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Superfood

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Superfood is a marketing term used to describe foods with supposed health benefits.

Blueberries, a so-called 'superfood' that actually does not have unusually dense nutrient content.[1][2]

The superfood term is not in common use by dietitians and nutrition scientists, many of whom dispute that particular foods have the health benefits often claimed by advocates of particular superfoods.[n 1][4]

Definition

The Macmillan Dictionary defines 'superfood' as a food that is considered to be very good for your health and that may even help some medical conditions.[5] The Oxford Dictionary definition states a superfood is “a nutrient-rich food considered to be especially beneficial for health and well-being”.[6]

The group Cancer Research UK says, "the term 'superfood' is really just a marketing tool, with little scientific basis to it".[7] Another source defines superfood as "a non-medical term popularised in the media to refer to foods that can have health-promoting properties such as reducing one's risk of disease or improving any aspect of physical or emotional health. So-called superfoods may have an unusually high content of antioxidants, vitamins or other nutrients."[8]

Use of the term

As of 2007 the marketing of products as "superfoods" is prohibited in the European Union unless accompanied by a specific medical claim supported by credible scientific research.[9]

Examples

Possibly the most frequently mentioned superfood group, berries remain only under preliminary research and are not yet certain of providing health benefits.[4][10][11][12] Specifically, blueberries, as a popular superfood example, are not especially nutrient-dense (considered to be a superfood characteristic),[4] having moderate content of only three essential nutrients: vitamin C, vitamin K and manganese.[2] A food such as spinach or kale, by contrast, contains many nutrients rich in content (see nutrient tables in respective Wikipedia articles) and so may confer nutritional benefits beyond those of other foods moderate in nutrient content, such as berries.[4] Blueberries are very commonly branded as having a high dose of antioxidants, particularly anthocyanins. Although anthocyanins have antioxidant properties in vitro,[13] this antioxidant effect is not conserved after the plant is consumed. As interpreted by the Linus Pauling Institute and European Food Safety Authority, dietary anthocyanins and other flavonoids have little or no direct antioxidant food value following digestion.[14][15]

Superfruits

For the web show, see Superfruit (web show).

Superfruit is a marketing term first used in the food and beverage industry in 2004.[11][12][16] Superfruit has no official definition in major consumer markets, e.g., Europe or the United States by regulatory authorities such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or U.S. Department of Agriculture.[17] The designation of a fruit as a superfruit is entirely up to the product manufacturer, as the term is primarily a marketing tool used to create consumer demand.[18][19][20]

Keys to marketing a successful superfruit product include the native fruit qualities, scientific evidence suggesting a potential health benefit, marketing, protection of intellectual property and developing a strategy to attract consumers.[19][20] Combined in the right way, these elements may allow a fruit to achieve "critical mass" as a superfruit.[19]

To date, superfruits have been developed mainly as juices, but began in 2007 to appear as single piece products or as ingredients for functional foods, confectioneries and cosmetics. Current industry development includes applications for creating novel consumer products, such as energy drinks, dietary supplements, and flavors with nutrient qualities, e.g. fortified water, popcorn or snack chips.[11]

Although used in new food and beverage products, superfruits remain undefined by scientific criteria that would allow consumers to objectively assess nutrient value and potential for furnishing health benefits.[18][21] Consequently, the term superfruit is used liberally to include fruits having sparse scientific evidence for being "super" other than being relatively unknown to common consumers.[21]

Significance

The superfruit category is a relatively new marketing approach for promoting common or rare fruits used as raw materials and ingredients for the global industries of functional foods, beverages and nutraceuticals.[12] The fruits may have nutritional significance due to their nutrient content, antioxidant value, anticipated health benefits and commercial significance associated with novelty of taste, color, number of food or beverage product formats or potential to stimulate future products with innovative packaging and labeling.[19][21]

In 2007, the superfoods category was forecast to become a billion dollar global industry by 2011,[22] with several thousand new superfruit products expected to enter the marketplace. According to Datamonitor, superfruit product launches grew at a rate of 67% over 2007-8, but underwent significant category erosion beginning in 2011 when introductions of food and non-food products featuring pomegranate, açaí or goji declined by 56% for the period from 2011-12 versus 2009-10.[11][22]

Origin and background

More than a dozen industry publications on functional foods and beverages have referred to various exotic or antioxidant species as superfruits with estimates for some 10,000 new product introductions in 2007–8.[12][18][22]

Relatively rare fruits originating from Oceania (noni), China (goji, seabuckthorn), Southeast Asia (mangosteen) or tropical South America (açaí) unknown to American consumers were among the first wave of superfruits successfully used in product manufacturing from 2005 to 2010,[12][23] but their popularity declined through 2013, being replaced in part by new entries from southern Africa (baobab) and northern Europe (forest berries).[11] Consumer interest in new products using pomegranate remained consistent through 2013.[11]

However, definition of a superfruit remains obscure with no scientific standards or commercial criteria accepted uniformly in the industry.[21]

Mainstream consumers initially seemed to accept juices of fruits that would not be popular in fresh form, such as noni and pomegranate – two of the largest selling juices.[11][24] Tahitian Noni began selling noni juice in 1996 and claimed billions of dollars in sales during their first 10 years of operation.[23] Earlier reports showed pomegranate-based products grew nearly 400 per cent over 2005-7 from new launches, a gain exceeding all the previous six years.[25] Similarly, XanGo, a multiple-fruit juice containing mangosteen juice, grew from $40 million in sales in 2002 to $200 million in 2005.[23]

One strategy used by manufacturers has been to employ superfruits to enhance the flavor of food products, attempting to mask tastes or provide impressions of novelty and health.[11][26] Five thousand new products were introduced in 2005 on berries alone,[11][27] while the superfruit category was one of the top 10 global trends in consumer products in 2008.[28] By 2013, however, innovation in superfruit products appeared to be generally declining, with fewer new introductions to the category[11] and consumer skepticism about the higher product costs and proposed health benefits appearing to grow.[29]

Potential health effects

Cancer Research UK note that superfoods are often promoted as having an ability to prevent or cure diseases, including cancer; they caution, "you shouldn’t rely on so-called 'superfoods' to reduce the risk of cancer. They cannot substitute for a generally healthy and balanced diet".[7]

Possible health benefits and effects of foods described as superfoods are often disputed or unsupported by scientific studies.[4] For example, in one study, raw cocoa had positive effects on blood pressure and markers of heart health,[30] while other research indicated less certainty about the possible effects of cocoa on cardiovascular disease.[31]

Criticism

Many dietitians say the word "superfood" is just a marketing device.[32] According to Catherine Collins, chief dietitian at St George's Hospital in London, usage of the term can actually be harmful when applied to foods which have drawbacks. For example, some seaweeds hailed as superfoods contain natural toxins which are thought by some to increase risk of cancer and liver damage.[3] The Dutch food safety organisation Voedingscentrum, presented some health claims that marketers use in selling many so-called superfoods such as goji berry, hempseed, chia seeds, and wheatgrass and notes that such claims are not scientifically proven.[33] The organisation warns that people who go to extremes in their conviction and consume large quantities of specific superfoods end up with an "impaired, one-sided diet".[33] Historically, food fads come and go; for example, in the early 1900s, bananas may have been named the first superfood, as they were praised to be "sealed by nature in practically germ-proof packages" by the Journal of the American Medical Association and touted as a treatment for celiac disease.[34] Also, concerning possible anti-cancer effects of green tea, a review of research and promotion produced a 2013 warning letter from the US Food and Drug Administration about false advertising and health claims.[35]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "The term 'superfoods' is at best meaningless and at worst harmful," said Catherine Collins, chief dietitian at St George's Hospital in London. "There are so many wrong ideas about superfoods that I don't know where best to begin to dismantle the whole concept."[3]

References

  1. ^ di Noia, Jennifer (2014-06-05). "Defining Powerhouse Fruits and Vegetables: A Nutrient Density Approach". Preventing Chronic Disease. 11. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (USA). doi:10.5888/pcd11.130390. ISSN 1545-1151. Retrieved 2014-06-11.
  2. ^ a b "Nutrition facts profile for blueberries per 100 g, USDA Nutrient Tables, SR-21". Conde Nast. 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  3. ^ a b Hill, Amelia (2007-05-13). "Forget superfoods, you can't beat an apple a day". The Observer.
  4. ^ a b c d e "The science behind superfoods: are they really super?". European Food Information Council. November 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  5. ^ superfood - definition. American English definition of superfood by Macmillan Dictionary
  6. ^ Superfood (search). Oxford English Dictionary, online edition. 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  7. ^ a b "'Superfoods' and cancer". Cancer Research UK. Retrieved August 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  8. ^ Superfoods definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms
  9. ^ "Superfood 'ban' comes into effect". BBC News. 2007-06-28.
  10. ^ Seeram, N. P. (2008). "Berry fruits: Compositional elements, biochemical activities, and the impact of their intake on human health, performance, and disease". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56 (3): 627–9. doi:10.1021/jf071988k. PMID 18211023.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Srinivasan S (6 March 2008). "Superfruits - Bespoke for Functionality or Fad?". Frost & Sullivan Market Insight. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  12. ^ a b c d e Gross, Paul (2010). Superfruits. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780071633871.
  13. ^ De Rosso, VV; Morán Vieyra, FE; Mercadante, AZ; et al. (October 2008). "Singlet oxygen quenching by anthocyanin's flavylium cations". Free Radical Research. 42 (10): 885–91. doi:10.1080/10715760802506349. PMID 18985487.
  14. ^ Lotito SB; Frei B (2006). "Consumption of flavonoid-rich foods and increased plasma antioxidant capacity in humans: cause, consequence, or epiphenomenon?". Free Radic. Biol. Med. 41 (12): 1727–46. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.04.033. PMID 17157175.
  15. ^ Williams RJ; Spencer JP; Rice-Evans C (April 2004). "Flavonoids: antioxidants or signalling molecules?". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 36 (7): 838–49. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.01.001. PMID 15019969.
  16. ^ "Amazon superfruits set to boom". Functional Ingredients. Penton Media. 30 November 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  17. ^ Brown, Amy (2010). Understanding Food: Principles and Preparation. p. 331. ISBN 978-0-538-73498-1.
  18. ^ a b c Sohn, Emily (10 March 2008). "Superfruits, super powers?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  19. ^ a b c d Crawford, Karl; Julian Mellentin (2008). Successful Superfruit Strategy: How To Build a Superfruit Business. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84569-540-8.[page needed]
  20. ^ a b Starling, Shane (14 May 2008). "Superfruit success not grown on trees, say authors". Decision News Media. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  21. ^ a b c d Gross, Paul (9 July 2009). "Comprehensive criteria for superfruit status". Natural Products Insider, Informa Exhibitions LLC. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  22. ^ a b c McNally, Alex (10 August 2007). "Superfoods market set to double by 2011". Decision News Media. Retrieved 22 June 2009.[unreliable source?]
  23. ^ a b c Schardt, David (November 2006). "Super Fruit: Squeezing cold cash out of three 'hot' juices" (PDF). Nutrition Action Healthletter. Center for Science in the Public Interest: 9–11. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  24. ^ "Evaluation of the ergogenic potential of noni juice". Phytother Res. 21 (11): 1100–1. 2007. doi:10.1002/ptr.2188. PMID 17604369. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  25. ^ Runestad, Todd (1 October 2007). "Functional ingredients market overview". Functional Ingredients. Penton Media. Retrieved 22 June 2009.[unreliable source?]
  26. ^ Halliday, Jess (23 October 2007). "Superfruit flavours get ever more exotic". Decision News Media. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  27. ^ Fletcher, Anthony (31 March 2006). "Super fruits set to dominate flavour market". Decision News Media. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  28. ^ "Fresh, super and organic top trends for 2008". Decision News Media. 28 November 2007. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  29. ^ Renton, Alex (30 December 2013). "Why those 'superfruits' may just be a costly rip-off... and you'd do just as well eating a humble potato!". The Daily Mail Online, Associated Newspapers Ltd., United Kingdom. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  30. ^ Taubert, D; Berkels, R; Roesen, R; Klaus, W (2003). "Chocolate and blood pressure in elderly individuals with isolated systolic hypertension". JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association. 290 (8): 1029–30. doi:10.1001/jama.290.8.1029. PMID 12941673.
  31. ^ Galleano, M; Oteiza, PI; Fraga, CG (2009). "Cocoa, chocolate, and cardiovascular disease". Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology. 54 (6): 483–90. doi:10.1097/FJC.0b013e3181b76787. PMC 2797556. PMID 19701098.
  32. ^ "How 'Superfoods' Like Bulletproof Coffee Get Popular (Hint: It's Not Nutritional Science)". Healthline. January 2015. Retrieved 10 Mar 2015.
  33. ^ a b Jeroen Schutijser (6 March 2014). "Superfoods bestaan helemaal niet (in Dutch)". Nederlandse Omroep Stichting.
  34. ^ Levinovitz, Alan (22 April 2015). "The First Superfood". Slate (magazine). Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  35. ^ Schneeman BO (April 2013). "Letter Updating the Green Tea and Risk of Breast Cancer and Prostate Cancer Health Claim April 17, 2012; RE: Health Claim Petition: Green Tea and Reduced Risk of Cancer Health Claim (Docket No. FDA-2004-Q-0427)". US Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
  • The dictionary definition of superfood at Wiktionary
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