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Countries with politicians, public officials or close associates implicated in the leak as of April 3, 2016.[1]

The Panama Papers[2] are a leaked set of 11.5 million confidential documents that provide detailed information on more than 214,000 offshore companies listed by the Panamanian corporate service provider Mossack Fonseca, including the identities of shareholders and directors of said offshore companies. The documents identify (as directors and shareholders of such companies) current government leaders from five countries — Argentina, Iceland, Saudi Arabia, Ukraine and the United Arab Emirates — as well as government officials, close relatives and close associates of various heads of government of more than 40 other countries, including Brazil, China, Peru, France, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Syria and the United Kingdom.[1]

The consequences of the leak were dubbed Panamagate by media of various countries.[3][4]

Comprising documents created since the 1970s that amount to 2.6 terabytes of data, the papers were supplied to the Süddeutsche Zeitung in August 2015 by an anonymous source, and subsequently to the U.S.-based International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). The papers were distributed to and analyzed by about 400 journalists at 107 media organizations in more than 80 countries. The first news reports based on the set, along with 149 of the documents themselves, were published on April 3, 2016, and a full list of companies is to be released in early May 2016.

Background

Main article: Mossack Fonseca

Mossack Fonseca is a Panamanian law firm and corporate service provider founded in 1977 by Jürgen Mossack and Ramón Fonseca.[5] The company's services include incorporating companies in offshore jurisdictions, administering offshore firms and providing wealth management services.[6] A 2012 Economist article said it is believed to be an industry leader in its country.[7] The company has more than 500 employees in over 40 offices around the world.[5] The firm has acted on behalf of more than 300,000 companies, most of which are registered in the UK or are British-administered tax havens.[6]

Mossack Fonseca is the fourth-largest offshore law firm in the world as of April 2016.[8] The firm works with the world's biggest financial institutions, such as Deutsche Bank, HSBC, Société Générale, Credit Suisse, UBS, Commerzbank and Nordea.[5][9] Before the Panama Papers leak, Mossack Fonseca was described by the Economist as a "tight-lipped" industry leader in offshore finance.[7]

An article on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation website states:[10]

Using complex shell company structures and trust accounts Mossack Fonseca services allow its clients to operate behind an often impenetrable wall of secrecy. Mossack Fonseca's success relies on a global network of accountants and prestigious banks that hire the law firm to manage the finances of their wealthy clients. Banks are the big drivers behind the creation of hard-to-trace companies in tax havens. Much of the firm's work is perfectly legal and benign. But for the first time the leak takes us inside its inner workings, providing rare insight into an operation which offers shady operators plenty of room to manoeuvre....

Leak

More than a year before the first publication of the Panama leaks in April 2016,[11] the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung was offered large caches of documents from an anonymous source. The paper accepted and began to receive more and more material; in the space of a year they acquired a total of 2.6 terabytes of data consisting of documents related to Mossack Fonseca,[12] providing information on 214,488 offshore entities related to public officials.[13] The leak consists of 11.5 million documents created between the 1970s and late 2015 by Mossack Fonseca.[8]

The reporters communicated with the source only via encrypted channels,[14] as he or she demanded anonymity:[15] "There are a couple of conditions. My life is in danger, we will only chat over encrypted [lines]. No meeting ever." Süddeutsche Zeitung journalist Bastian Obermayer said the source decided to do it because they thought Mossack Fonseca was behaving unethically. "The source thinks that this law firm in Panama is doing real harm to the world, and the source wants to end that. That's one of the motivations," he said.[15]

The data was distributed to and analyzed by about 400 journalists at 107 media organizations in more than 80 countries.[8] After more than a year, the first news reports based on the set, along with 149 of the documents themselves,[16] were published on April 3, 2016.[12] Among other planned disclosures, the full list of companies is to be released in early May 2016.[17]

The total size of the leaked documents dwarfs that of the Wikileaks Cablegate 2010[12] (1.7 GB),[18] Offshore Leaks 2013 (260 GB), Lux Leaks 2014 (4 GB), and Swiss Leaks 2015 (3.3 GB). The data primarily comprises e-mails, PDF files, photos, and excerpts of an internal Mossack Fonseca database. It covers a period spanning from the 1970s to 2016.[12] The Panama Papers leak provides data on some 214,000 companies. There is a folder for each shell firm that contains e-mails, contracts, transcripts, and scanned documents.[12] The leak comprises 4,804,618 emails, 3,047,306 database format files, 2,154,264 PDFs, 1,117,026 images, 320,166 text files, and 2,242 files in other formats.[12]

The data had to be systematically indexed. This was done with proprietary software developed by an Australian company named Nuix, which is also used by international investigators. The documents were fed to high-performance computers for optical character recognition processing, making the data machine-readable and searchable. Compiled lists of important people were then cross matched against the processed documents.[12] The next step in the analysis is to connect people, roles, monetary flow, and structure legality.[12]

Contents

People

Main article: List of people named in the Panama Papers
United Arab Emirates President Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan
Icelandic Prime Minister Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson
Argentine President Mauricio Macri
Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko
File:KingSalman.jpg
King Salman of Saudi Arabia

Early reports noted financial and power connections between multiple high-ranking political figures and their relatives.[1][8][19] For example, the Argentine President Mauricio Macri was listed as a leader of a Bahamas-based trading company that he did not disclose during his tenure as Mayor of Buenos Aires; it is not clear whether disclosure of non-equity directorships was then required.[19] The leak revealed an extensive conflict of interest connection between a member of the FIFA Ethics Committee and former FIFA vice president Eugenio Figueredo.[20]

Several other current national leaders have been named in the Panama Papers, including presidents Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan of the United Arab Emirates, Petro Poroshenko of Ukraine, as well as the Prime Minister of Iceland Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson.[1] Among former country leaders, there were the Sudanese President Ahmed al-Mirghani, the Emir of Qatar Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, as well as prime ministers of Georgia (Bidzina Ivanishvili), Iraq (Ayad Allawi), Jordan (Ali Abu al-Ragheb), Qatar (Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani), Ukraine (Pavlo Lazarenko),[1] and Moldova (Ion Sturza).[21]

Government officials, as well as close relatives and close associates of various heads of government from well over 40 different countries have also been named, including those from Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Botswana, Brazil, Cambodia, Chile, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, Malta, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Africa, Spain, Syria, Taiwan, United Kingdom, Venezuela and Zambia.[1] Although initially noted that there were no people from the United States in the Panama papers,[22] this is incorrect.[23][24]

The leaked files identified 61 family members and associates of prime ministers, presidents and kings,[25] including the brother-in-law of China's paramount leader Xi Jinping,[1] the father of British Prime Minister David Cameron,[26] the son of Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak,[1] children of Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif,[1] the family of Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev,[1] the nephew of South African President Jacob Zuma,[27] the grandson of Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev,[1] the personal secretary of Moroccan King Mohammed VI,[1] and the "favourite contractor" of Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto.[1]

The name of Vladimir Putin does not appear in any of the records. However, the Papers indicate that close friends and business associates of Putin, including construction billionaires Arkady and Boris Rotenberg, professional musician Sergei Roldugin, and business magnate Alisher Usmanov, had handled assets worth billions of dollars.[28][29] Political scientist Karen Dawisha said that it was "inconceivable" that the men would have acquired such wealth in the absence of Putin's patronage.[28] The documents indicate that Roldugin, Putin’s "best friend",[28] who in September 2014 said "I don’t have millions",[30] has acquired assets worth at least $100 million, including a 12.5% stake in Video International, Russia's largest television advertising firm.[28] Roldugin told journalists "I have to take a look and find out what I can say and what I can't."[31] Kremlin spokesman Dmitri Peskov claimed that the main target of the Panama Papers leak is Russian President Vladimir Putin, despite the numerous other world leaders involved.[32]

The ICIJ highlights an example in which British Virgin Islands (BVI) company Sandalwood Continental Ltd loaned 200 million US Dollars to Cyprus-registered company Horwich Trading Ltd, then sold the debt for $1 to another BVI company OVE Financial Corp. The same day, OVE sold the debt for $1 to International Media Overseas. The paper trail shows that Sandalwood Continental was set up by Bank Rossiya, the owner of which is dubbed Putin’s ‘cashier’. International Media is owned by Sergei Roldulgin, Putin’s eldest daughter’s godfather, says the ICIJ. The 200 million USD appears to have originated from a bank in Cyprus controlled by Russian state bank VTB Bank, according to the information released by the ICIJ.[29] A spokesman for the Russian president said that Putin’s honour would be defended with all legal means and refused to answer questions about the allegations. [33]

Other documents reveal movements of companies "offshore" related to the family of Chinese President Xi Jinping, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko, and the late father of British Prime Minister David Cameron. Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko had promised voters he would sell his candy business, Roshen, when he ran for office in 2014, but the leaked documents indicated that instead he set up an offshore holding company to move his business to the British Virgin Islands, possibly saving millions of dollars in Ukrainian taxes.[34]

The data also brought to light that Icelandic Prime Minister Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson had an undeclared interest in his country's failed banks, held through an offshore company. Leaked documents show that he and his wife bought offshore company Wintris Inc. in 2007. The ICIJ said that they bought it "from Mossack Fonseca through the Luxembourg branch of Landsbanki, one of Iceland’s three big banks".[35] He did not declare an interest in the company when entering parliament in 2009, and sold his 50% of Wintris to his wife, eight months later, for $1,[36] before "a new Icelandic law took effect that would have required him to declare the ownership [...] as a conflict of interest.[37] " Sigmundur Davíð is now facing calls for his resignation, but on April 4, 2016 he announced on live television that he would not be resigning in the wake of the Panama Papers revelations, calling its content "nothing new".[38] He says he has not broken any rules, and his wife did not benefit financially from his decisions.[36]

Several high-profile individuals connected with the world governing body of association football, FIFA, include former President of CONMEBOL Eugenio Figueredo,[20] former President of UEFA Michel Platini,[39] former Secretary General of FIFA Jérôme Valcke,[39] as well as current Argentine player Lionel Messi, and from Italy, the head manager of "Metro" Antonio Guglielmi. [20] Popular Indian celebrities such as Amitabh Bachchan and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan are involved, along with other important figures: DLF owner Kushal Pal Singh and nine of his family members, Gautam Adani’s elder brother Vinod Adani.[40] Politicians on the list Shishir Bajoria from West Bengal and Anurag Kejriwal, the former chief of the Delhi unit of Loksatta Party.[41] Actor Jackie Chan has been mentioned in the leaks as a shareholder of six companies all based in the British Virgin Islands.[42]

Companies

Mossack Fonseca has managed in excess of 300,000 companies over the years,[6] with the number of active companies having peaked at over 80,000 in 2009. Over 210,000 companies in 21 offshore jurisdictions appear in the Panama leaks, more than half of which were incorporated in the British Virgin Islands and many others in Panama, the Bahamas, the Seychelles, Niue, and Samoa. Over the years, Mossack Fonseca worked with clients in more than 100 countries; most of the corporations were from Hong Kong, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, Panama, and Cyprus. Mossack Fonseca worked with more than 14,000 banks, law firms, incorporators and others to set up companies, foundations, and trusts for these clients. More than 500 banks registered nearly 15,600 shell companies with Mossack Fonseca, with HSBC and its affiliates created more than 2,300 in total. Dexia (Luxembourg), J. Safra Sarasin (Luxembourg), Credit Suisse (Channel Islands) and UBS (Switzerland) each requested at least 500 offshore companies for their clients,[43] while Nordea (Luxembourg) requested nearly 400.[44] The Nordea section in Luxemburg has in the years 2004-2014 founded nearly 400 offshore companies in Panama and the British Virgin Islands for their customers.[45]

The Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority (FI) has pointed out that there are "serious deficiencies" in how Nordea monitors money laundering and has given the bank two warnings. In 2015 Nordea had to pay the largest possible fine - over 5 million EUR.[45] In 2012 Nordea asked Mossack Fonseca to change documents retroactively so that three Danish customers' power of attorney documents had been in force since 2010.[45] The director for Nordea Private banking, Thorben Sanders, admits that before 2009 they did not screen for customers who tried to evade tax. "In the end of 2009 we decided that our bank shall not be a means of tax evasion," says Sanders.[45] The Swedish minister of Finance Magdalena Andersson characterized the conduct of Nordea as "a crime" and "totally unacceptable".[9][44] Other Swedish banks are also present in the documents, but Nordea occurs 10 902 times and the bank with second most matches occurs 764 times.[46] The Prime Minister of Sweden Löfven said in response to the leaks in 2016 that he is very critical to the conduct of the Nordea bank, and their role.[47]

Reaction

Gerard Ryle, director of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, believed the leak would be "probably the biggest blow the offshore world has ever taken because of the extent of the documents."[36] The leak was described by Edward Snowden, the source of 2013 leak of NSA's global surveillance program, as the "biggest leak in the history of data journalism" in a Twitter message.[48][49]

Mossack Fonseca response

In response to queries from the The Miami Herald and ICIJ, Mossack Fonseca issued a 2900-word statement. In substance, the response identified legal and compliance regimes around the world that reduce the ability of individuals to use offshore companies for tax avoidance and total anonymity. In particular, they cited the FATF protocols which (for companies and financial institutions in the majority of countries in the world) require identification of ultimate beneficial owners of all companies (including offshore companies) to open accounts and transact business.

In an accompanying Editor's note, The Miami Herald stated that the Mossack Fonseca statement "did not address any of the specific due-diligence failings uncovered by reporters".[50]

Accused clients

Following an interview in advance of the leak, Icelandic Prime Minister Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson and his wife issued public statements about journalist encroachment in their private lives and insisted on the completeness of their legal disclosures. Sigmundur Davíð was expected to receive calls for a snap election in parliament.[51]

An HSBC spokesman commented that "the allegations are historical, in some cases dating back 20 years, predating our significant, well-publicized reforms implemented over the last few years."[52]

Néstor and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

The Messi family announced the filing of a complaint after reports were released accusing him of assembling a tax evasion network in Panama. The family denied Messi had been involved and said the accusations were slanderous. They said the the company referred to in the Panama Papers was inactive and that Messi had declared all income from image rights before and after proceedings with the Tax Agency,[53]

Former president of Argentina Cristina Kirchner denied any wrongdoing and said the story was fabricated. [54]

Over £10 million of cash from the Brink's-Mat robbery after the gold had been disposed of was laundered first unwittingly and later with the connivance of Mossack Fonseca using a Panamanian company set up on behalf of an unnamed client 12 months after the Heathrow raid. The money was put through Feberion, which had only bearer shares, and other front companies via banks in Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Jersey and the Isle of Man. Two nominee directors from Sark were appointed to Feberion.[55] The offshore firms served to recycle the funds through transactions in land and property in the United Kingdom.[55] Although the Metropolitan Police raided the offices of Centre Services late 1986 in cooperation with the Jersey authorities and seized papers and the two Feberion bearer shares, only in 1995 did Brink’s-Mat solicitors finally take control of Feberion and its assets.[55]

Official reactions and investigations

Australia

The Australian Tax Office subsequently announced that it was investigating 800 individual Australian taxpayers who were clients of Mossack Fonseca and that some of the cases could be referred to the country's Serious Financial Crime Task Force.[56]

China

Relatives of highly placed Chinese officials including seven senior leaders and former senior leaders of Politburo of the Communist Party of China have been named including former Premier Li Peng's daughter Li Xiaolin and Deng Jiagui, who is the brother-in-law of current paramount leader, Xi Jinping. China's government attempted to suppress mentions of the Panama Papers on social media and in the results of search engines.[57] Considering the material to be a concerted foreign media attack on China, provincial internet information offices were immediately given verbal orders to delete reprinted reports on the Panama Papers, and not to follow up on related content without exceptions. Websites were commanded to withdraw an article entitled “Panama Papers Leaked, Putin in USD 200 Million Money Laundering Scandal” and related stories from home pages and banish related content to less visited parts of the site.[58] Hong Lei, the spokesman of China's Foreign Ministry, responded that he had "no comment" for "such groundless accusations" at the regularly news conference on April 5.[59]

Cyprus

Central Bank of Cyprus officially declared: "With regard to press reports citing leaked documents, known as the Panama Papers, the Central Bank of Cyprus announces that it is assessing the information to the extent that it may concern the Cypriot banking system and taking, where necessary, appropriate action" [60] A Cypriot online paper said "The Cyprus link stems from the fact that Fonseca runs an office in Cyprus and, more specifically, in Limassol. In a chart, the leaks name Cyprus as a tax haven (countries that offer little or no tax), although it has a corporate tax rate of 12.5%, the same as Ireland." [61]

France

French financial prosecutors opened a probe, and President François Hollande said that tax evaders would be brought to trial and punished.[62]

India

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi had ordered an inquiry following which, the Indian government announced that it was constituting a special multi-agency group comprising officers from the investigative unit of the Central Board of Direct Taxes and its Foreign Tax and Tax Research division, the Financial Intelligence Unit and the Reserve Bank of India .[63]. Amitabh Bachchan and Aishwarya Rai have been named as the prime accused from India.

New Zealand

New Zealand's Inland Revenue Department said that they were working to obtain details of people resident for tax in the country who may have been involved in arrangements facilitated by Mossack Fonseca.[64]

Norway

The Norwegian Tax Administration expects to demand access to information from DNB about the circa 30 companies (that they formed) owned by Norwegians - of which 20 of the Norwegians are living in Norway.[65] 200 Norwegians are on the client list of Mossack Fonseca.[66]

Pakistan

Nawaz Sharif - Prime Minister of Pakistan

Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's three children — Mariam Safdar, Hasan and Hussain Nawaz Sharif — are among the other 200 elites whose names are booked in Panama Papers for establishing offshore companies in tax haven.[67]

However, Maryam Nawaz categorically denies all such charges via her official Twitter account in a series of tweets. She states:

"As stated earlier, I do NOT own any company/property abroad. My brother has made me a trustee in one of his corporations which only entitles me to distribute assets to my brother Hussain's family/children if needed. Nothing more than what my brother has already explained. The info provided by leaks does NOT say any wrongdoing involved. Distortion is wilful that a couple of media channels using to settle scores".[68]

Panama

The Procuraduría de la Nación announces that it will open an investigation concerning the international journalistic investigation 'Panama papers', where Mossack Fonseca is involved. Mossack is marked to an alleged irregular handling of money through an offshore paradise. There's even a video on YouTube[69] indicating that companies using offshore were accused of providing fuel for the Syrian air force.

Russia

According to the Guardian, the name of Vladimir Putin "does not appear in any of the records", but it and other Western media published lengthy reports about three of Putin's alleged friends on the list.[70]

According to the Panama Papers leak, close trustees of Putin own offshore companies worth two billion US-Dollar in total.[71] The newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung regards the possibility of Putin's family profiting from this money as plausible.[72][73] According to the paper, the US$2 billion had been "secretly shuffled through banks and shadow companies linked to Putin's associates", and Bank Rossiya, previously identified by the U.S. State Department as being treated by Putin as his personal bank account, had been central in facilitating this. It concludes that "Putin has shown he is willing to take aggressive steps to maintain secrecy and protect [such] communal assets."[74][75]

The Kremlin called the leak of the information a "US plot" aimed at destabilizing Russia. It also claimed that Putin was the "main target" of the leak, and cited the release of the information on offshore accounts as an example of "Putinophobia", even though Putin himself is not actually mentioned in the leaked papers.[76][77]

Sweden

The Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority said on 4th April 2016 it would launch an investigation into the actions of Nordea, one of the largest financial institutions in the Nordic countries, after Panama Papers revealed the company's Luxembourg office had helped to set up nearly 400 offshore companies for its clients. Nordea cut all ties with Mossack Fonseca following an interview with Nordea CEO Casper von Koskull on SVT.[9][44][78] The Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority (FI) has pointed out that there's "serious deficiencies" in how Nordea monitors money laundering and has given the bank two warnings. In 2015 Nordea had to pay the largest possible fine - over 5 million EUR.[45]

Thailand

A Bangkok Post article said that "The Anti-Money Laundering Office (Amlo) is seeking information from its foreign counterparts regarding 21 Thai nationals reportedly included in a list of people worldwide using a Panama-based law firm for money laundering and tax evasion.(NOTE: It is not clear how Amlo reached this number. In fact, the Panama Papers include at least 780 names of individuals and another 50 names of companies based in Thailand. Some are foreigners or foreign-owned companies. There are 634 individual addresses listed in Thailand. (Prominent names include the CEOs of giant companies Bangkok Land and Phatra Finance").[79]

Ukraine

Following the revelation of possible tax avoidance by Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko, Oleh Lyashko, leader of the Radical Party, urged lawmakers to initiate impeachment proceedings against Poroshenko.[34] The scandal flared up amid bitter political infighting between Poroshenko's bloc and the party of Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk, which has raged for months and involved mutual accusations of corruption.[34]

United Kingdom

Jennie Granger, a spokeswoman for the United Kingdom's tax authority, HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC), said that the department had received "a great deal of information on offshore companies, including in Panama, from a wide range of sources, which is currently the subject of intensive investigation". She said the ICIJ had been asked to share all its data with HMRC.[36][80]

Leader of the Labour Party Jeremy Corbyn urged Prime Minister David Cameron to stop "pussyfooting" around allegations of corruption and urged an immediate independent investigation to the involvement of the Prime Minister's family, as well as tightening laws regarding UK tax avoidance.[81][82][83][84][85]

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