2017 Turkish constitutional referendum
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A constitutional referendum will be held in Turkey on Sunday, 16 April 2017.[1] Voters will vote on a set of 18 proposed amendments to the Constitution of Turkey. The amendments have long been a policy of the governing Justice and Development Party (AK Party) and its founder, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, as well as being agreed to by the opposition Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). The amendments include the introduction of an executive presidency that would replace the existing parliamentary system of government, the abolition of the Office of the Prime Minister, the raising of the number of seats in Parliament from 550 to 600 and reforms to the Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors (HSYK).
Proposals for constitutional reform were initially announced by the AK Party following their victory in the 2011 general election, but were pushed back after the all-party parliamentary constitutional committee were unable to reach a consensus. Following the election of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan as President in 2014, proposals for constitutional reform and an executive presidency gained strength and were key AKP policy proposals in both the June 2015 general election and the November 2015 snap general election. On 24 May 2016, Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu was succeeded by Binali Yıldırım, with the former having resigned allegedly due to disagreements with Erdoğan regarding constitutional change that would reduce the powers or eliminate the Office of the Prime Minister. In October 2015, the MHP, which have historically been opposed to an executive presidency, called on the government to bring forward their proposals to Parliament, with party leader Devlet Bahçeli announcing that he would co-operate in the drafting process. The AK Party and MHP reached an agreement regarding a proposed new constitution on 8 December after a month of negotiations, beginning the parliamentary process of initiating a referendum on the proposals.
On 20 January 2017, Parliament voted to put forward the proposed amendments to a referendum with 339 votes in favour, surpassing the required three-fifths majority of 330 votes. The main opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) declared that they would seek to annul the parliamentary vote through the Constitutional Court, citing irregularities such as open voting and intimidation of MPs during the voting process. President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan declared the referendum date as April 16, 2017.
Background
Introducing a presidential system was proposed by then-Minister of Justice Cemil Çiçek and backed by then-Prime Minister Erdoğan in 2005.[2] Since then, presidential system has been openly supported by Justice and Development Party leaders several times, along with a "new constitution". Justice and Development Party vice-president Hayati Yazıcı proposed April 2017 as a date for the referendum.[3]
Constitutional amendments
Initial proposals
On 10 December 2016, the AKP and MHP brought forward 21 proposed amendments to the constitution and began collecting signatures from MPs in order to begin the parliamentary procedures for initiating a referendum. After Assembly Commission talks, 3 proposals were withdrawn, thus there are 18 amendments remaining. The full-text proposal in Turkish and the present Turkish constitution are found at the following links.[4][5] The most important changes have been highlighted by the Union of Turkish Bar Associasions.[6] An English summary/interpretation of the 18 amendments are listed below.[7][8]
Description of proposed amendments | ||
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Proposal # | Article | Description of change |
1 | Article 9 | The judiciary is required to act on condition of impartially. |
2 | Article 75 | The number of seats in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey is raised from 550 to 600. |
3 | Article 76 | The age requirement to stand as a candidate in an election was lowered from 25 to 18, while the condition of having to complete compulsory military service is removed. Individuals with relations to the military are ineligible to run for election. |
4 | Article 77 | Parliamentary terms are extended from four to five years. Parliamentary and presidential elections will be held on the same day every five years, with presidential elections going to a run-off if no candidate wins a simple majority in the first round. |
5 | Article 87 | The powers of Parliament to scrutinise ministers and hold the government to account, as well as granting ministers the power to issue decrees regarding certain matters, are abolished. |
6 | Article 98 | Parliament now detects cabinet and Vice President with Parliamentry Research,Parliamentary Investigation,General Discussion and Written Question.Interpellation is abolished and replaced with Parliamentary Investigation.VP needs to answer Written Questions within 15 days. |
7 | Article 101 | In order to stand as a presidential candidate, an individual requires the endorsement of one or more parties that won 5% or more in the preceding parliamentary elections and 100,000 voters. The elected president no longer needs to terminate their party membership if they have one. |
8 | Article 104 | The President becomes both the head of state and head of government, with the power to appoint and sack ministers and VP. The president can issue decrees about executive.If legislation makes a law about the same topic that President issued an executive order,decree will become invalid and parliamentary law become valid. |
9 | Article 105 | Parliamentary investigations into possible crimes committed by the President can begin in Parliament with a three-fifths vote in favour. Following the completion of investigations, the parliament can vote to indict the President with a two-thirds vote in favour. |
10 | Article 106 | The President can appoint one or more Vice Presidents. If the Presidency falls vacant, then fresh presidential elections must be held within 45 days. If parliamentary elections are due within less than a year, then they too are held on the same day as early presidential elections. If the parliament has over a year left before its term expires, then the newly elected president serves until the end of the parliamentary term, after which both presidential and parliamentary elections are held. This does not count towards the President's two-term limit. Parliamentary investigations into possible crimes committed by Vice Presidents and ministers can begin in Parliament with a three-fifths vote in favour. Following the completion of investigations, the parliament can vote to indict Vice Presidents or ministers with a two-thirds vote in favour. If found guilty, the Vice President or minister in question is only removed from office if their crime is one that bars them from running for election. If a sitting MP is appointed as a minister or Vice President, their parliamentary membership will be terminated. |
11 | Article 116 | The President and five-third of the Parliament can decide to renew elections. In this case, the enactor also dissolves itself until elections. |
12 | Article 119 | The ability to declare a state of emergency is given to the President, taking effect following parliamentary approval. States of emergency can be extended for up to four months at a time except during war, where the state of emergency is indefinite.Every bylaws President makes in State of emergency will need an approval of Parliament. |
13 | Article 142 | Military courts are abolished unless they are erected to investigate actions of soldiers under conditions of war. |
14 | Article 159 | Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors is renamed to "Board of Judges and Prosecutors", members are reduced to 13 from 22, departments are reduced to 2 from 3. 4 members are appointed by President, 7 will be appointed by the Grand Assembly.Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors (HSYK) candidates will need to get 2/3(400) votes to pass first round and will need 3/5(360) votes in second round to be a member of HSYK.(Other 2 members are Justice Minister and Ministry of Justice Undersecretary, which is unchanged) |
15 | Article 161 | President proposes fiscal budget to Grand Assembly 75 days prior to fiscal new year. Parliamentary members cannot make change proposals to public expenditures. If budget is not approved, then temporary budget will be proposed. If temporary budget also not approved, previous year's budget would be used with previous year's increment ratio.[note 1] |
16 | Several articles | Adaptation of several articles of the constitution with other changes, mainly transferring executive powers of cabinet to President. |
17 | Temporary Article 21 | Next presidential and General elections will be held in 3 November 2019. If Grand Assembly decides early elections, both will be held at the same day. Board of Judges and Prosecutors elections will be made within 30 days of approval of this law. Military courts are abolished once the law came into force. |
18 | Several articles | The amendments (2, 4 and 7) will came into force after new elections, other amendments (except temporary article) will come into force once newly elected president swears. Annulled the article which elected Presidents loses their memberships in a political party. |
- Notes
- ^ This increment ratio is defined by Ministry of Finance and determines changes on absolute-valued taxes and fines.
Parliamentary Constitutional Commission
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/AKP_constitutional_proposals_at_TBMM.jpg/230px-AKP_constitutional_proposals_at_TBMM.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/TBMM_Constitutional_Commission_2.jpg/230px-TBMM_Constitutional_Commission_2.jpg)
After being signed by the AKP's 316 MPs, the 21 proposed changes were submitted to the Speaker of the Grand National Assembly and were then referred to the Parliamentary Constitutional Commission.[9] The Parliamentary Constitutional Commission, headed by AK Party MP Mustafa Şentop, began scrutinising the proposals in December 2016, earlier than the planned date of January 2017. The Constitutional Commission is formed of 25 Members of which 15 are from the AKP, 5 are from the CHP, 3 are from the HDP and 2 are from the MHP, as per the composition of parliament. Since the AKP held a large majority of the commission's seats, it was expected by media commentators that there would be minimal surprise developments at the scrutiny stage.[10] Debates in the commission were heated, with occasional fights being observed between MPs.[11]
The Constitutional Commission has the power to amend or reject the proposed changes before they are put to a vote for all MPs. The Commission made minor changes to numerous proposals, such as raising the number of members of the Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors from 12 to 13.[12] So far, the commission has rejected three of the 21 proposed changes, reducing the constitutional package from 21 proposals to 18. The 5th proposal, which created 'reserve MPs' to take the parliamentary seats that fall vacant between elections, was controversially rejected with just three signatures, well short of the support of 25 commission members or 184 total MPs necessary.[13] It was reported that AKP MPs opposed the creation of 'reserve MPs' on the grounds that it threatened the security of sitting MPs by incentivising reserves to incapacitate them in order to take their seat.[14] The 15th proposal that gave the President the right to structure the civil service and state institutions through executive decrees was also rejected.[15] A day later on 29 December, the 14th proposal which gave the right for the President to appoint senior bureaucratic officials was rejected.
The Commission completed the approval process on 30 December, rejecting 3 of the 21 proposals in total.[16]
Parliamentary Constitutional Commission scrutiny process results | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Proposal | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
Result | ![]() |
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Parliamentary voting
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Turkish_MPs_voting_for_constitution_2017.jpg/230px-Turkish_MPs_voting_for_constitution_2017.jpg)
Following the completion of the Constitutional Commission hearings, the 18 proposals were presented to parliament for ratification. Constitutional amendments need a three fifths majority (330 votes) to be put forward to a referendum and a two-thirds majority (367 votes) to be ratified directly. Justice and Development Party (AKP) officials claimed before the vote that even if the 367-threshold was reached, the government would not ratify the changes without a referendum.
Parliament voted on each of the 18 proposals separately in two rounds. The first round served as an indicator of whether the amendments would gather sufficient support, with amendments being proposed by all parties present in the chamber. In the second round, parties are no longer permitted to propose changes to the proposals. The results of the second round are taken into account, with 330 votes needed to send them to a referendum or 367 for direct implementation. A final vote on all of the approved proposals at large, with the same thresholds, was undertaken at the end of the second round, with the entire process being disbanded if votes in favour fell below 330.[17]
Of the total 550 Members of Parliament, 537 were entitled to a vote. 11 MPs from the People's Democratic Party (HDP) were under arrest for terrorism charges and were unable to partake in the vote, with the remaining 48 HDP MPs boycotting the vote after their motion calling for the arrested MPs to be brought to parliament to vote was rejected.[18] The Parliamentary Speaker İsmail Kahraman, who is unable to take part in the vote by virtue of being the Speaker, was hospitalised during the vote, meaning that AKP deputy speaker Ahmet Aydın presided over the proceedings and was therefore unable to cast a vote.
Of the 537 MPs eligible to vote, the AKP held 315, the CHP 133, the MHP 39, the HDP 48 and 2 were independent. Of the MHP's 39 MPs, 6 had openly stated that they would vote against the amendments, leaving the total number of MPs expected to vote 'Yes' at 348. The CHP's 133 MPs and the two independents, which consisted of Aylin Nazlıaka and Ümit Özdağ, voted 'No' while the HDP boycotted the votes.
Theoretical distribution of votes according to party lines | |||||||||
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Party | Leader | Party position | Total MPs | Eligible to vote | Voting yes | Voting no | Graphical representation | ||
AKP | Justice and Development Party | Binali Yıldırım | ![]() |
317 | 315 | 315 | 0 | ![]() | |
CHP | Republican People's Party | Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu | ![]() |
133 | 133 | 0 | 133 | ||
MHP | Nationalist Movement Party | Devlet Bahçeli | ![]() |
39 | 39 | 33 | 6 | ||
HDP | Peoples' Democratic Party | Selahattin Demirtaş / Figen Yüksekdağ | ![]() |
59 | 48 | Boycotting
| |||
style="background:Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color; width:4px; text-align:center;"| | Independents | ![]() |
2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | MPs ordered by party line. Black denotes MPs ineligible to vote | ||
Total | 550 | 537 | 348 | 135 | ![]() |
Parliamentary voting began on 9 January, with the first round of voting being completed on 15 January. Opposition politicians criticised the rushed way in which the votes were conducted, with four to five votes taking place in a day with no adjournments.[19] The votes were marred by numerous irregularities, with CHP Members of Parliament filming AKP MPs openly casting their vote or intimidating uncertain MPs to vote 'Yes'.[20][21] The Minister of Health, Recep Akdağ, was filmed casting an open vote, which is disallowed by the constitution, and openly admitting that he had committed a crime afterwards.[22] AKP MPs responded to attempts to film them with hostility, with fights occasionally breaking out between government and opposition MPs.[23] CHP MP Fatma Kaplan Hürriyet was allegedly strangled by AKP Parliamentary Group Leader Mustafa Elitaş after she filmed Elitaş and Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım casting open votes.[24] Several MPs were hospitalised, while the podium where MPs rose to make speeches was dislocated with one of its €15,000 microphones being reported as missing.[25] The second round of voting was completed on 20 January, with all of the proposed amendments being approved. A final motion to enact the approved amendments was approved by 339 votes, surpassing the 330-vote threshold to hold a referendum but falling short of the 367-vote threshold needed to enact the amendments directly.
Article Voting
Proposal | Issue | First round | Second round | Results | ||||||
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MP turnout | Yes | No | Other | MP turnout | Yes | No | Other | |||
Motion to begin the voting process | 480 | 338 | 134 | 3 | ||||||
1 | Neutrality of the judiciary | 484 | 347 | 132 | 5 | 486 | 345 | 140 | 1 | ![]() |
2 | Increasing the number of MPs to 600 from 550 | 480 | 343 | 133 | 3 | 485 | 342 | 139 | 4 | ![]() |
3 | Eligibility for parliamentary candidacy | 485 | 341 | 139 | 5 | 486 | 342 | 137 | 6 | ![]() |
4 | Elections every five years for both Parliament and Presidency | 486 | 343 | 139 | 4 | 486 | 342 | 138 | 6 | ![]() |
5 | Powers and responsibilities of Parliament | 354 | 343 | 7 | 4 | 486 | 342 | 140 | 4 | ![]() |
6 | Audit authorities of Parliament | 483 | 343 | 137 | 3 | 485 | 342 | 138 | 5 | ![]() |
7 | Election of the President | 482 | 340 | 136 | 6 | 484 | 340 | 136 | 8 | ![]() |
8 | Duties of the President | 481 | 340 | 135 | 6 | 483 | 339 | 138 | 6 | ![]() |
9 | Penal responsibility of the President | 485 | 343 | 137 | 5 | 483 | 341 | 137 | 5 | ![]() |
10 | Vice-presidency and ministries | 483 | 343 | 135 | 5 | 481 | 340 | 136 | 5 | ![]() |
11 | Renewal of elections | 483 | 341 | 134 | 8 | 481 | 342 | 135 | 4 | ![]() |
12 | State of Emergency | 482 | 344 | 133 | 5 | 484 | 342 | 138 | 4 | ![]() |
13 | Aboltion of military courts | 482 | 343 | 133 | 6 | 484 | 343 | 136 | 5 | ![]() |
14 | High council of judges and prosecutors | 483 | 341 | 133 | 9 | 487 | 342 | 139 | 6 | ![]() |
15 | Budget regulation | 483 | 341 | 134 | 8 | 486 | 342 | 141 | 3 | ![]() |
16 | Adaptation of other articles | 482 | 341 | 134 | 7 | 486 | 342 | 141 | 3 | ![]() |
17 | Temporary article for transition to new system | 484 | 342 | 135 | 7 | 485 | 341 | 139 | 5 | ![]() |
18 | President can be party member & when changes would be effective |
481 | 344 | 131 | 6 | 488 | 343 | 142 | 3 | ![]() |
Motion to enact the approved changes (330 for referendum, 367 for direct implementation) | 488 | 339 | 142 | 7 | ![]() |
Several AKP MPs voted openly for the changes, violating the constitutional requirement of a secret vote, presumably to exert pressure on possible dissident MPs.[26]
Reception
Negative reception
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_%C3%96zel_CHP.jpg/230px-%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_%C3%96zel_CHP.jpg)
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The amendments were received with heavy criticism from opposition parties and non-governmental organisations, with criticism focusing particularly on the erosion of the separation of powers and the abolition of parliamentary accountability. Constitutional legal experts such as Kemal Gözler and İbrahim Kaboğlu claimed that the changes would result in the Parliament becoming effectively powerless, while the executive president would have controls over the executive, legislative and judiciary.[27][28] On 4 December, the Atatürkist Thought Association (ADD), Association for the Support of Contemporary Living (ÇYDD) and the Trade Union Confederation held a rally in Ankara despite having their permissions revoked by the Governor of Ankara, calling for a rejection of the executive presidential system on the grounds that it threatened judicial independence and secular democratic values.[29]
The amendments were initially received with mixed responses from the opposition CHP, which have long been critical of the AKP's constitutional plans. Shortly after the proposals were made public and submitted to Parliament on 10 December, Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım reported that the CHP was in agreement with 5 of the proposed changes.[30] However, reception by the CHP was negative, with the party's deputy leader Selin Sayek Böke claiming that the proposals essentially created a 'sultanate'.[31] Parliamentary group leader Levent Gök, one of the first to comment on the released proposals, claimed that the changes would revert 140 years of Turkish parliamentary democracy, calling on all parties to reject the proposals.[32] Another of the CHP's parliamentary group leaders, Özgür Özel, called the proposals a 'regime change', with the parliament being left essentially powerless in scrutinising ministers and holding them to account.[33] Özel claimed that the AKP were unlikely to obtain the 330 votes necessary to put the changes to a referendum, stating that he would be surprised if the number of MPs voting in favour reached 275.[34] CHP MP Selina Doğan claimed that the authoritarian nature of the proposals would effectively end Turkey's EU accession negotiations, citing the lack of any relevance to European values.[35] CHP MP Cemal Oktan Yüksel claimed that the proposals resembled the constitution of Assad's Syria, stating that it wouldn't be a national constitution but 'Syria's constitution translated'.[36]
Despite having the nationalist MHP's official support, it was reported that Turkish nationalists were also overwhelmingly critical of both the proposals and their party's involvement in their drafting.[37] Bahçeli, who has historically lent support to the AKP in controversial situations, was subject to criticism from all major parties for his decision to support the constitutional amendments, being described as the AKP's 'back garden', 'life-line' or 'spare tyre' by critics.[38][39][40] On 24 October 2016, 5 of the 40 MHP Members of Parliament declared that they would reject the constitutional proposals, against their party line.[41] Ümit Özdağ, who was a leadership candidate against Bahçeli and one of the 5 MPs critical of the changes, had his party membership revoked in November.[42] A poll released by Gezici in December showed that almost two-thirds of MHP supporters were against the proposed changes, though MHP supporters were also the most undecided amongst the other parties.[43] On 27 December, MHP MP Kadir Koçdemir became the fifth MP from his party to publicly state his opposition to the proposals.[44]
Speaking shortly after the proposals were released, the HDP's spokesperson Ayhan Bilgen criticised the proposed changes for being anti-democratic and against the principle of judicial independence. Citing the proposed creation of 'executive orders' that can be decreed by the President at will without parliamentary scrutiny, Bilgen criticised the nature of the changes, calling them poorly written and an attempt to cover up constitutional violations that had taken place under the current constitution.[45] However, on 18 December, HDP MP Kadri Yıldırım claimed that there would be no reason to reject the proposals if the changes included a separate 'status' for Turkish Kurds and a constitutional entitlement to education for Kurdish citizens in their native Kurdish language.[46] This led to speculation that the HDP could be convinced to support the changes by the AKP government, though the MHP would be unlikely to jointly support any changes that are also endorsed by the HDP.[47] On 21 December, the CHP and HDP issued a parliamentary motion that would declare the proposals 'unconstitutional', but the motion was rejected by MPs.[48]
Campaign positions
Ruling party AKP and opposition MHP are the signatories of the amendments. MHP has provided their conditional support until their conditions are met.[49] Main opposition CHP's initial position was to wait until the amendments were finalized. CHP leader Kılıçdaroğlu once mentioned of bringing the changes into Grand Assembly.[50] Later, CHP decided to favor No vote and started "Türkiye'yi Böldürmeyeceğiz" (Turkish: We'll not partition Turkey) rallies. Parliament's fourth party HDP is against the changes.
Political parties
Other parties | ||||||
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Yeni Dünya | New World Party | Emanullah Gündüz | Right-wing | [61] | ||
HÜDA PAR | Free Cause Party | Zekeriya Yapıcıoğlu | Islamism | [62] | ||
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TSİP | Socialist Workers' Party of Turkey | Turgut Koçak | Socialism | [63] | ||
TKP | Communist Party of Turkey | Hüseyin Karabulut | Communism | [64] | ||
style="background:Template:Freedom and Solidarity Party/meta/color; width:4px; text-align:center;"| | ÖDP | Freedom and Solidarity Party | Collective leadership | Left-wing | [65] | |
style="background:Template:Labour Party (Turkey)/meta/color; width:4px; text-align:center;"| | EMEP | Labour Party | Selma Gürkan | Communism | [66] | |
DSİP | Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party | Meltem Oral & Şenol Karakaş | Left-wing | [67] | ||
YP | Homeland Party | Sadettin Tantan | Nationalism | [58] | ||
AYP | Crescent Star Party | Serap Gülhan | Kemalism | [68] | ||
EHP | Labourist Movement Party | Sibel Uzun | Left-wing | [69] | ||
İKP | Workers' Fraternity Party | Mehmet Şadi Ozansü | Left-wing | [70] | ||
DİP | Revolutionist Workers' Party | Ömer Sungur Savran | Socialism | [71] | ||
DBP | Democratic Regions Party | Emine Ayna | pro-Kurdish | [72] | ||
HEPAR | Rights and Equality Party | Osmancan Tekeşin | Nationalism | [73] | ||
ESP | Socialist Party of the Oppressed | Sultan Ulusoy | Far-left | [74] | ||
style="background:Template:Motherland Party (Turkey)/meta/color; width:4px; text-align:center;"| | ANAP | Motherland Party | İbrahim Çelebi | Centre-right | [58] | |
Dev-Parti | Revolutionist People's Party | Celal Özcan | Left-wing | [75] | ||
MTP | Nationalist Turkey Party | Ahmet Yılmaz Büyükekmekci | Nationalism | [76] | ||
ÖSP | Freedom and Socialism Party | Sinan Çiftyürek | Far-left | [77] | ||
1920 TKP | Socialist Salvation Party | Şener Ataş | Communism | [78] | ||
Yeşil Sol | Greens and the Left Party of the Future | Naci Sönmez | Green politics | [79] | ||
TİVEP | Unemployed's and Labourers' Party of Turkey | Rıfat Derya Sercan | Centre-left | [80] | ||
SYKP | Socialist Refoundation Party | Tülay Hatimoğlulları Oruç | Far-left | [81] | ||
KP | Women's Party | Benal Yazgan | Feminism | [82] | ||
TURAN | Great Turan Movement Party | Varol Esen | Ultra nationalism | [83] | ||
HHP | Rights and Peace Party | Gürsel Yıldız | Centre | [84] | ||
HTKP | People's Communist Party of Turkey | Emre Yağan | Communism | [85] | ||
CİHAP | Universe Party | Kürşad Emre Öğretmek | Centre | [86] | ||
Anayol | Main Path Party | Zafer Maden | Centre-right | [87] | ||
TÜHAP | People's Party of Turkey | Mehmet Çetin | Centre | [88] | ||
MMP | National Struggle Party | Ahmet Kaya | Nationalism | [89] | ||
ASP | AS Party | Cavit Kayıkcı | Nationalism | [90] | ||
İDP | Workers' Democracy Party | Oktay Çelik | Left-wing | [91] | ||
TKH | Communist Movement of Turkey | Erkan Pınarbaşı | Communism | [92] | ||
Devrimci | United Revolutionist Party | Ufuk Göllü | Left-wing | [93] | ||
AP | Justice Party | Vecdet Öz | Centre-right | [94] | ||
TBP | Unity Party of Turkey | Hüseyin Ekici | Kemalism | [95] | ||
SEP | Socialist Laborers' Party | Gökçe Şentürk | Socialism | [96] | ||
EYP | Universal Path Party | Metin Güler | Alevism | [97] | ||
Büyük | Great Turkey Party | Tevfik Diker | Centre-right | [98] | ||
DGP | Democratic Young Party | Erkin Çözeli | Centre | [99] | ||
Neutral | Hak Parti | Rights and Truth Party | Dursun Güneş & Serkan Aslan | Islamism | [100] |
NGO's and other groups
Choice | NGO | Type | Political orientation | Ref. |
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Ottoman (Osmanoğlu) family | Former Ottoman dynasty | - | [101] |
Independent Industrialists and Businessmen Association (MÜSİAD) | Business organization | Right-wing | [102] | |
Ottoman Hearths | Organisation | Right-wing | [103] | |
Confederation of Public Servants Trade Unions (Memur-Sen) | Trade union | Centre-right | [104] | |
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Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects (TMMOB) | Trade union | Centre-left | [105] |
Turkish Medical Association (TTB) | Medical union | Centre-left | [106] | |
MHP Dissidents | Intra-party opposition | Nationalism | [107] | |
Confederation of Public Workers' Unions of Turkey (Türkiye Kamu-Sen) | Trade union | Centre-right | [108] | |
Confederation of Public Workers' Unions (KESK) | Trade union | Left-wing | [109] | |
Confederation of Progressive Trade Unions of Turkey (DİSK) | Trade union | Left-wing | [110] | |
United Confederation of Public Employees' Unions (Birleşik Kamu-İş) | Trade union | Kemalism | [111] | |
Atatürkist Thought Association (ADD) | Kemalism | [112] | ||
Youth Union of Turkey (TGB) | Youth organisation | Kemalism | [113] | |
Republican Women's Association (CKD) | Women organization | Kemalism | [114] | |
Retired Military Officers Association of Turkey (TESUD) | Military veterans organization | Kemalism | [115] | |
Artists' Union of Turkey (TSB) | Art organization | Kemalism | [116] | |
Artists' Initiative | Art organization | Left-wing | [117] | |
Turkish Law Institution | Institution | Kemalism | [118] | |
National Constitution Movement | Think tank | Kemalism | [119] | |
Neutral | Confederation of Turkish Real Trade Unions (HAK-İŞ) | Trade union | Right-wing | [120] |
Opinion polls
Date(s) conducted |
Polling organisation/client | Sample size | Considering undecided vote | Considering Yes/No vote | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Undecided | Yes | No | ||||
10 Feb 2017 | President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan approves the referendum, with the date confirmed as Sunday, 16 April 2017 | |||||||
8 Feb 2017 | CHP | – | 41.0 | 48.0 | 11.0 | 46.1 | 53.9 | |
4–5 Feb 2017 | Gezici | 2,860 | 43.7 | 45.7 | 10.6 | 48.9 | 51.1 | |
3 Feb 2017 | Gezici | – | 41.8 | 58.2 | – | 41.8 | 58.2 | |
26 Jan–1 Feb 2017 | MAK | 5,400 | 52.0 | 48.0 | – | 52.0 | 48.0 | |
24–29 Jan 2017 | Konsensus | 1,499 | 44.2 | 41.1 | 14.7 | 51.8 | 48.2 | |
21 Jan 2017 | Parliament votes in favour of submitting all 18 proposed constitutional amendments to a referendum | |||||||
6–19 Jan 2017 | MetroPoll | 2,000 | 42.4 | 44.0 | 13.6 | 49.1 | 50.9 | |
11–17 Jan 2017 | AKAM | 2,240 | 42.4 | 57.6 | – | 42.4 | 57.6 | |
1–11 Jan 2017 | ORC | 2,340 | 62.0 | 38.0 | – | 62.0 | 38.0 | |
3–10 Jan 2017 | Optimar | 2,043 | 46.3 | 40.0 | 13.7 | 53.6 | 46.4 | |
1–25 Dec 2016 | Sonar | 5,000 | 42.3 | 44.6 | 13.1 | 48.7 | 51.3 | |
7–16 Dec 2016 | KHAS | 1,000 | 36.9 | 42.2 | 20.9 | 46.6 | 53.4 | |
15 Dec 2016 | ORC | 2,450 | 61.0 | 39.0 | – | 61.0 | 39.0 | |
25 Nov –3 Dec 2016 | Gezici | – | 42.0 | 58.0 | – | 42.0 | 58.0 | |
1–8 Dec 2016 | The AK Party and the MHP agree on draft constitutional proposals and refer them to Parliament for consultation[121][122] | |||||||
30 Nov 2016 | MetroPoll | – | 49.0 | 51.0 | - | 43.3 | 56.7 | |
26–27 Nov 2016 | A&G | 3,010 | 45.7 | 41.6 | 12.7 | 52.4 | 47.6 | |
15–17 Nov 2016 | Andy-AR | 1,516 | 47.1 | 41.3 | 8.5 | 53.3 | 46.7 | |
31 Oct 2016 | The AK Party present their constitutional proposals to the MHP, beginning negotiations between the two parties[123] | |||||||
10–16 Oct 2016 | ORC | 21,980 | 55.9 | 36.2 | 7.9 | 60.7 | 39.3 | |
11–12 Oct 2016 | Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım accepts the MHP's calls for the AK Party to bring their proposals to Parliament[124] | |||||||
5–12 Jun 2016 | ORC | 2,240 | 58.9 | 41.1 | – | 58.9 | 41.1 | |
1 Jun 2016 | MetroPoll | 1,200 | 41.9 | 47.5 | 10.5 | 46.9 | 53.1 | |
30 May 2016 | Optimar | 1,508 | 49.3 | 41.6 | 9.1 | 54.2 | 45.8 | |
5–6 May 2016 | ORC | 1,265 | 58.4 | 41.6 | – | 58.4 | 41.6 | |
25–29 Apr 2016 | MAK | 5,500 | 57.0 | 33.0 | 10.0 | 63.3 | 36.7 | |
25 Apr 2016 | AKAM | 1,214 | 35.0 | 45.7 | 19.3 | 43.4 | 56.6 | |
19 Apr 2016 | Gezici | – | 55.2 | 35.5 | 9.3 | 60.9 | 39.1 | |
2–6 Mar 2016 | ORC | 4,176 | 57.0 | 43.0 | – | 57.0 | 43.0 | |
27 Jan – 3 Feb 2016 | ORC | 8,329 | 56.1 | 43.9 | – | 56.1 | 43.9 | |
1 Jan 2016 | GENAR | 4,900 | 55.0 | 40.8 | 4.2 | 57.4 | 42.6 | |
18 May 2015 | Gezici | 4,860 | 23.8 | 76.2 | – | 23.8 | 76.2 | |
23 Feb 2015 | Gezici | 3,840 | 23.2 | 76.8 | – | 23.2 | 76.8 | |
3 Feb 2015 | MetroPoll | – | 34.3 | 42.2 | 23.5 | 44.8 | 55.2 |
See also
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References
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