" in the Frankfurt School conspiracy theory sense is a copy of Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology by the Free Congress Foundation.[144][145][146] Major parts of the compendium are attributed to the pseudonymous Norwegian blogger Fjordman.[147] The text also copies sections of the Unabomber manifesto, without giving credit, while replacing the words "leftists" with "cultural Marxists" and "black people" with "muslims".[148] The New York Times described American influences in the writings, noting that the compendium mentions the anti-Islamist American Robert Spencer 64 times and cites Spencer's works at great length.[149] The work of Bat Ye'or cited dozens of times.[150] Neoconservative blogger Pamela Geller,[151] Neo-pagan writer Koenraad Elst[152] and Daniel Pipes are also mentioned as sources of inspiration.[153] The manifesto further contains quotes from Thomas Jefferson and George Orwell,[154] as well as from Jeremy Clarkson's Sunday Times column and Melanie Phillips' Daily Mail column.[155] The publication speaks in admiration of Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Geert Wilders, Bruce Bawer, Srđa Trifković,[156] and Henryk M. Broder.[157] Breivik blames feminism for allowing the erosion of the fabric of European society.[15] The compendium advocates a restoration of patriarchy which it claims would save European culture.[15][158]

In his writings Breivik states that he wants to see European policies on multiculturalism and immigration more similar to those of Japan and South Korea,[159] which he said are "not far from cultural conservatism and nationalism at its best".[160] He expressed his admiration for the "monoculturalism" of Japan and for the two nations' refusal to accept refugees.[161][162] The Jerusalem Post describes his support for Israel as a "far-right Zionism". He calls all "nationalists" to join in the struggle against "cultural Marxists/multiculturalists".[11]

He summarizes his goals, stating "I believe Europe should strive for: A cultural conservative approach where monoculturalism, moral, the nuclear family, a free market, support for Israel and our Christian cousins of the east, law and order and Christendom itself must be central aspects (unlike now)."[163]

Comments

Norwegian computer security analysts are in the process of researching what appear to be hidden codes in Breivik's manifesto, including references to the GPS coordinates of several major sites throughout Europe.[164]

Benjamin R. Teitelbaum, PhD student at Brown University, argues that several parts of the manifesto suggest that Breivik was concerned about race, not only about Western culture or Christianity, labeling him as a white nationalist.[165]

Thomas Hegghammer of the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment has described the ideologies of Breivik as "not fitting the established categories of right-wing ideology, like white supremacism, ultranationalism or Christian fundamentalism", but more akin to macro-nationalism and a "new doctrine of civilisational war".[166] Norwegian social scientist Lars Gule characterised Breivik as a "national conservative, not a Nazi".[167] Pepe Egger of the think-tank Exclusive Analysis says "the bizarre thing is that his ideas, as Islamophobic as they are, are almost mainstream in many European countries."[168]

In one section of the manifesto entitled "Battlefield Wikipedia" Breivik explains the importance of using Wikipedia as a venue for disseminating views and information to the general public,[169] although the Norwegian professor Arnulf Hagen claims that this was a document that he had copied from another author and that Breivik was unlikely to be a contributor to Wikipedia.[170] According to the leader of the Norwegian chapter of the Wikimedia Foundation an account has been identified which they believe Breivik used.[171][172] In the second day of his trial Breivik cited Wikipedia as the main source for his worldview.[173] The blogger Fjordman claims that a large part of his manifesto quoted Wikipedia and that it "probably shaped his strange and imprecise political vocabulary".[174]

Defence hearing

In the pre-trial hearing, February 2012, Breivik read a prepared statement demanding to be released and treated as a hero for his "pre-emptive attack against traitors" accused of planning cultural genocide. He said, "They are committing, or planning to commit, cultural destruction, of which deconstruction of the Norwegian ethnic group and deconstruction of Norwegian culture. This is the same as ethnic cleansing."[175]

Religious and political views

Islamophobia and Zionism

Following his apprehension, Breivik was characterised by analysts as being a right-wing extremist with anti-Muslim views and a hatred of Islam,[176][177] who considered himself a knight dedicated to stemming the tide of Muslim immigration into Europe.[178][179]

He was at first described by many in the media as a Christian fundamentalist, Christian terrorist, nationalist and right-wing extremist.[67][180][181][182][183][184] He claims that the European Union is a project to create "Eurabia"[185][186][187] and describes the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia as being authorised by "criminal western European and American leaders".[188] The Jerusalem Post describes him as pro-Israel and strongly opposed to Islam, and asserts that his manifesto includes "extreme screed of Islamophobia" and "far-right Zionism".[11] In his writings Breivik states that "the Battle of Vienna in 1683 should be celebrated as the Independence Day for all Western Europeans as it was the beginning of the end for the second Islamic wave of Jihads."[189]

The manifesto urges the Hindu nationalists to drive Muslims out of India.[190] He demands the forced deportation of all Muslims from Europe, based on the model of the Beneš decrees.[17][191]

Christianity

In 2009, he wrote "Today's Protestant church is a joke. Priests in jeans who march for Palestine and churches that look like minimalist shopping centres. I am a supporter of an indirect collective conversion of the Protestant church back to the Catholic."[192] On his Facebook profile, Breivik described himself as a Christian,[122] though he is critical of the Catholic and Protestant churches, objecting to their "current suicidal path". Before the attacks, he stated an intention to attend Frogner Church in a final "Martyr's mass".[193]

The manifesto states its author is "100 percent Christian",[5] but he is not "excessively religious"[5] and considers himself a "cultural Christian" and a "modern-day crusader".[4][5] His manifesto states "I'm not going to pretend I'm a very religious person, as that would be a lie", calls religion a crutch and a source for drawing mental strength, and says "I've always been very pragmatic and influenced by my secular surroundings and environment." Regarding the term cultural Christian, which he says means preserving European culture, he notes, "It is enough that you are a Christian-agnostic or a Christian-atheist (an atheist who wants to preserve at least the basics of the European Christian cultural legacy...)"[4][184] Furthermore, Breivik stated that "myself and many more like me do not necessarily have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God."[4][194] Nevertheless, he stated that he planned to pray to God seeking for his help during his attacks.[195]

Breivik condemns Pope Benedict XVI for his dialogue with Islam: "Pope Benedict has abandoned Christianity and all Christian Europeans and is to be considered a cowardly, incompetent, corrupt and illegitimate Pope." It will thus be necessary, writes Breivik, to overthrow the Protestant and Catholic hierarchies, after which a "Great Christian Congress" would set up a new European Church.[196] He has also condemned Christian missionary activity in India as it would lead to the "total destruction of the Hindu faith and culture", and he expresses support for the Hindutva movement against Indian Communist movements.[197]

American Christian press has also highlighted that Breivik appears to have addressed followers of the Neopagan religion of Odinism in his writ. In regards to them, he says, "even Odinists can fight with us or by our side as brothers" in the Knights Templar organisation of which Breivik claims to be a founding member. He later says to reject Odinism, saying that the Thor's Hammer cannot unify the people of Europe, but that the Christian cross will.[198]

Deputy police chief Roger Andresen initially told reporters that information on Breivik's websites was "so to speak, Christian fundamentalist".[67][199][200][201] Subsequently, others have disputed Andresen's characterisation of Breivik as a Christian fundamentalist.[196][202] Rev. Olav Fykse Tveit, head of the World Council of Churches and himself Norwegian, accused Breivik of blasphemy for citing Christianity as a justification in his murderous attack.[4][203]

Oslo Shooting Club

Breivik was an active member of an Oslo shooting club between 2005 and 2007, and since 2010. According to the club, which has banned him for life after the attacks, Breivik had taken part in 13 organised training sessions and one competition since June 2010.[204] The club states that it does not evaluate the members' suitability regarding possession of weapons.[205]

Freemasons

At the time of the attacks, Breivik was a member of the Lodge of St. Olaf at the Three Columns in Oslo[206] and had displayed photographs of himself in partial Masonic regalia on his Facebook profile.[207][208] In interviews after the attacks, his lodge stated they had only minimal contact with him, and that when made aware of Breivik's membership, Grand Master of the Norwegian Order of Freemasons, Ivar A. Skaar, issued an edict immediately excluding him from the fraternity based upon the acts he carried out and the values that appear to have motivated them.[209][210] According to the Lodge records, Breivik took part in a total of four meetings between his initiation in February 2007 and his exclusion from the order – one each to receive the first, second and third degree, and one other meeting.[211] and held no offices or functions within the Lodge.[212] Skaar stated that although Breivik was a member of the Order, his actions show that he is in no way a Mason.[211] His manifesto said that he took three degrees of Freemasonry and commended them as "keepers of cultural heritage" while also criticising it for being "not in any way political".[213]

Progress Party

Breivik became a member of the immigration restrictionist Progress Party (FrP) in 1999. He paid his membership dues for the last time in 2004, and was removed from the membership lists in 2006. He then actively[citation needed] withdrew from the party in 2007.

During his time in the Progress Party, he held two positions in the Progress Party's youth organisation FpU: he was the chair of the local Vest Oslo branch from January to October 2002, and a member of the board of the same branch from October 2002 till November 2004.[214][215][216] The chairman of the Progress Party Youth Organisation (main organisation) believed that Breivik left the party after his views became extreme.

After the attack, the Progress Party immediately distanced itself from both Breivik's actions and his ideas.[217]

English Defence League (EDL)

Breivik claimed he had contact with the English Defence League (EDL), an anti Islamist right wing street protest movement in the United Kingdom.[126] He allegedly had extensive links with senior EDL members[218] and wrote that he attended an EDL demonstration in Bradford.[219] On 26 July 2011, EDL leader Tommy Robinson denounced Breivik and his attacks and has denied any official links with him.[125]

On 31 July 2011, Interpol asked Maltese police to investigate Paul Ray, a former EDL member who blogs under the name "Lionheart". Ray conceded that he may have been an inspiration for Breivik, but deplored his actions.[220][221]

In an online discussion on the Norwegian website Document.no on 6 December 2009, Breivik proposes to establish a Norwegian version of the EDL. Breivik saw this as the only way to stop left-wing radical groups like Blitz and SOS Rasisme from "harassing" Norwegian cultural conservatives.[222] Following the establishment of the European Defense League, the Norwegian Defence League (NDL) launched in 2010. Breivik indeed became a member of this organization under the pseudonym "Sigurd Jorsalfar".[223] Former head of the NDL, Lena Andreassen, claims that Breivik was ejected from the organization when she took over as leader in March 2011 because he was too extreme.[224] The NDL had held a rally in Oslo in April 2011, but it failed to gather more than a dozen supporters.[225]

Knights Templar

See also: Knights Templar and popular culture

In his manifesto and during interrogation, Breivik claimed membership in an "international Christian military order", which he calls the new Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici (PCCTS, Knights Templar). According to Breivik, the order was established as an "anti-Jihad crusader-organisation" that "fights" against "Islamic suppression" in London in April 2002 by nine men: two Englishmen, a Frenchman, a German, a Dutchman, a Greek, a Russian, a Norwegian (apparently Breivik), and a Serb (supposedly the initiator, not present, but represented by Breivik). The compendium gives a "2008 estimate" that there are between 15 and 80 "Justiciar Knights" in Western Europe, and an unknown number of civilian members, and Breivik expects the order to take political and military control of Western Europe.[226]

Breivik gives his own code name in the organisation as Sigurd and that of his assigned "mentor" as Richard, after the twelfth-century crusaders and kings Sigurd Jorsalfar of Norway and Richard the Lionheart of England.[227] He calls himself a one-man cell of this organisation, and claims that the group has several other cells in Western countries, including two more in Norway.[76] On 2 August 2011 Breivik offered to provide information about these cells, but on unrealistic preconditions.[228]

After an intense investigation assisted internationally by several security agencies, the Norwegian police have not found a single piece of evidence that a PCCTS network existed, or that the alleged 2002 London meeting ever took place. The police now view Breivik's claim as a figment of imagination in light of his schizophrenia diagnosis, and are increasingly confident that he had no accessories. The perpetrator still insists he belongs to an order and that his one-man cell was "activated" by another clandestine cell.[229]

On 14 August 2012, several Norwegian politicians and media outlets received an email from someone claiming to be Breivik's "deputy", demanding that Breivik be released, and making more threats against Norwegian society.[230]

Writing influences

Breivik has identified himself in a multitude of social media services as an admirer of, among others, the Freedom Party of Austria,[231][232] Hindu nationalism (Hindutva),[233] the right-wing Swiss People's Party,[234] Winston Churchill,[235] Max Manus,[199][235] Robert Spencer,[236] former Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso,[162] Patrick Buchanan,[158] Ayaan Hirsi Ali,[237] Radovan Karadžić,[238] Srđa Trifković,[239] and Dutch politician Geert Wilders, whose political party he described on the website of the periodical Minerva as one among the few that could "truly claim to be conservative parties in their whole culture." Wilders, however, quickly distanced himself from Breivik and denounced him as "violent and sick".[240] On Twitter, he paraphrased philosopher John Stuart Mill: "One person with a belief is equal to the force of 100,000 who have only interests".[61][241] Breivik had been active on several anti-Islamic and nationalist blogs, including document.no,[242] and was a regular reader of Gates of Vienna, the Brussels Journal and Jihad Watch.[243]

According to Belarusian opposition figure Mikhail Reshetnikov,[244] Anders Breivik underwent paramilitary training in a camp organised by retired KGB colonel Valery Lunev. According to Reshetnikov, Breivik visited Belarus three times and had lasting connections with the country. According to official data, however, Breivik visited Belarus only once, as a tourist in 2005.[245] Norwegian prosecuting authorities claim that Breivik went to Belarus to meet a woman he had met on a dating website. This woman later visited him in Oslo.[246]

Breivik has frequently praised the writings of blogger Fjordman.[247] He used Fjordman's thinking to justify his actions, citing him 111 times in the manifesto.[248] He also endorsed the writings of Australian historian Keith Windschuttle in the manifesto 2083, as well as former Australian Prime Minister John Howard and former Czech President Václav Klaus.[249] He expressed admiration for historical military leaders such as Charles Martel, Richard the Lionheart, El Cid, Vlad the Impaler, Jacques de Molay, Nicholas I of Russia, and John III Sobieski.[250] In his manifest he copies 25 pages verbatim from an ideological text by Evans Kohlmann and published by an institute led by Magnus Ranstorp.[251]

After studying several terrorist groups, including IRA, ETA and others, Breivik suggests far-right militants should adopt al-Qaeda's methods, learn from their success, and avoid their mistakes.[252][253] Breivik described al-Qaeda as the "most successful revolutionary force in the world" and praised their "cult of martyrdom".[173]

On 14 September 2013 Verdens Gang said that before Wenche Behring Breivik died, she hired a lawyer to prevent[254] Marit Christensen in publishing the book Moren (Norwegian: The mother).[255] In advance, Christensen had taped herself interviewing Wenche Behring Breivik.[255] Dagbladet has said that Christensen "had access to diaries".[256] Before Wenche Behring Breivik died, she was audio taped, alleging that Christensen had tried to get herself listed (at Radiumshospitalet—a hospital) as Wenche Behring Breivik's contact person (pårørende).[257]

File:Anders Breivik.jpg
Painting of Anders Behring Breivik by Thierry Ehrmann
  • In January 2012 the Danish theatre Café Teatret announced that it was staging a play based on the manifesto. The play, named Manifesto 2083 was planned to be performed over three weeks in August 2012. Relatives of the victims of Breivik's actions as well as Danish politicians have criticized the plans of the theatre.[258] In February 2012 the Norwegian Dramatikkens Hus announced it too will be staging the Danish play.[259] However, three weeks into Breivik's criminal trial the producer of the play, Christian Lollike, announced that the play has been postponed indefinitely. Lollike cited the ongoing trial as the reason for the decision in that much of what was intended to be discussed in the play has been illuminated through the trial proceedings: "Of course, if we feel that we have nothing interesting to say in relation to this case we will drop the performance."[260]
  • Another play was premiered in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, on 22 March. The play Breivik meets Wilders (Dutch: Breivik ontmoet Wilders) depicts a fictional meeting between Anders Behring Breivik and Dutch far-right lawmaker Geert Wilders at London's Heathrow airport in March 2010.[261] The play, running at Amsterdam's De Balie theatre is written by playwright Theodor Holman who one week ahead of the premiere had stated "I feel a kinship with Anders Breivik."[262] Other plays are currently under development in Sweden and the UK.[263]
  • The German clothing chain Thor Steinar, which names all its shops after Norwegian towns, has had two stores named Brevik, for the Norwegian town Brevik in Telemark. The first closed in 2008, and a new one opened in Chemnitz in February 2012. The similarity of the name Brevik to Breivik's name led to vandalism when the new Brevik store opened, forcing it to change its name.[264][265]
  • Russian nu metal band Slot included a song titled "Breivik show" (Russian: Брейвик-шоу) on their album F5.[266]
  • Cecilie Løveid's poem "Punishment" (Straff) was printed in Aftenposten, as This Weeks Poem, on April 8, 2013. In an interview with the newspaper she said that the poem is about Breivik, and that she has no opinion about the verdict of the trial—because that is outside the scope of the poem.[267]

See also

References

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