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Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe

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Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹
  Marriage
  Civil union
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.
Part of the LGBT rights series
Marriage

Recognized

Civil unions or registered partnerships but not marriage
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. ^ a b Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the Caribbean Netherlands), as well as in Aruba and Curaçao. May be registered in Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. ^ a b Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. ^ Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. ^ a b c d e The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.
  7. ^ A "declaration of family relationship" is available in several of Cambodia's communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.
  8. ^ Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. ^ Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. ^ Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. ^ Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. ^ Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  13. ^ Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
  1. ^ a b Not yet in effect.
LGBTQ portal

Debate has occurred throughout Europe over proposals to legalize same-sex marriage as well as same-sex civil unions. Currently 29 of the 50 countries and 8 of the 9 dependent territories in Europe[nb 1] recognize some type of same-sex unions, among them most members of the European Union (22/28).

As of October 2017, fifteen European countries legally recognise and perform same-sex marriage: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,[nb 2] Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.[nb 3] In Austria, marriages will be legal from 1 January 2019.[1] An additional eleven European countries legally recognize some form of civil union, namely Andorra, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Slovenia, and Switzerland. San Marino only allows immigration and cohabitation of a citizen's partner. Armenia and Estonia recognize same-sex marriages performed abroad.

Of the countries that recognize and perform same-sex marriages some still allow couples to enter civil unions, e.g. Benelux countries, France and the United Kingdom,[nb 4] whereas Germany, Ireland and the Nordic countries have terminated their pre-marriage civil union legislation so that existing unions remain but new ones are not possible.

Several European countries do not recognize any form of same-sex unions. Marriage is defined as a union solely between a man and a woman in the constitutions of Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine. Of these, however, Armenia recognizes same-sex marriages performed abroad,[2] and Croatia and Hungary recognize same-sex partnerships.

ECHR case law

Over the years, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has handled cases that challenged the lack of legal recognition of same-sex couples in certain member states. The Court has held that the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) requires member states to provide legal recognition, but does not require marriage to be opened to same-sex couples.

In Schalk and Kopf v Austria (24 June 2010), the European Court of Human Rights decided that the European Convention on Human Rights does not oblige member states to legislate for or legally recognize same-sex marriages. However, the Court, for the first time, accepted same-sex relationships as a form of "family life".

In Vallianatos and Others v Greece (7 November 2013),[3] the Court held that exclusion of same-sex couples from registering a civil union, a legal form of partnership available to opposite-sex couples, violates the Convention. Greece had enacted a law in 2008 that established civil unions for opposite-sex couples only. A 2015 law extended partnership rights to same-sex couples.

Oliari and Others v Italy (21 July 2015)[4] went further and established a positive obligation upon member states to provide legal recognition for same-sex couples. Italy thus breached the Convention; it eventually implemented civil unions in 2016. The decision set a precedent for potential future cases regarding the 23 member states, certain British, Danish and Dutch territories, and the states with limited recognition (excluding Kosovo), that currently do not recognize same-sex couples' right to family life.

Chapin and Charpentier v France (9 June 2016) largely confirmed Schalk and Kopf v. Austria, holding that denying a same-sex couple access to marriage does not violate the Convention. At the time of the judgment, France did allow same-sex marriage, however, the case originated from 2004, when only pacte civil de solidarité (PACS) was available to same-sex couples in France.

Current situation

National level

Status Country Since Country population
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(16 countries)
* In eleven countries that have passed marriage,
other types of partnerships are available, too. 		Austria Austria 2019[5] 8,504,850
Belgium Belgium 2003[6] 11,198,638
Denmark Denmark 2012[7] 5,655,750
Finland Finland 2017[8][9] 5,470,820
France France 2013[10] 66,030,000
Germany Germany 2017[11] 80,716,000
Iceland Iceland 2010[12] 325,671
Republic of Ireland Ireland 2015[13] 4,609,600
Luxembourg Luxembourg 2015[14] 549,680
Malta Malta 2017[15] 446,547
Netherlands Netherlands[nb 2] 2001[16][17] 16,856,620
Norway Norway 2009[18] 5,136,700
Portugal Portugal 2010[19] 10,427,301
Spain Spain 2005[20] 46,704,314
Sweden Sweden 2009[21] 9,716,962
United Kingdom United Kingdom[nb 3] 2014[22][23] 62,700,000[nb 5]
Subtotal — — 335,049,676
(39.2% of the European population)
Recognition of foreign marriage
(2 countries)
* Constitutional ban on domestic same-sex marriage 		Armenia Armenia * —[24] 3,018,854
Estonia Estonia 2016[25] 1,315,819
Subtotal — — 4,334,673
(0.5% of the European population)
Other type of partnership
(10 countries)
* In one of the countries that have passed other types of partnerships,
yet another type of partnership is available, too. 		Andorra Andorra 2014[26] 85,082
Croatia Croatia 2014[27] 4,284,889
Czech Republic Czech Republic 2006[28] 10,513,209
Cyprus Cyprus[nb 6] 2015[29] 1,117,000[nb 7]
Greece Greece 2015[30] 10,816,286
Hungary Hungary 2009[31] 9,877,365
Italy Italy 2016[32] 60,782,668
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein 2011[33] 37,132
Slovenia Slovenia 2006[34] 2,061,085
Switzerland Switzerland 2007[35] 8,183,800
Subtotal — — 107,758,516
(12.6% of the European population)
Unregistered cohabitation
(2 countries) 		Poland Poland 2012[36] 38,483,957
San Marino San Marino 2012[37] 32,576
Subtotal — — 38,516,533
(4.53% of the European population)
Total — — 485,659,398
(56.9% of the European population)
No recognition
(10 countries) 		Albania Albania — 3,020,209
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan — 9,494,600
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina — 3,871,643
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan — 17,948,816
North Macedonia Macedonia — 2,058,539
Monaco Monaco — 36,371
Romania Romania — 19,942,642
Russia Russia — 143,700,000
Turkey Turkey — 76,667,864
Vatican City Vatican City — 842
Subtotal — — 276,741,526
(37.94% of the European population)
Constitutional ban on marriage
(14 countries)
* Foreign marriages are recognised.[2]
** Other types of partnerships are available. 		Armenia Armenia * 2015[38] 3,018,854
Belarus Belarus 1994 [39] 9,475,100
Bulgaria Bulgaria 1991[40] 7,364,570
Croatia Croatia ** 2013[41][42] 4,284,889
Georgia (country) Georgia 2018[43] 4,935,880
Hungary Hungary ** 2012[44][45] 9,877,365
Latvia Latvia 2006[46][47] 1,990,300
Lithuania Lithuania 1992[48] 2,944,459
Moldova Moldova 1994[49] 3,557,600
Montenegro Montenegro 2007[50] 647,905
Poland Poland 1997[51] 38,483,957
Serbia Serbia 2006[52] 7,209,764
Slovakia Slovakia 2014[53][54] 5,415,949
Ukraine Ukraine 1996[55] 44,291,413
Subtotal — — 143,498,005
(18.66% of the European population)
Total — — 420,239,531
(49.3% of the European population)

Partially-recognized and unrecognized states

Status Country Since State population
(Last estimate count)
No recognition
(5 states) 		Abkhazia Abkhazia — 243,564
Kosovo Kosovo — 1,907,592
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus — 313,626
South Ossetia South Ossetia — 51,547
Transnistria Transnistria — 475,665
Subtotal — — 6,766,955
Constitutional ban on marriage
(1 state) 		Republic of Artsakh Artsakh 2006[56] 150,932
Subtotal — — 150,932
Total — — 6,917,887

Sub-national level

Status Country Jurisdiction Legal since Jurisdiction population
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(6 jurisdictions) 		Denmark Denmark Faroe Islands Faroe Islands 2017 [57][58] 49,198
United Kingdom United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2014[59] 15,700
Alderney Alderney 2018[60] 2,020
Gibraltar Gibraltar 2016[61][62] 32,194
Guernsey Guernsey 2017[63][64] 62,948
Isle of Man Isle of Man 2016[65] 84,497
Total — — — 242,557
(0.03% of the European population)
Other type of partnership
(2 jurisdictions) 		United Kingdom United Kingdom Jersey Jersey 2012[66] 100,080
Northern Ireland Northern Ireland 2005[67] 1,864,000
Total — — — 1,964,080
(0.22% of the European population)
No recognition
(1 jurisdiction) 		United Kingdom United Kingdom Sark Sark — 600
Total — — — 600
(0.001% of the European population)

Future legislation

Marriage

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Jersey Jersey: On 14 July 2015 the Chief Minister submitted a proposal to parliament. The States were asked to decide whether they agree, in principle, that same-sex couples should be allowed to marry. The proposition was approved by the Assembly on 22 September 2015.[68] A draft marriage reform bill was introduced on 3 October 2017, and was debated on 16 November 2017, when the States agreed to the principles of the bill but sent it for further review by the Corporate Services Scrutiny Panel. That Panel is expected to report back to the States in order for a final vote to be taken at its meeting on 30 January 2018.[69]

Sark Sark: Charles Maitland, chairman on the Policy & Performance committee confirmed via email that Sark planned on legalising same-sex marriages [70]

Switzerland Switzerland: On 5 December 2013 the Green Liberal Party of Switzerland submitted a parliamentary initiative to the National Council, proposing a constitutional amendment allowing couples to enter into a marriage or civil union irrespective of sex and sexual orientation. On 20 February 2015 the lower house's Justice Committee recommended approval of the proposal.[71] On 1 September 2015, it was also approved by the upper house's Justice Committee, paving the way for a referendum on the constitutional amendment.[72] On 16 June 2017, the Federal Assembly voted by 118-71 in favour of a proposal by the Green Liberal party to launch a parliamentary study on same-sex marriage. Any change in the law would have to be passed by Swiss voters in a referendum as it would require constitutional change.[73] The vote in parliament gave the legal affairs committee until summer 2019 to draw up a bill to legalise same-sex marriage. [74]

Non-marital partnership

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Lithuania Lithuania: On 30 May 2017, Parliament approved a proposal to amend the Civil Code to recognize cohabitation agreements that would grant two or more cohabitants certain property rights without the intention to create family relations. With 46 in favor, 6 opposing and 17 abstentions, the draft proposal was approved for further consideration in the Lithuanian Parliament.[75] The bill explicitly denies partners recognition of family relations.

Monaco Monaco: On 27 October 2016, the National Council unanimously approved a proposal to allow civil unions (pacte de vie commun).[76] On 27 April 2017, the government responded positively to the proposal, and said it would introduce a draft law by April 2018, following elections expected in February 2018.[77]

San Marino San Marino: In March 2016, two opposition parties, LabDem and the United Left, along with the main government party, the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party, announced their own proposals to expand the rights of all unmarried cohabiting couples through a new partnership law. The junior coalition partner, the Party of Socialists and Democrats, has also announced an intention to submit a fourth bill.[78] The United Left won the 20 November 2016 elections and pledged to introduce civil unions. The governing party reiterated its pledge to legalise same-sex civil unions at its party conference on the 17 and 18 November 2017.[79]

Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority

Romania Romania: A civil partnership bill is currently before the Chamber of Deputies. Although it was rejected by the Senate on 24 October 2016, debate has continued in several committees of the Chamber of Deputies into 2017.[80]

Mutual recognition

European Union European Union: Debate has occurred in the European Union over a proposal which would require each member to legally recognize each other's same-sex marriages as well as any member's civil unions and registered partnerships to ensure the right of freedom of movement for citizens' family members.[81] The European Court of Justice will hear a case on mutual recognition of same-sex unions, which could impact 13 EU member states that do not completely recognize same-sex unions.[82]

Ban on same-sex marriage

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Romania Romania: The government has announced plans to hold a referendum to explicitly ban same-sex marriage in the constitution in the fall of 2017, following a successful citizens' initiative by an anti-same-sex marriage group called the Coalition for the Family.[83] The Chamber of Deputies approved the initiative in a vote on 9 May 2017.

Public opinion

Public support for same-sex marriage from EU member states as measured from a 2015 poll is the greatest in the Netherlands (91%), Sweden (90%), Denmark (87%), Spain (84%), Ireland (80%), Belgium (77%), Luxembourg (75%), the United Kingdom (71%) and France (71%).[84] In recent years, support has risen most significantly in Malta, from 18% in 2006 to 65% in 2015 and in Ireland from 41% in 2006 to 80% in 2015.[85]

After the approval of same-sex marriage in Portugal in January 2010, 52% of the Portuguese population stated that they were in favor of the legislation.[86] In 2008, 58% of the Norwegian voters supported the Marriage Act, which was introduced in the same year, and 31 percent were against it.[87] In January 2013 54.1% of Italians respondents supported same-sex marriage[88] In a late January 2013 survey 77.2% of Italians respondents supported the recognition of same-sex unions.[89]

In Greece support more than doubled between 2006 and 2015, albeit still considerably low. In 2006 15% responded that they agreed with same-sex marriages being allowed throughout Europe, whereas in 2015 33% agreed with the statement.[85]

In Ireland, a 2008 survey revealed 84% of people supported civil unions for same-sex couples (and 58% for same-sex marriage),[90] while a 2010 survey showed 67% supported same-sex marriage[91] by 2012 this figure had risen to 73% in support.[92] On 22 May 2015, 62.1% of the electorate voted to enshrine same-sex marriage in the Irish constitution as equal to heterosexual marriage.

A March 2013 survey by Taloustutkimus found that 58% of Finns supported same-sex marriage.[93]

In Croatia, a poll conducted in November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.[94]

In Poland a 2013 public poll revealed that 70% of Poles reject the idea of registered partnerships.[95] Another survey in February 2013 revealed that 55% were against and 38% of Poles support the idea of registered partnerships for same-sex couples.[96]

In the European Union, support tends to be the lowest in Bulgaria, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Lithuania. The average percentage of support for same-sex marriage in the European Union as of 2006 when it had 25 members was 44%, which had descended from a previous percentage of 53%. The change was caused by more socially conservative nations joining the EU.[85] In 2015, with 28 members, average support was at 61%.[84]

Opinion polls

  Indicates the country/territory has legalised same-sex marriage nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex marriage is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has civil unions or registered partnerships
  Indicates that the country has pending civil union or registered partnership legislation
  Indicates that the country has pending same-sex marriage legislation
Country Pollster Year For[a] Against[a] Neither[b] Margin
of error 		Source
Albania Albania IPSOS 2023 26%
 73%
(74%) 		1% [97]
Andorra Andorra Institut d'Estudis Andorrans 2013 70%
(79%) 		19%
(21%) 		11% [98]
Armenia Armenia Pew Research Center 2015 3%
(3%) 		96%
(97%) 		1% ±3% [99][100]
Austria Austria Eurobarometer 2023 65% 30% 5% [101]
Belarus Belarus Pew Research Center 2015 16%
(16%) 		81%
(84%) 		3% ±4% [99][100]
Belgium Belgium Ipsos 2024 69% 19% [9% support some rights]
 12% not sure ±5% [102]
Eurobarometer 2023 79% 19% 2% not sure [101]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina IPSOS 2023 26%
(27%) 		71%
(73%) 		3% [97]
Bulgaria Bulgaria Eurobarometer 2023 17% 75% 8% [101]
Croatia Croatia Eurobarometer 2023 42% 51% 7% [101]
Cyprus Cyprus Eurobarometer 2023 50% 44% 6% [101]
Czech Republic Czech Republic Eurobarometer 2023 60% 34% 6% [101]
Denmark Denmark Eurobarometer 2023 93% 5% 2% [101]
Estonia Estonia Eurobarometer 2023 41% 51% 8% [101]
Finland Finland Eurobarometer 2023 76% 18% 6% [101]
France France Ipsos 2024 62% 26% [16% support some rights] 12% not sure ±3.5% [102]
Pew Research Center 2023 82%
 14% 4% ±3.6% [103]
Eurobarometer 2023 79% 14 7% [101]
Georgia (country) Georgia Women's Initiatives Supporting Group 2021 10%
(12%) 		75%
(88%) 		15% [104]
Germany Germany Ipsos 2024 73% 18% [10% support some rights] 12% not sure ±3.5% [102]
Pew Research Center 2023 80%
 19% 1% ±3.6% [103]
Eurobarometer 2023 84% 13% 3% [101]
Greece Greece Pew Research Center 2023 48%
(49%) 		49%
(51%) 		3% ±3.6% [103]
Eurobarometer 2023 57%
(59%) 		40%
(41%) 		3% [101]
Hungary Hungary Ipsos 2024 44% 35% [18% support some rights] 21% not sure ±5% [102]
Pew Research Center 2023 31%
(33%) 		64%
(67%) 		5% ±3.6% [103]
Eurobarometer 2023 42% 52% 6% [101]
Iceland Iceland Gallup 2006 89% 11% – [105]
Republic of Ireland Ireland Ipsos 2024 68% 21% [8% support some rights] 10% ±5%[c] [102]
Eurobarometer 2023 86% 9% 5% [101]
Italy Italy Ipsos 2024 58% 29% [19% support some rights] 12% not sure ±3.5% [102]
Pew Research Center 2023 73%
(75%) 		25% 2% ±3.6% [103]
Eurobarometer 2023 69% 27% 4% [101]
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Pew Research Center 2016 7%
(7%) 		89%
(93%) 		4% [99][100]
Kosovo Kosovo IPSOS 2023 20%
(21%) 		77%
(79%) 		3% [97]
Latvia Latvia Eurobarometer 2023 36% 59% 5% [101]
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Institut 2021 72% 28% 0% [106]
Lithuania Lithuania Eurobarometer 2023 39% 55% 6% [101]
Luxembourg Luxembourg Eurobarometer 2023 84% 13% 3% [101]
Malta Malta Eurobarometer 2023 74% 24% 2% [101]
Moldova Moldova Europa Liberă Moldova 2022 14% 86% [107]
Montenegro Montenegro IPSOS 2023 36%
(37%) 		61%
(63%) 		3% [97]
Netherlands Netherlands Ipsos 2024 77% 15% [8% support some rights] 8% not sure ±5% [102]
Pew Research Center 2023 89%
(90%) 		10% 1% ±3.6% [103]
Eurobarometer 2023 94% 5% 2% [101]
North Macedonia North Macedonia IPSOS 2023 20%
(21%) 		78%
(80%) 		2% [97]
Norway Norway Pew Research Center 2017 72%
(79%) 		19%
(21%) 		9% [99][100]
Poland Poland Ipsos 2024 39%
 48% [28% support some rights] 13% ±5% [102]
Pew Research Center 2023 41%
(43%) 		54%
(57%) 		5% ±3.6% [103]
United Surveys by IBRiS 2024 50%
(55%) 		41%
(45%) 		9% [108]
Eurobarometer 2023 50% 45% 5% [101]
Portugal Portugal Ipsos 2023 80%
(84%) 		15% [11% support some rights]
(16%) 		5% [109]
Eurobarometer 2023 81% 14% 5% [101]
Romania Romania Ipsos 2023 25%
(30%) 		59% [26% support some rights]
(70%) 		17% ±3.5% [109]
Eurobarometer 2023 25% 69% 6% [101]
Russia Russia Ipsos 2021 17%
(21%) 		64% [12% support some rights]
(79%) 		20% not sure ±4.8% [c] [110]
FOM 2019 7%
(8%) 		85%
(92%) 		8% ±3.6% [111]
Serbia Serbia IPSOS 2023 24%
(25%) 		73%
(75%) 		3% [97]
Slovakia Slovakia Focus 2024 36%
(38%) 		60%
(62%) 		4% [112]
Eurobarometer 2023 37% 56% 7% [101]
Slovenia Slovenia Eurobarometer 2023 62%
(64%) 		37%
(36%) 		2% [101]
Spain Spain Ipsos 2024 73% 19% [13% support some rights] 9% not sure ±3.5% [102]
Pew Research Center 2023 87%
(90%) 		10% 3% ±3.6% [103]
Eurobarometer 2023 88% 9% 3% [101]
Sweden Sweden Ipsos 2024 78% 15% [8% support some rights] 7% not sure ±5% [102]
Pew Research Center 2023 92%
(94%) 		6% 2% ±3.6% [103]
Eurobarometer 2023 94% 5% 1% [101]
Switzerland Switzerland Ipsos 2023 54%
(61%) 		34% [16% support some rights]
(39%) 		13% not sure ±3.5% [109]
Turkey Turkey Ipsos 2024 18% 52% [19% support some rights] 30% not sure ±5% [c] [102]
Ukraine Ukraine Rating 2023 37%
(47%) 		42%
(53%) 		22% ±1.5% [113]
United Kingdom United Kingdom YouGov 2023 77%
(84%) 		15%
(16%) 		8% [114]
Ipsos 2024 66% 24% [11% support some rights] 10% not sure ±3.5% [102]
Pew Research Center 2023 74%
(77%) 		22%
(23%) 		4% ±3.6% [103]
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by dependent territory
Country Pollster Year For Against Neutral[b] Source
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands Spyr.fo 2019 71.1% 12.6% 16.7% [115]
Gibraltar Gibraltar Inter-Ministerial Committee Consultation 2015 63% 37% 0% [116]
Northern Ireland Northern Ireland YouGov 2019 55% - - [117][118]


See also

Notes

  1. ^ Including Armenia, but excluding Greenland.
  2. ^ a b Excluding Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.
  3. ^ a b Excluding Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Jersey, Montserrat, Northern Ireland, Sark, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and the Turks and Caicos Islands.
  4. ^ Excluding Guernsey and Overseas Territories (except Gibraltar).
  5. ^ Combined population of England, Wales and Scotland.
  6. ^ Excluding the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
  7. ^ Including the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.

References

  1. ^ https://www.vfgh.gv.at/medien/Ehe_fuer_gleichgeschlechtliche_Paare.de.php
  2. ^ a b "Same-sex marriages registered abroad are valid in Armenia".
  3. ^ CASE OF VALLIANATOS AND OTHERS v. GREECE, European Court of Human Rights
  4. ^ CASE OF OLIARI AND OTHERS v. ITALY, European Court of Human Rights
  5. ^ Template:De icon https://www.vfgh.gv.at/medien/Ehe_fuer_gleichgeschlechtliche_Paare.de.php
  6. ^ Template:Nl icon Wet tot openstelling van het huwelijk voor personen van hetzelfde geslacht en tot wijziging van een aantal bepalingen van het Burgerlijk Wetboek
  7. ^ Template:Da icon Lov om ændring af lov om ægteskabs indgåelse og opløsning, lov om ægteskabets retsvirkninger og retsplejeloven og om ophævelse af lov om registreret partnerskab
  8. ^ Template:Fi icon Laki avioliittolain muuttamisesta
  9. ^ Template:Sv icon Lag om ändring av äktenskapslagen
  10. ^ Template:Fr icon LOI n° 2013-404 du 17 mai 2013 ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe
  11. ^ "Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts" (PDF) (in German). Bundesgesetzblatt. 28 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  12. ^ Template:Is icon Lög um breytingar á hjúskaparlögum og fleiri lögum og um brottfall laga um staðfesta samvist (ein hjúskaparlög)
  13. ^ "Marriage Bill 2015 (Number 78 of 2015)". House of the Oireachtas. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  14. ^ Template:Fr icon Mémorial A n° 125 de 2014
  15. ^ "Act no. XXIII of 2017 – Marriage Act and other Laws (Amendment) Act, 2017". Ministry for Justice, Culture and Local Government of Malta. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  16. ^ Template:Nl icon Wet openstelling huwelijk
  17. ^ Template:Nl iconECLI:NL:HR:2007:AZ6095
  18. ^ Template:No icon Lov om endringer i ekteskapsloven, barnelova, adopsjonsloven, bioteknologiloven mv. (felles ekteskapslov for heterofile og homofile par)
  19. ^ Template:Pt icon Lei n.º 9/2010 de 31 de Maio
  20. ^ Template:Es icon Ley 13/2005, de 1 de julio, por la que se modifica el Código Civil en materia de derecho a contraer matrimonio
  21. ^ Template:Sv iconLag (2009:253) om ändring i äktenskapsbalken
  22. ^ Marriage (Same-sex couples) Act 2013
  23. ^ Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014
  24. ^ "PanARMENIAN.Net - Mobile". panarmenian.net. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  25. ^ "Kooseluseadus" (in Estonian). Riigikogu. 9 October 2014.
  26. ^ Template:Ca icon Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995
  27. ^ Template:Hr icon Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola
  28. ^ Template:Cs icon 115/2006 Sb. o registrovaném partnerství a o změně některých souvisejících zákonů
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