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Growth of religion

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Growth of religion is the spread of religions and the increase of religious adherents around the world. The statistics are commonly measured by the absolute number of adherents, the percentage of the absolute growth per year, and the growth of the number of converts in the world. Studies show that, in terms of percentage and world wide spread, Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] A religious forecast for 2050 by Pew Research Center concludes that global Muslim population is expected to grow at a faster rate than the non-Muslim population due primarily to the young age, high fertility rate of Muslims,[11][12][13] religious switching has no impact on Muslim population relative to other religious groups.[5][14][15][16][17]

Growth of religious groups

The Bahá'í House of Worship of Wilmette, Illinois.

Bahá'í Faith

Main articles: Bahá'í statistics and Bahá'í Faith by continent

World religions statistics place the Bahá'í Faith around 0.1% of the world population in recent years.[18][19] The World Christian Encyclopedia estimated only 7.1 million Bahá'ís in the world in 2000, representing 218 countries,[19] and its evolution to the World Christian Database (WCD) estimated 7.3 million in 2010[20] while accredited through the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA). However the WCD stated: "The Baha'i Faith is the only religion to have grown faster in every United Nations region over the past 100 years than the general population; Baha'i(sic) was thus the fastest-growing religion between 1910 and 2010, growing at least twice as fast as the population of almost every UN region."[21] This source's only documented flaw was to consistently have a higher estimate of Christians than in other cross-national data sets.[22]

From its origins in the Persian and Ottoman empires of the 19th century the Bahá'í Faith was able to gain converts elsewhere in Asia, Europe, and North America by the early 20th century. John Esslemont performed the first review of the worldwide progress of the religion in 1919.[23] `Abdu'l-Bahá, son of the founder of the religion, then set goals for the community through his Tablets of the Divine Plan shortly before his death. Shoghi Effendi then initiated systematic pioneering efforts that brought the religion to almost every country and territory of the world and converts from more than 2000 tribes and peoples. There were serious setbacks in the Soviet Union[24][25] where Bahá'í communities in 38 cities across Soviet territories ceased to exist. However plans continued building to 1953 when the Bahá'ís initiated a Ten Year Crusade after plans had focused on Latin America and Europe after WWII. That last stage was largely towards parts of Africa.[26][27][28] Wide-scale growth in the religion across Sub-Saharan Africa particularly was observed to begin in the 1950s and extend in the 1960s.[29] There was diplomatic pressure from northern arab countries against this development that was eventually overcome.[30] Starting in the 1980s with Perestroyka the Bahá'ís began to re-organize across the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc. While sometimes failing to meet official minimums for recognitions as a religion, communities of Bahá'ís do exist from Poland to Mongolia. The worldwide progress was such that the Encyclopedia Britannica (2002) identified the religion as the second-most geographically widespread religion after Christianity.[31] It has established Bahá'í Houses of Worship by continental region and been the object of interest and support of diverse non-Bahá'í notable people from Leo Tolstoy[32] to Khalil Gibran[33] to Mohandas K. Gandhi[34] to Desmond Tutu.[35] See List of Bahá'ís for a list of notable Bahá'ís.

ARDA/WCD statistics place the Bahá'í Faith as currently the largest religious minority in Iran[36] (despite significant persecution and the overall Iranian diaspora), Panama,[37] and Belize;[38] the second largest international religion in Bolivia,[39] Zambia,[40] and Papua New Guinea;[41] and the third largest international religion in Chad[42] and Kenya.[43] In 2014 the religion was officially recognized in Indonesia[44] and in addition to various countries it is the second largest religion in state of South Carolina - a fact that, despite its small size, got some attention in 2014.[45][46]

A Bahá'í published survey reported 4.74 million Bahá'ís in 1987.[47] Bahá'í sources since 1991 usually estimate the worldwide Bahá'í population at "above 5 million".[48][49]

Buddhism

A lay Buddhist congregation at the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees in Guangzhou, Guangdong. China has the largest number of Buddhists in the world.[50]

Buddhism is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha, who lived and taught in northeastern India in the 5th century BC. The majority of Buddhists live in Asia; Europe and North America also have populations exceeding 1 million.[51] According to scholars of religious demographics, there are between 488 million,[50] 495 million,[52] and 535 million[53] Buddhists in the world.

According to Johnson and Grim, Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia.[52]

According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western European countries (1910-2010). More recently (2000-2010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and some African countries.[54] The Australian Bureau of Statistics, through statistical analysis, held Buddhism to be the fastest-growing spiritual tradition in Australia in terms of percentage gain, with a growth of 79.1% for the period 1996 to 2001 (200,000→358,000).[55]

Public worship ceremony at the Temple of Shennong-Yandi, in Suizhou, Hubei.

Chinese traditional religion

According to a survey of religion in China in the year 2010, the number of people practicing some form of Chinese folk religion is near to 950 millions (70% of the Chinese),[56] of which 173 millions (13%) practice some form of Taoist-defined folk faith.[56] Further in detail, 12 million people have passed some formal initiation into Taoism, or adhere to the official Chinese Taoist Association.[56] Comparing this with other surveys, evidence suggests that nowadays three fifths to four fifths of the Chinese believe in folk religion.[57] This shows a significant growth from the 300-400 million people practicing Chinese traditional religion that were estimated in the 1990s and early 2000s.[58][59]

This growth reverses the rapid decline that Chinese traditional religion faced in the 20th century.[60] Moreover, Chinese religion has also spread throughout the world following the emigration of Chinese populations, with 672,000 adherents in Canada as of 2010.[60]

According to scholars, the rebirth of Chinese traditional religion in China is faster and larger than the spread of other religions in the country, such as Buddhism and Christianity:[61]

Since the 1980s, with the gradual opening of society, folk religion has begun to recover. Especially in the rural areas, the speed and scale of its development are much faster and larger than is the case with Buddhism and Christianity [...] in Zhejiang province, where Christianity is better established than elsewhere, temples of folk religion are usually twenty or even a hundred times as numerous as Christian church buildings.

The number of adherents of the Chinese traditional religion is difficult to count, because:[62]

Chinese rarely use the term "religion" for their popular religious practices, and they also do not utilize vocabulary that they "believe in" gods or truths. Instead they engage in religious acts that assume a vast array of gods and spirits and that also assume the efficacy of these beings in intervening in this world.

The Chinese folk religion is a "diffused religion" rather than "institutional".[62] It is a meaning system of social solidarity and identity, ranging from the kinship systems to the community, the state, and the economy, that serves to integrate Chinese culture.[62]

Christianity

Further information: Christian population growth
A church, in China: The number of Chinese Christians has increased significantly; from 4 million before 1949 to 67 million in 2010.[63][64]

According to 2011 Pew Research Center survey, there are 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010,[63] up from about 600 million in 1910.[63] And according to 2012 Pew Research Center survey Over the next four decades, Christians will remain the world's largest religion, if current trends continue, by 2050 the number of Christian will reach (2.9 billion or 31.4%) and the number of Muslims will be (2.8 billion or 29.7%).[65]

By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion.[66] Christians have 2.7 children per woman which is above replacement level (2.1).[67] According to Pew Research Center study by 2050 the number of Christians in absolute number is expected to grow to more than double in the next few decades, from 517 million to 1.1 billion in Sub Saharan Africa, and from 531 million to 665 million in Latin America and Caribbean, and from 287 million to 381 million in Asia, and from 266 million to 287 million in North America.

By 2050 Christianity is expected to remain the majority of population and the largest religious group in Latin America and Caribbean (89%),[68] North America (66%),[69] Europe (65.2%)[70] and Sub Saharan Africa (59%).[71]

According to Mark Jürgensmeyer of the University of California, popular Protestantism is one of the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world.[72] Changes in worldwide Protestantism over the last century have been significant.[73][74][75][76] Since 1900, due primarily to conversion, Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America.[77] That caused Protestantism to be called a primarily non-Western religion.[74][76] Much of the growth has occurred after World War II, when decolonization of Africa and abolition of various restrictions against Protestants in Latin American countries occurred.[75] According to one source, Protestants constituted respectively 2.5%, 2%, 0.5% of Latin Americans, Africans and Asians.[75] In 2000, percentage of Protestants on mentioned continents was 17%, more than 27% and 5.5%, respectively.[75]

The significant growth of Christianity's in non-Western countries, led to regional distribution changes of Christians.[78] In 1900 Europe and the Americas was home to the vast majority of the world’s Christians (93%), At the same time, Christianity has grown enormously in Sub Saharan Africa and the Asia and Pacific region. In 2010 (26%) of the world’s Christians lived in Europe, followed by (24.4%) in Latin America and the Caribbean, and (23.8%) in Sub Saharan Africa, and (13.2%) in Asia and the Pacific, and (12.3%) in North America, And (1%) in the Middle East and North Africa.[79] The Pew Research study expected that global Christian population will change considerably by 2050, Sub Saharan Africa Christian population is forecast to rise, and will be home to 38% of the world’s Christian population, 13% of global Christian population will residing in Asia and the Pacific, Europe is expected to have no plurality of the world’s Christians, and will be home to 16% of the world’s Christian population, and there will be modest decline of global Christian population share residing in Latin America and the Caribbean (23%) and North America (10%).[80]

By 2050 Christianity is expected to remain the majority in the United states (66.4% down from 78.3% in 2010), and the number of Christians in absolute number is expected to grow from 243 million to 262 million,[81] according to Pew Research Center, Christianity is declining in the United states while non-Christian faiths are growing.[82][83][84][85] The study also reveals that due to religious switching between 2010 and 2050, the largest net losses are expected among Christian populations, notably in North America (27.7 million), Europe (23.8 million), Latin America and the Caribbean (9 million) and sub-Saharan Africa (2.7 million). In the Asia-Pacific region, Christians are expected to have a net loss, due to religious switching, of more than 2 million adherents.[86] Most of the switching are expected into the unaffiliated and Irreligion.[87]

A church, in South Korea: Christianity has grown in South Korea, from 2.0% in 1945[88] to 29.3% in 2010.[63]

According to a 2005 paper submitted to a meeting of the American Political Science Association, most of Christianity's growth has occurred in non-Western countries. The paper concludes that the Pentecostalism movement is the fastest-growing religion worldwide.[89] Protestantism is growing as a result of historic missionary activity and indigenous Christian movements by Africans in Africa,[90][91] and due primarily to conversion in Asia,[92][91][93][94][95] Latin America,[91][96][97] Muslim world,[98] and Oceania.[76]

The US Department of State estimated in 2005 that Protestants in Vietnam may have grown by 600% over the previous 10 years.[99] In South Korea, Christianity has grown from 2.0% in 1945[100] to 20.7% in 1985 and to 29.3% in 2010,[63] And the Catholic Church has increased its membership by 70% in the last ten years.[101] In Singapore the percentage of Christians among Singaporeans increased from 12.7% in 1990 to 17.5% in 2010.[102] In recent years, the number of Chinese Christians has increased significantly; Christians were 4 million before 1949 (3 million Catholics and 1 million Protestants), and are reaching 67 million today,[63][103] Christianity is reportedly the fastest growing religion in China with average annual rate of 7%.[104] Some reports also show that many of the Chinese Indonesians minority convert to Christianity,[105][106] Demographer Aris Ananta reported in 2008 that "anecdotal evidence suggests that more Buddhist Chinese have become Christians as they increased their standards of education".[107] According to poll conducted by the Gallup Organization in 2006, found that Christianity is has increased significantly in Japan, particularly among youth, and a high numbers of teens are becoming Christians.[108] In Iran Christianity is reportedly the fastest growing religion with an average annual rate of 5.2%.[109]

In 1900, there were only 8.7 million[63] adherents of Christianity in Africa; and in 2010 there are 390 million,[63] and it is expected that by 2025 there will be 600 million Christians in Africa.[63] In Nigeria, the percentage of Christians has grown from 21.4% in 1953 to 50.8% in 2010.[63] In South Africa Pentecostalism has grown from 0.2% in 1951 to 7.6% in 2001.[110]

An event at Evangelical church: Protestantism is among the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world.[111]

Catholic Church membership in 2013 was 1.254 billion, which is 17.7% of the world population, an increase from 437 million in 1950[112] and 654 million in 1970.[113]The main growth areas have been Asia and Africa, with 39% and 32% increases respectively since 2000, Since 2010, the rate of increase was a 0.3% increase in the Americas and Europe.[114]

Protestantism is one of the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world.[115] From 1960 to 2000, the global growth of the number of reported Evangelicals grew three times the world's population rate, and twice that of Islam.[116][unreliable source?] Evangelical Christian denominations also are among the fastest-growing denominations in some Catholic Christian countries, such as Brazil and France.[117][118] In Brazil, the total number of Protestants jumped from 16.2% in 2000[119] to 22.2% in 2010 (for the first time, the percentage of Catholics in Brazil is less than 70%). These cases don't contribute to a growth of Christianity overall, but rather to a substitution of a brand of Christianity with another one.

According to the records of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, its membership has grown every decade since its beginning in the 1830s,[120] that it is among the top ten largest Christian denominations in the U.S.,[121] and that it was the fastest growing church in the U.S. in 2012.[122]

Studies [by whom?] estimate significantly more people have converted from Islam to Christianity in the 21st century than at any other point in Islamic history.[123][unreliable source?] Conversion into Christianity have also been well documented, and reports estimate that hundreds of thousands of Muslims convert to Christianity annually, significant numbers of Muslims converts to Christianity can be found in Afghanistan,[124][failed verification] Albania,[125][failed verification] Azerbaijan,[126][127] Algeria,[128] Belgium,[129] Bulgaria,[130][131] Germany,[132] Indonesia,[133] Iran,[134][135][136][137] Kazakhstan,[138] Kyrgyzstan,[139] Malaysia,[140] Morocco,[141][142] Netherlands,[143] Russia,[144] Saudi Arabia,[145] Tunisia,[146] Turkey,[147][148][149][150] Kosovo,[151] The United States[152] and Central Asia etc.[153][154] Many of the Muslims who converts to Christianity faces social rejection or imprisonment and sometimes murder or penalty, for becoming Christians.[155]

The Pew Research Center shows that, in the Middle East and North Africa, the continued migration of Christians into the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) is expected to offset the exodus of Christians from other countries in the region. If migration were not factored into the 2050 projections, the estimated Christian share of the region’s population would drop below 3%. With migration factored in, however, the estimated Christian share is expected to be just above 3% (down from nearly 4% in 2010).[156] The Christian emigration from the Middle East and North Africa, is a phenomenon that has been attributed to various causes included economic factors, political and military conflict, Persecution and feelings of insecurity or isolation among minority Christian populations.[157][158][159]

Deism

The 2001 American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) survey, which involved 50,000 participants, reported that the number of participants in the survey identifying themselves as deists grew at the rate of 717% between 1990 and 2001. If this were generalized to the US population as a whole, it would make deism the fastest-growing religious classification in the US for that period, with the reported total of 49,000 self-identified adherents representing about 0.02% of the US population at the time.[160]

Hinduism

Ratha Yatra celebration in Russia. In the late 20th century forms of Hinduism have grown indigenous roots in parts of Russia, significantly in Altay where Hinduism is now the religion of 2% of the population.

Hinduism is a growing religion in countries such as Ghana,[161][162] the United States,[163] and others.[specify] According to 2011 census, Hinduism has become fastest-growing religion in Australia since 2006[164] due to migration from India.[165][166] Over 80% of the Republic of India population is Hindu, accounting for about 90% of Hindus worldwide. Their 10-year growth rate is estimated at 20% (based on the period 1991 to 2001), corresponding to a yearly growth close to 2%.[167][168]

Islam

The mosque of Dumai, in Riau. Indonesia has the largest number of Muslims in the world.
Further information: Muslim population growth and Spread of Islam

In 1990, 1.1 billion people were Muslims, while in 2010, 1.6 billion people were Muslims.[7][169] According to the BBC, a comprehensive American study concluded in 2009 the number stood at approximately 23% of the world population with 60% of Muslims living in Asia.[170] From 1990 to 2010, the global Muslim population increased at an average annual rate of 2.2%. By 2030 Muslims are projected to represent about 26.4% of the global population (out of a total of 7.9 billion people).[10] However, according to others, including the 2003 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records, Islam is the world’s fastest-growing religion by number of conversions each year: "Although the religion began in Arabia, by 2002 80% of all believers in Islam lived outside the Arab world. On the other hand, in 2010 the Pew Forum stated: "Statistical data on conversion to and from Islam are scarce. What little information is available suggests that there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith. As a result, this report does not include any estimated future rate of conversions as a direct factor in the projections of Muslim population growth."[171] The growth of Islam from 2010 to 2020 has been estimated at 1.70%[10] due to high birthrates in Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. According to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the World Christian Database as of 2007 has Islam as the fastest-growing religion in the world.[172]

Resurgent Islam is one of the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world.[173] The Vatican's newly-released 2008 yearbook of statistics revealed that for the first time, Islam has outnumbered the Roman Catholics globally. It stated that, "Islam has overtaken Roman Catholicism as the biggest single religious denomination in the world",[174][175] and stated that, "It is true that while Muslim families, as is well known, continue to make a lot of children, Christian ones on the contrary tend to have fewer and fewer".[176] According to the Foreign Policy, High birth rates were cited as the reason for the Muslim population growth.[177] With of 3.1 children per woman, Muslims have higher fertility levels than the world’s overall population between 2010 and 2015. High fertility is a major driver of projected Muslim population growth around the world and in particular regions.[178] Globally, Muslims were younger (median age of 23) than the overall population (median age of 28) as of 2010.[179] According to the religious forecast for 2050 by Pew Research Center, modest net gains through religious conversion are expected for Muslims (3 million)[180] and most of the net gains through religious conversion for Muslims found in the Sub Saharan Africa (2.9 million).[181] The study also reveals that, by 2050 there will be near parity between Muslims (2.8 billion, or 30% of the population) and Christians (2.9 billion, or 31%), possibly for the first time in history.[182] As per recent research data by the Pew Research Center, "if current trends continue, Islam share of the world’s population would equal the Christian share, at roughly 32% each, around 2070. After that, the number of Muslims would exceed the number of Christians, but both religious groups would grow, roughly in tandem. By the year 2100, about 1% more of the world’s population would be Muslim (35%) than Christian (34%)."[183] The Muslims projected to outnumber the Christians by 2100.[184][185][186] According to the same study the significant growth of Islam is due primarily to the young age, high fertility rate and no affect by religious switching of Muslims relative to other religious groups.[187] A new study of Population Reference Bureau by demographers Charles Westoff and Tomas Frejka suggests that the fertility gap between Muslims and non-Muslims is shrinking and although the Muslim immigrants do have more children than other Europeans but their fertility tends to decline over time, often faster than among non-Muslims.[188]

Generally, there are few reports about how many people disaffiliating from Islam in Muslim majority countries. The main reason for this is the social and legal repercussions associated with leaving Islam in many Muslim majority countries, up to and including the death penalty for apostasy. However, the report also suggest that in future, it is also possible that these societies could allow for greater freedom to religiously disaffiliate.[189] On the other hand the increasingly large ex-Muslim communities in the Western world that adhere to no religion have been well documented.[190] A 2007 Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) report argued that some Muslim population projections are overestimated, as they assume that all descendants of Muslims will become Muslims even in cases of mixed parenthood.[191] Data from the General Social Survey in the United States show that 32 percent of those raised Muslim no longer embrace Islam in adulthood, and 18 percent hold no religious identification. Darren E. Sherkat, a professor of Sociology at Southern Illinois University wrote in Foreign Affairs that the rates of leaving Islam could be higher in Europe and Canada. On the other hand since, old-stock Europeans are becoming increasingly secular, some scholars posit that Islam could become one of the region’s most visible and practiced religious tradition in the coming decades. According to the author immigrants from the Islamic world is altering Europe’s landscape, thanks to relatively open immigration policies and much higher fertility rates among immigrant communities. According to Eric Kaufman of University of London, "the Muslim population will comprise up to 15 percent of Western Europeans by 2050. Given that 25 percent of Europe is expected to be atheist or agnostic by 2050, this will give Islam 20 percent of the religious market".[192] Studies show that about half of the 4.2 million persons from Muslim background in Germany are no longer embrace Islam in adulthood.[193] On the other hand, conversion into Islam have also been well documented.[194] It is reported that around 5,000 British people convert to Islam every year (most of them are women).[195] According to a report by CNN, Islam has drawn converts from all walks of life, most notably African-Americans.[196] Studies estimated approximately 30,000 converting to Islam annually in the United States.[197]

By 2010 an estimated 44 million Muslims were living in Europe (6%), up from 4.1% in 1990. By 2030, Muslims are expected to make up 8% of Europe’s population including an estimated 19 million in the EU (3.8%),[198] including 13 million foreign-born Muslim immigrants.[199] Islam is widely considered as the fastest growing religion in Europe due primarily to immigration and above average birth rates.[200][198][201] Between 2010-2015 the Muslim fertility rate in Europe was (2.1), On the other hand, the fertility rate in Europe as a whole was (1.6).[202] Pew study also reveals that Muslims are younger than other Europeans. In 2010, the median age of Muslims throughout Europe was (32), eight years younger than the median for all Europeans (40).[199] According to A religious forecast for 2050 by Pew Research Center show that conversion do not playing importance to the growth of the Muslim population in Europe.[203] according to the same study the net loss is (-60,000) due to the religious switching.[204]

According to the World Christian Encyclopedia, the fastest-growing denomination in Islam is Ahmadiyya with a growth rate of 3.25%. However, most of the Muslim population do not regard Ahmadis to be Muslims. Most other sects have a growth rate of less than 3%.[205]

In 2010 Asia was home for (62%) of the world’s Muslims, and about (20%) of the world’s Muslims lived in the Middle East and North Africa, (16%) in Sub Saharan Africa, and 2% in Europe.[206] As per the Pew Research study, Muslim populations will grow in absolute number in all regions of the world between 2010 and 2050. The Muslim population in the Asia-Pacific region is expected to reach nearly 1.5 billion by 2050, up from roughly 1 billion in 2010. The growth of Muslims is also expected in the Middle East-North Africa region, It is projected to increase from about 300 million in 2010 to more than 550 million in 2050. Besides, the Muslim population in sub-Saharan Africa is forecast to grow from about 250 million in 2010 to nearly 670 million in 2050 which is more than double. The absolute number of Muslims is also is expected to increase in regions with smaller Muslim populations such as Europe and North America.[207] By 2050 there will be decline share of global Muslim population residing in Asia and the Pacific (53%), while (24%) of Muslim population will in residing Sub Saharan Africa, (20%) in the Middle East and North Africa, and (2%) in Europe.[208] The share of Asia and the Pacific population that is Muslim is expected to grow from 24% in 2010 to nearly 30% in 2050 projecting Muslims is expected to surpass Hindus and become the largest religious group in the Asia-Pacific region by 2050.[209] In Latin America and the Caribbean, the Muslim population is expected to increase by 13% between 2010 and 2050, and they will account 0.1% of total Latin America and the Caribbean population.[210] In 2010 Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nigeria was home for (48%) of the world’s Muslims. By 2050 India is projected to have the world’s largest Muslim population followed by Pakistan, Indonesia, Nigeria and Bangladesh, and expected to be home for (45%) of the world’s Muslims.

There exist different views among scholars about the spread of Islam. Islam began in Arabia and from 633 AD until the late 10th century it was spread through conquests, far-reaching trade and missionary activity.[211][212]

According to Rodney Stark, Islam was spread after military conquests after Arab armies began overtaking Christian regions from Syria to North Africa and Spain,[213] as well as Buddhist and Hindu regions in Central Asia, parts of South Asia and Southeast Asia via military invasions,[214][215][216] traders and Sufi missionaries.[211][217][218][219] According to some scholars, the Jizya (poll tax) was the most important factor in the mass conversion to Islam, the tax paid by all non-Muslims (Dhimmis - which translated means "protected persons") in Islamic empires[220][221][222][223] (such as Christians under Ottoman Empire's authority,[224][225] Hindus and Buddhists under regime of Muslim invaders,[218] Coptic Christians under administration of the Muslim Arabs,[221] Zoroastrians living under Islamic rule in ancient Persia,[226] and also with Jewish communities in the medieval Arab world[227]) while some scholars acknowledges that Most Muslim rulers in India never consistently collected the jizya (poll tax) from Dhimmis.[218] Under Islamic law, Muslims are required to pay "Zakat" which helps pay for government services including protection from enemies, similar to income tax and other taxes in modern societies;[228] since non-Muslims are not required to pay Zakat, they instead had to pay Jizya if they wanted the same protections the Muslims received.[229]

According to other scholars many converted for a whole host of reasons, the main of which was evangelisation by Muslims, though there were some instances where some were pressured to convert owing to internal conflict and friction between the Christian and Muslim communities, according to historian Philip Jenkins.[230] However John L. Esposito, a scholar on the subject of Islam in "The Oxford History of Islam" states that the spread of Islam "was often peaceful and sometimes even received favourably by Christians".[231] In a 2008 conference on religion at Yale University's The MacMillan Center Initiative on Religion, Politics, and Society which hosted a speech from Hugh Kennedy, he stated forced conversions played little part in the history of the spread of the faith.[232] However, the poll tax known Jizyah may have played a part in converting people over to Islam but as Britannica notes "The rate of taxation and methods of collection varied greatly from province to province and were greatly influenced by local pre-Islamic customs" and there were even cases when Muslims had the tax levied against them, on top of Zakat.[233] Hugh Kennedy has also discussed the Jizyah issue and stated that Muslim governments discouraged conversion but were unable to prevent it.[234]

Wicca

The American Religious Identification Survey gives Wicca an average annual growth of 143% for the period 1990 to 2001 (from 8,000 to 134,000 – U.S. data / similar for Canada & Australia).[160][235] According to The Statesman Anne Elizabeth Wynn claims "The two most recent American Religious Identification Surveys declare Wicca, one form of paganism, as the fastest growing spiritual identification in America".[236][237] Mary Jones claims Wicca is one of the fastest-growing religions in the United States as well.[238] Wicca, which is largely a "Pagan" religion primarily attracts followers of nature-based religions in, as an example, the Southeast Valley region of the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area.[239]

Nonreligious

Further information: Irreligion by country
See also: Demographics of atheism

In terms of absolute numbers, irreligion appears to be increasing (along with secularization generally).[240] (See the geographic distribution of atheism.)

According to Pew Research Center survey in 2012 religiously unaffiliated (include agnostic and atheist) make up about 18.2% of Europeans population.[241]

The American Religious Identification Survey gave nonreligious groups the largest gain in terms of absolute numbers: 14.3 million (8.4% of the population) to 29.4 million (14.1% of the population) for the period 1990–2001 in the U.S.[160][235] A 2012 study by the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life reports, "The number of Americans who do not identify with any religion continues to grow at a rapid pace. One-fifth of the U.S. public – and a third of adults under 30 – are religiously unaffiliated today, the highest percentages ever in Pew Research Center polling."[242]

A similar pattern has been found in other countries such as Australia, Canada, and Mexico. According to statistics in Canada, the number of "Nones" increased by about 60% between 1985 and 2004.[243] In Australia, census data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics give "no religion" the largest gains in absolute numbers over the 15 years from 1991 to 2006, from 2,948,888 (18.2% of the population that answered the question) to 3,706,555 (21.0% of the population that answered the question).[244] According to INEGI, in Mexico, the number of atheists grows annually by 5.2%, while the number of Catholics grows by 1.7%.[245][246] In New Zealand, 39% of the population are irreligious making it largest percentage of total population in Oceania region.[247]

According to a religious forecast for 2050 by Pew Research Center the percentage of the world’s population that unaffiliated or Nonreligious is expected to drop, from 16% of the world’s total population in 2010 to 13% in 2050.[248] The decline is largely due to the advanced age (median age of 34) and low fertility among unaffiliated or Nonreligious 1.7 children per woman in the 2010-2015 period.

By 2015 naffiliated or Nonreligious is expected to account 27% of North America total population (up from 17.1% as in 2010), and 23% of Europe total population (up from 18% as in 2010).[249] The religiously unaffiliated are heavily concentrated in the Asia-Pacific region, where 76% resided in 2010 and 68% are projected to reside in 2050. The share of the unaffiliated population residing in Europe is projected to grow from 12% in 2010 to 13% in 2050. North America, which had about 5% of the world’s unaffiliated population in 2010, is expected to have 9% in 2050.[250]

Dinkoism

Dinkoism (മ: ഡിങ്കോയിസം) (/ˈdɪnkɔɪzəm/), or the Dinkoist Religion, is a religion[citation needed] and a social movement that emerged and evolved on social networks[1] organized by independent welfare groups in the Indian state of Kerala. While the concept of Dinkoism has been spreading through social media, the movement has organized events in which real people turned up at protests. For example, when the film Professor Dinkan appeared, Dinkoists held a "mock protest" outside the front of the home of an actor's restaurant as a way of taking a "gentle pot-shot" at the idea of religion in general. In April 2016, 25,000 Dinkoists gathered for a convention called a "Dinkamatha Maha Sammelanam" to "present their rights as a minority community," according to one report.  Dinkoists have received threatening messages as well as opposition from believers of other religions. The first major convention on Dinkoism was held in the northern Kerala city of Kozhikode.While the organizers were expecting a moderate croud in the hundreds, they were surprised when thousands of followers turned up, and many had to be turned away. Dinkoism has followers worldwide such as in the American city ofChicago, as well as official Dinkoist chapters established in Germany, Mexico, and the Middle-East.[citation needed]

Overall statistics

Data collection

Statistics on religious adherence are difficult to gather and often contradictory; statistics for the change of religious adherence are even more so, requiring multiple surveys separated by many years using the same data gathering rules. This has only been achieved in rare cases, and then only for particular countries, such as the American Religious Identification Survey[160] in the United States, or census data from Australia (which has included a voluntary religious question since 1911).[251]

Historical growth

The World Religion Database[252] (WRD) is a peer-reviewed database of international religious statistics based on research conducted at the Institute on Culture, Religion & World Affairs at Boston University. It is published by Brill and is the most comprehensive database of religious demographics available to scholars, providing data for all of the world's countries.[253] Adherence data is largely compiled from census and surveys.[254] The database groups adherents into 18 broadly-defined categories: Agnostics, Atheists,[a] Baha'is, Buddhists, Chinese folk-religionists, Christians, Confucianists, Daoists, Ethnoreligionists, Hindus, Jains, Jews, Muslims, New Religionists, Shintoists, Sikhs, Spiritists, and Zoroastrians. The WRD is edited by demographers Todd M. Johnson[255] and Brian J. Grim.[256]

World religious beliefs / Non-beliefs by adherents, 1910–2010
Religion / Irreligion 1910 2010 Rate*
Adherents % Adherents % 1910–2010 2000–2010
Christianity 611,810,000 34.8 2,260,440,000 32.8 1.32 1.31
Islam 221,749,000 12.6 1,553,773,000 22.5 1.97 1.86
Hinduism 223,383,000 12.7 948,575,000 13.8 1.46 1.41
Agnosticism 3,369,000 0.2 676,944,000 9.8 5.45 0.32
Chinese folk religion 390,504,000 22.2 436,258,000 6.3 0.11 0.16
Buddhism 138,064,000 7.9 494,881,000 7.2 1.28 0.99
Ethnoreligion 135,074,000 7.7 242,516,000 3.5 0.59 1.06
Atheism 243,000 0.0 136,652,000 2.0 6.54 0.05
New religion 6,865,000 0.4 63,004,000 0.9 2.24 0.29
Sikhism 3,232,000 0.2 23,927,000 0.3 2.02 1.54
Judaism 13,193,000 0.8 14,761,000 0.2 0.11 0.72
Spiritualism 324,000 0.0 13,700,000 0.2 3.82 0.94
Daoism 437,000 0.0 8,429,000 0.1 3.00 1.73
Bahá'í Faith 225,000 0.0 7,306,000 0.1 3.54 1.72
Confucianism 760,000 0.0 6,449,000 0.1 2.16 0.36
Jainism 1,446,000 0.1 5,316,000 0.1 1.31 1.53
Shinto 7,613,000 0.4 2,761,000 0.0 −1.01 0.09
Zoroastrianism 119,000 0.0 197,000 0.0 0.51 0.74
Total Population:
1,758,412,000
100.0
6,895,889,000
100.0
1.38
1.20
*Rate = average annual growth rate, percent per year indicated

Source: Todd M. Johnson and Brian J. Grim[257]

Future growth

Projections of future religious adherence are based on assumptions that trends, total fertility rates, life expectancy, political climate, conversion rates, secularization, etc will continue. Such forecasts cannot be validated empirically and are contentious, but are useful for comparison.[258][259]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Atheism and agnosticism are not typically considered religions, but data about the prevalence of irreligion is useful to scholars of religious demography.

References

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  178. ^ p.75
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  180. ^ Projected Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010-2050, p.11
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  220. ^ "The Islamisation of Bosnia". University of Calgary. 1998. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014.
  221. ^ a b BBC – Charting major events in Africa's history across millenia, 717 – Heavy taxation moves large numbers of Coptic Christians to convert to Islam
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  226. ^ "The Zoroastrians who remained in Persia (modern Iran) after the Arab–Muslim conquest (7th century CE) had a long history as outcasts. Although they purchased some toleration by paying the jizya (poll tax), not abolished until 1882, they were treated as an inferior race, had to wear distinctive garb, and were not allowed to ride horses or bear arms."Gabars Gabars, Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 29 May 2007.
  227. ^ The Mellah Society: Jewish Community Life in Sherifian Morocco by Shlomo Deshen, page 63
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  245. ^ México sigue siendo católico… pero crece el número de ateos
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  248. ^ Unaffiliated p:81
  249. ^ p.82
  250. ^ p.82
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  259. ^ Todd M. Johnson, Religious Projections for the Next 200 Years from World Network of Religious Futurists

Bibliography

  • Carolyn Chen, Russell Jeung. Sustaining Faith Traditions: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion among the Latino and Asian American Second Generation. NYU Press, 2012. ISBN 0814717365.
  • Miikka Ruokanen, Paulos Zhanzhu Huang. Christianity and Chinese Culture. William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2011. ISBN 0802865569.
  • Todd M. Johnson, Brian J. Grim. The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography. John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
  • Religion on the Move!: New Dynamics of Religious Expansion in a Globalizing World, BRILL, 21-Nov-2012, Afe Adogame, Shobana Shankar, 2012.
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