Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe
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Debate has occurred throughout Europe over proposals to legalize same-sex marriage as well as same-sex civil unions.
Currently 24 of the 50 countries and 3 of the 6 dependent territories in Europe recognize some type of same-sex unions, among them a majority of members of the European Union. Twelve European countries legally recognize same-sex marriage, namely Belgium, Denmark,[nb 1] Finland (effective 2017), France, Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,[nb 2] Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.[nb 3] An additional twelve countries have a form of civil union or unregistered cohabitation, as do four dependent territories. San Marino only allows immigration and cohabitation of a citizen's partner. Several countries are currently considering same-sex union recognition.
Same-sex marriage is not recognized in several European countries and in addition marriage is defined as a union solely between a man and a woman in the constitutions of Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine.
Current situation
Marriage
Jurisdiction | Entry into force | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|
[1] | Belgium | 1 June 2003 | |
[2] | Denmark | 15 June 2012 |
|
[3] | Finland | 1 March 2017 |
|
[4] | France | 18 May 2013 | |
[5] | Iceland | 27 June 2010 | |
[6] | Luxembourg | 1 January 2015 | |
[7][8] | Malta | 17 April 2014 |
|
[9][10] | Netherlands | 1 April 2001 |
|
[11] | Norway | 1 January 2009 | |
[12] | Portugal | 5 June 2010 | |
[13] | Spain | 3 July 2005 | |
Sweden | 1 May 2009 | ||
[14][15] | United Kingdom | 13 March 2014 |
|
Non-marital partnership
Jurisdiction | Entry into force | Amended (to the effect that a partnership may not be registered anymore) |
Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
[16] | Andorra | 23 March 2005 |
| |
[17] | 25 December 2014 |
| ||
[18] | Austria | 1 January 2010 |
| |
[19] | Belgium | 1 January 2000 |
| |
[20] | Croatia | 5 August 2014 |
| |
[21] | Czech Republic | 1 July 2006 |
| |
[2] | Denmark | 1 October 1989 | 15 June 2012 |
|
[22] | Estonia | 1 January 2016 |
| |
[23] | Finland | 1 March 2002 |
| |
[24] | France | 16 November 1999 |
| |
[25] | Germany | 1 August 2001 |
| |
[26] | Gibraltar (British Overseas Territory) |
28 March 2014 |
| |
[27] | Hungary | 1 July 2009 |
| |
[5] | Iceland | 27 June 1996 | 27 June 2010 |
|
[28] | 27 June 2006 |
| ||
[29] | Ireland | 1 January 2011 |
| |
[30] | Isle of Man (British Crown Dependency) |
6 April 2011 |
| |
[31] | Jersey (British Crown Dependency) |
2 April 2012 |
| |
[32] | Liechtenstein | 1 September 2011 |
| |
[33] | Luxembourg | 1 November 2004 |
| |
[34][35] | Malta | 17 April 2014 |
| |
[36][10] | Netherlands | 1 January 1998 |
| |
[11] | Norway | 1 August 1993 | 1 January 2009 |
|
[37] | Slovenia | 23 July 2006 |
| |
Sweden | 1 January 1995 | 1 May 2009 |
| |
[38] | Switzerland | 1 January 2007 |
| |
[39] | United Kingdom | 5 December 2005 |
|
Unregistered cohabitation
Jurisdiction | Entry into force | Repealed | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
[40] | Austria | 2003 | ||
[41] | Croatia | 22 July 2003 | 5 August 2014 |
|
[20] | 5 August 2014 |
| ||
[42] | Czech Republic | 2001 | ||
[43][44][45] | Denmark | 21 June 1986 | 1 October 1989 | |
[46] | France | 16 November 1999 |
| |
[47][48] | Hungary | 1996 | ||
[28] | Iceland | 27 June 2006 |
| |
[29] | Ireland | 1 January 2011 |
| |
[49] | Netherlands | 1979 |
| |
[50] | Norway | 1991 | ||
[51] | Portugal | 2001 |
| |
[52] | San Marino | 2012 | ||
[45][53] | Spain | 1 January 1995 | ||
[54][55][56] | Sweden | 1 January 1988 |
|
Future legislation
Marriage
Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority
Greenland: A bill aiming for the adoption of parts[57] of Denmark's marriage law, as supported by the government of Greenland, was planned to be considered by parliament in the spring of 2014, but postponed to the autumn of 2014.[58] However, because of early parliamentary elections held in November 2014, consideration of the bill has been delayed. It had its first reading on 25 March 2015.[59] It was approved unanimously on second reading held on 26 May 2015.[60] The law will come into effect on 1 October 2015.
Ireland: A bill to amend the constitution to the effect that "marriage may be contracted in accordance with law by two persons without distinction as to their sex" was approved by the parliament's lower house on 11 March 2015 and by its upper house on 27 March 2015. A referendum, as required by law, was held on 22 May 2015, approving the bill. It is expected to be signed into law within a week.[61]
Jersey: On 28 May 2014 the deputy Sam Mezec of the Reform Jersey party submitted a proposition asking the Assembly of the States of Jersey to support, in principle, the legalisation of same-sex marriage and to request the Chief Minister to prepare the necessary draft legislation to give effect to the proposal.[62][63][64] On 8 July 2014, the Assembly voted for the amendment to the proposal, introduced by Senator Ian Le Marquand, to request the Chief Minister to present a detailed study into the effects of allowing same-sex marriage by 31 December 2014. The amendment was passed by 24 votes to 18 and the amended proposition by 39 to 1.[65][66][67] On 26 November 2014, the Chief Minister Ian Gorst published a report, which includes a commitment to introduce legislation to legalise same-sex marriage by the end of 2017 at the latest.[68][69]
Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority
Austria: The opposition party The Greens – The Green Alternative submitted a bill to the National Council on 20 November 2013. It was sent to the Judiciary Committee on 17 December 2013. On 25 June 2014 the Judiciary Committee postponed consideration of the bill.[70]
Germany: The opposition party The Left submitted a bill to the Federal Diet on 23 October 2013. It had its first reading on 19 December 2013.[71]
Italy: Two bills were submitted to the Senate on 15 March 2013. A third bill was submitted on 5 April 2013. On 18 June 2013 the examination of those bills by several committees started.[72][73][74]
Slovenia: On 15 December 2014 members of the opposition party United Left introduced a bill into parliament. It had its first reading on 16 January 2015.[75] On 10 February 2015 the Committee on Labour, Family, Social Affairs and the Disabled recommended to approve the bill.[76] On 3 March 2015 the National Assembly passed the bill 51 votes to 28.[77] On 10 March 2015, the National Council rejected a motion to require the Assembly to vote on the bill again, in a 14-23 vote.[78] Opponents of the bill launched a petition for a referendum. After collecting 80,000 signatures, the petition was filed with the parliament on 10 March 2015.[79] On 26 March 2015, the National Assembly voted to block the referendum.[80] A request to review the constitutionality of the parliament's decision to block the referendum was filed with the constitutional court on 2 April 2015.
Switzerland: On 5 December 2013 the Green Liberal Party of Switzerland submitted a parliamentary initiative to the National Council, aiming for a constitutional amendment allowing couples to enter into a marriage or civil union irrespective of sex and sexual orientation. On 20 February 2015 the lower house's Justice Committee recommended to approve the proposal.[81]
Non-marital partnership
Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority
Cyprus: On 6 May 2015, the Cypriot Cabinet approved a gender-neutral civil partnership bill with many of the same rights as heterosexual marriages. The bill will now come to a full parliamentary vote.[82][83]
Greece: On 9 February 2015, the SYRIZA-led coalition government, sworn in on 27 January 2015, has promised to extend cohabitation agreements to same-sex couples.[84][85] On 24 April 2015, the Secretary General of the Ministry of Justice announced the government's intention to bring a bill before Parliament within two months.[86] Shortly after the announcement, a committee was formed to study the issue and draft a bill by 15 June 2015.[87]
Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority
Italy: On 26 March 2015, the Senate's Judiciary Committee approved a bill, proposed by Senator Monica Cirinnà from the Democratic Party, that would establish same-sex civil unions and gender-neutral cohabitation agreements.[88]
Lithuania: On 25 March 2015, nine members of parliament from the Social Democratic Party and the Liberal Movement introduced a partnership bill.[89] Algirdas Butkevičius, Prime Minister and leader of the Social Democratic Party, expressed his opposition to the bill.[90] On 6 May 2015, the Legal Affairs Committee determined on a vote of 4-3 that the Partnership bill does not violate the country's constitution.
Romania: On March 31, 2015, a civil partnership bill submitted by a Green Party MP was rejected by the Senate with 49 votes in favor, 8 against and 3 abstains.[91] The bill now heads to the Chamber of Deputies.
Mutual recognition
European Union: Debate has occurred in the European Union over a proposal which would require each member to legally recognize each other's same-sex marriages as well as any member's civil unions and registered partnerships to ensure the right of freedom of movement for citizens' family members.[92]
Public opinion
Public support for same-sex marriage from EU member states as measured from a 2006 poll is the greatest in the Netherlands (82%), Sweden (71%), Denmark (69%), Spain (66%), Belgium (65%), Luxembourg (58%), Finland (54%), Germany (52%) and the Czech Republic (52%).[93] However, other polls have also placed Germany and France between 54% to 65%,[94] the UK at 61%.[95]
After the approval of same-sex marriage in Portugal in January 2010, 52% of the Portuguese population stated that they were in favor of the legislation.[96] In 2008 58% of the Norwegian voters supported the Marriage Act, which was introduced in the same year, and 31 percent were against it.[97] In January 2013 54.1% of Italians respondents supported same-sex marriage[98] In a late January 2013 survey 77.2% of Italians respondents supported the recognition of same-sex unions.[99]
In Ireland, a 2008 survey revealed 84% of people supported civil unions for same-sex couples (and 58% for same-sex marriage),[100] while a 2010 survey showed 67% supported same-sex marriage[101] by 2012 this figure had risen to 73% in support.[102]
A March 2013 survey by Taloustutkimus found that 58% of Finns supported same-sex marriage.[103]
In Croatia, a poll conducted in November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.[104]
In Poland a 2013 public poll revealed that 70% of Poles reject the idea of registered partnerships.[105] Another survey in February 2013 revealed that 55% were against and 38% of Poles support the idea of registered partnerships for same-sex couples.[106]
In comparison, support tends to be the lowest in Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, Latvia, and Romania. The average percentage of support for same-sex marriage in the European Union as of 2006 when it had 25 members was 44%, which had descended from a previous percentage of 53%. The change was caused by more socially conservative nations joining the EU.[93]
Opinion polls
Country | Pollster | Year | For | Against | Don't Know/Neutral/No answer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | Market/ORF | 2014 | 73%[107][108] | 24%[107][108] | 3%[107][108] |
Belgium | Ipsos | 2013 | 67%[109] | 21%[109] | 12%[109] |
Bulgaria | Eurobarometer | 2006 | 15%[110] | 65%[110] | 20%[110] |
Croatia | Pilar's barometer | 2014 | 17%[111] | 61%[111] | 1% – no answer; 21% – Neutral[111] |
Cyprus | SIGMALIVE | 2014 | 57%[112] | 37%[112] | 6%[112] |
Czech Republic | CVVM | 2014 | 45%[113] | 48%[113] | 7%[113] |
Denmark | YouGov | 2012 | 79%[114] | 16%[114] | 6%[114] |
Estonia | ASi | 2012 | 34%[115] | 60%[115] | 6% |
Finland | Taloustutkimus | 2014 | 65%[116] | 27%[116] | 8% |
France | Ifop | 2014 | 68%[117] | 32%[117] | 0%[117] |
Germany | TNS Emnid | 2013 | 74%[118] | 23%[118] | 3%[118] |
Greece | Focus Bari | 2015 | 39%[119] | 50%[119] | 11%[119] |
Hungary | Ipsos | 2013 | 30%[109] | 47%[109] | 23%[109] |
Ireland | RedC | 2014 | 76%[120] | 19%[120] | 5%[120] |
Italy | Demos | 2014 | 55%[121] | 42%[121] | 3%[121] |
Latvia | Eurobarometer | 2006 | 12%[110] | 77%[110] | 7%[110] |
Lithuania | RAIT | 2013 | 8%[122] | 82%[122] | 10%[122] |
Luxembourg | Politmonitor | 2013 | 82%[123] | 17%[123] | 1%[123] |
Malta | MaltaToday | 2012 | 46%[124] | 51%[124] | 3% |
Netherlands | Ifop | 2013 | 85%[125] | - | - |
Norway | Ipsos | 2013 | 78%[109] | 17%[109] | 4%[109] |
Poland | CBOS | 2013 | 26%[126] | 68%[126] | 6%[126] |
Portugal | Eurosondagem | 2010 | 52%[127] | 43%[127] | 5%[127] |
Romania | Eurobarometer | 2006 | 11%[110] | 79%[110] | 10%[110] |
Russia | Levada Public Opinion Center | 2013 | 5%[128] | 85%[128] | 10% |
Slovakia | Eurobarometer | 2006 | 19%[110] | 81%[110] | 0%[110] |
Slovenia | Delo | 2015 | 59%[129] | 37%[129] | 4%[129] |
Spain | Ipsos | 2013 | 76%[109] | 18%[109] | 6%[109] |
Sweden | Ipsos | 2013 | 81%[109] | 14%[109] | 4%[109] |
Switzerland | Ifop | 2013 | 63%[125] | - | - |
Ukraine | Gay Alliance of Ukraine | 2013 | 26%:
9% support same-sex marriage, 17% support some exceptions to allow same-sex marriages to be recognized depending on each individual cases.[130] |
62%[130] | 12% |
United Kingdom | BBC Radio 5 | 2014 | 68%[131] | 26%[131] | 6% |
See also
Notes
References
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- ^ a b "Gay weddings: 'Fifth of Britons would turn down invitation'". BBC Radio 5. BBC. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2014.