Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Same-sex_marriage_map_Europe_detailed.svg/300px-Same-sex_marriage_map_Europe_detailed.svg.png)
Part of the LGBT rights series |
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Debate has occurred throughout Europe over proposals to legalize same-sex marriage as well as same-sex civil unions. Currently 29 of the 50 countries and 8 of the 9 dependent territories in Europe[nb 1] recognize some type of same-sex unions, among them most members of the European Union (22/28).
As of October 2017, fifteen European countries legally recognise and perform same-sex marriage: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,[nb 2] Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.[nb 3] In Austria, marriages will be legal from 1 January 2019.[1] An additional eleven European countries legally recognize some form of civil union, namely Andorra, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Slovenia, and Switzerland. San Marino only allows immigration and cohabitation of a citizen's partner. Armenia and Estonia recognize same-sex marriages performed abroad.
Of the countries that recognize and perform same-sex marriages some still allow couples to enter civil unions, e.g. Benelux countries, France and the United Kingdom,[nb 4] whereas Germany, Ireland and the Nordic countries have terminated their pre-marriage civil union legislation so that existing unions remain but new ones are not possible.
Several European countries do not recognize any form of same-sex unions. Marriage is defined as a union solely between a man and a woman in the constitutions of Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine. Of these, however, Armenia recognizes same-sex marriages performed abroad,[2] and Croatia and Hungary recognize same-sex partnerships.
ECHR case law
Over the years, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has handled cases that challenged the lack of legal recognition of same-sex couples in certain member states. The Court has held that the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) requires member states to provide legal recognition, but does not require marriage to be opened to same-sex couples.
In Schalk and Kopf v Austria (24 June 2010), the European Court of Human Rights decided that the European Convention on Human Rights does not oblige member states to legislate for or legally recognize same-sex marriages. However, the Court, for the first time, accepted same-sex relationships as a form of "family life".
In Vallianatos and Others v Greece (7 November 2013),[3] the Court held that exclusion of same-sex couples from registering a civil union, a legal form of partnership available to opposite-sex couples, violates the Convention. Greece had enacted a law in 2008 that established civil unions for opposite-sex couples only. A 2015 law extended partnership rights to same-sex couples.
Oliari and Others v Italy (21 July 2015)[4] went further and established a positive obligation upon member states to provide legal recognition for same-sex couples. Italy thus breached the Convention; it eventually implemented civil unions in 2016. The decision set a precedent for potential future cases regarding the 23 member states, certain British, Danish and Dutch territories, and the states with limited recognition (excluding Kosovo), that currently do not recognize same-sex couples' right to family life.
Chapin and Charpentier v France (9 June 2016) largely confirmed Schalk and Kopf v. Austria, holding that denying a same-sex couple access to marriage does not violate the Convention. At the time of the judgment, France did allow same-sex marriage, however, the case originated from 2004, when only pacte civil de solidarité (PACS) was available to same-sex couples in France.
Current situation
National level
Status | Country | Since | Country population (Last Census count) |
---|---|---|---|
Marriage (16 countries) * In eleven countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available, too. |
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2019[5] | 8,504,850 |
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2003[6] | 11,198,638 | |
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2012[7] | 5,655,750 | |
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2017[8][9] | 5,470,820 | |
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2013[10] | 66,030,000 | |
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2017[11] | 80,716,000 | |
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2010[12] | 325,671 | |
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2015[13] | 4,609,600 | |
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2015[14] | 549,680 | |
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2017[15] | 446,547 | |
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2001[16][17] | 16,856,620 | |
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2009[18] | 5,136,700 | |
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2010[19] | 10,427,301 | |
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2005[20] | 46,704,314 | |
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2009[21] | 9,716,962 | |
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2014[22][23] | 62,700,000[nb 5] | |
Subtotal | — | — | 335,049,676 (39.2% of the European population) |
Recognition of foreign marriage (2 countries) * Constitutional ban on domestic same-sex marriage |
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—[24] | 3,018,854 |
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2016[25] | 1,315,819 | |
Subtotal | — | — | 4,334,673 (0.5% of the European population) |
Other type of partnership (10 countries) * In one of the countries that have passed other types of partnerships, yet another type of partnership is available, too. |
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2014[26] | 85,082 |
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2014[27] | 4,284,889 | |
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2006[28] | 10,513,209 | |
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2015[29] | 1,117,000[nb 7] | |
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2015[30] | 10,816,286 | |
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2009[31] | 9,877,365 | |
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2016[32] | 60,782,668 | |
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2011[33] | 37,132 | |
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2006[34] | 2,061,085 | |
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2007[35] | 8,183,800 | |
Subtotal | — | — | 107,758,516 (12.6% of the European population) |
Unregistered cohabitation (1 country) |
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2012[36] | 32,576 |
Subtotal | — | — | 32,576 (0.003% of the European population) |
Total | — | — | 447,175,441 (52.4% of the European population) |
No recognition (10 countries) |
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— | 3,020,209 |
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— | 9,494,600 | |
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— | 3,871,643 | |
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— | 17,948,816 | |
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— | 2,058,539 | |
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— | 36,371 | |
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— | 19,942,642 | |
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— | 143,700,000 | |
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— | 76,667,864 | |
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— | 842 | |
Subtotal | — | — | 276,741,526 (37.94% of the European population) |
Constitutional ban on marriage (14 countries) * Foreign marriages are recognised.[2] ** Other types of partnerships are available. |
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2015[37] | 3,018,854 |
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1994 [38] | 9,475,100 | |
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1991[39] | 7,364,570 | |
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2013[40][41] | 4,284,889 | |
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2018[42] | 4,935,880 | |
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2012[43][44] | 9,877,365 | |
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2006[45][46] | 1,990,300 | |
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1992[47] | 2,944,459 | |
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1994[48] | 3,557,600 | |
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2007[49] | 647,905 | |
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1997[50] | 38,483,957 | |
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2006[51] | 7,209,764 | |
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2014[52][53] | 5,415,949 | |
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1996[54] | 44,291,413 | |
Subtotal | — | — | 143,498,005 (18.66% of the European population) |
Total | — | — | 420,239,531 (49.3% of the European population) |
Partially-recognized and unrecognized states
Status | Country | Since | State population (Last estimate count) |
---|---|---|---|
No recognition (5 states) |
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— | 243,564 |
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— | 1,907,592 | |
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— | 313,626 | |
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— | 51,547 | |
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— | 475,665 | |
Subtotal | — | — | 6,766,955 |
Constitutional ban on marriage (1 state) |
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2006[55] | 150,932 |
Subtotal | — | — | 150,932 |
Total | — | — | 6,917,887 |
Sub-national level
Status | Country | Jurisdiction | Legal since | Jurisdiction population (Last Census count) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marriage (6 jurisdictions) |
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2017 [56][57] | 49,198 |
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2014[58] | 15,700 | |
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2018[59] | 2,020 | ||
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2016[60][61] | 32,194 | ||
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2017[62][63] | 62,948 | ||
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2016[64] | 84,497 | ||
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2018[65] | 100,080 | ||
Total | — | — | — | 342,637 (0.04% of the European population) |
Other type of partnership (1 jurisdiction) |
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2005[66] | 1,864,000 |
Total | — | — | — | 1,964,080 (0.22% of the European population) |
No recognition (1 jurisdiction) |
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— | 600 |
Total | — | — | — | 600 (0.001% of the European population) |
Future legislation
Marriage
Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority
Sark: Charles Maitland, chairman on the Policy & Performance committee confirmed via email that Sark planned on legalising same-sex marriages [67]
Switzerland: On 5 December 2013 the Green Liberal Party of Switzerland submitted a parliamentary initiative to the National Council, proposing a constitutional amendment allowing couples to enter into a marriage or civil union irrespective of sex and sexual orientation. On 20 February 2015 the lower house's Justice Committee recommended approval of the proposal.[68] On 1 September 2015, it was also approved by the upper house's Justice Committee, paving the way for a referendum on the constitutional amendment.[69] On 16 June 2017, the Federal Assembly voted by 118-71 in favour of a proposal by the Green Liberal party to launch a parliamentary study on same-sex marriage. Any change in the law would have to be passed by Swiss voters in a referendum as it would require constitutional change.[70] The vote in parliament gave the legal affairs committee until summer 2019 to draw up a bill to legalise same-sex marriage. [71]
Non-marital partnership
Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority
Lithuania: On 30 May 2017, Parliament approved a proposal to amend the Civil Code to recognize cohabitation agreements that would grant two or more cohabitants certain property rights without the intention to create family relations. With 46 in favor, 6 opposing and 17 abstentions, the draft proposal was approved for further consideration in the Lithuanian Parliament.[72] The bill explicitly denies partners recognition of family relations.
Monaco: On 27 October 2016, the National Council unanimously approved a proposal to allow civil unions (pacte de vie commun).[73] On 27 April 2017, the government responded positively to the proposal, and said it would introduce a draft law by April 2018, following elections expected in February 2018.[74]
San Marino: In March 2016, two opposition parties, LabDem and the United Left, along with the main government party, the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party, announced their own proposals to expand the rights of all unmarried cohabiting couples through a new partnership law. The junior coalition partner, the Party of Socialists and Democrats, has also announced an intention to submit a fourth bill.[75] The United Left won the 20 November 2016 elections and pledged to introduce civil unions. The governing party reiterated its pledge to legalise same-sex civil unions at its party conference on the 17 and 18 November 2017.[76]
Slovakia: On 11 December 2017, following a meeting with Iniciatíva Inakosť representatives, President Andrej Kiska called for a discussion about the rights of same-sex couples.[77] The SaS party reiterated its intention to introduce the registered partnership bill the same day.[78]
Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority
Romania: A civil partnership bill is currently before the Chamber of Deputies. Although it was rejected by the Senate on 24 October 2016, debate has continued in several committees of the Chamber of Deputies into 2017.[79]
Poland: A new registered partnership bill was proposed on 12 February 2018 by the Modern party.[80][81][82]
Mutual recognition
European Union: Debate has occurred in the European Union over a proposal which would require each member to legally recognize each other's same-sex marriages as well as any member's civil unions and registered partnerships to ensure the right of freedom of movement for citizens' family members.[83] The European Court of Justice will hear a case on mutual recognition of same-sex unions, which could impact 13 EU member states that do not completely recognize same-sex unions.[84] On 11 January 2018, the ECJ’s advocate general, Melchior Wathelet, issued an official legal opinion stating that an EU member country cannot refuse residency rights to the same-sex spouse of an EU citizen on the grounds that it does not recognize same-sex marriage.[85]
Ban on same-sex marriage
Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority
Romania: The government has announced plans to hold a referendum to explicitly ban same-sex marriage in the constitution in the fall of 2017, following a successful citizens' initiative by an anti-same-sex marriage group called the Coalition for the Family.[86] The Chamber of Deputies approved the initiative in a vote on 9 May 2017.
Public opinion
Public support for same-sex marriage from EU member states as measured from a 2015 poll is the greatest in the Netherlands (91%), Sweden (90%), Denmark (87%), Spain (84%), Ireland (80%), Belgium (77%), Luxembourg (75%), the United Kingdom (71%) and France (71%).[87] In recent years, support has risen most significantly in Malta, from 18% in 2006 to 65% in 2015 and in Ireland from 41% in 2006 to 80% in 2015.[88]
After the approval of same-sex marriage in Portugal in January 2010, 52% of the Portuguese population stated that they were in favor of the legislation.[89] In 2008, 58% of the Norwegian voters supported the Marriage Act, which was introduced in the same year, and 31 percent were against it.[90] In January 2013 54.1% of Italians respondents supported same-sex marriage[91] In a late January 2013 survey 77.2% of Italians respondents supported the recognition of same-sex unions.[92]
In Greece support more than doubled between 2006 and 2015, albeit still considerably low. In 2006 15% responded that they agreed with same-sex marriages being allowed throughout Europe, whereas in 2015 33% agreed with the statement.[88]
In Ireland, a 2008 survey revealed 84% of people supported civil unions for same-sex couples (and 58% for same-sex marriage),[93] while a 2010 survey showed 67% supported same-sex marriage[94] by 2012 this figure had risen to 73% in support.[95] On 22 May 2015, 62.1% of the electorate voted to enshrine same-sex marriage in the Irish constitution as equal to heterosexual marriage.
A March 2013 survey by Taloustutkimus found that 58% of Finns supported same-sex marriage.[96]
In Croatia, a poll conducted in November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.[97]
In Poland a 2013 public poll revealed that 70% of Poles reject the idea of registered partnerships.[98] Another survey in February 2013 revealed that 55% were against and 38% of Poles support the idea of registered partnerships for same-sex couples.[99]
In the European Union, support tends to be the lowest in Bulgaria, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Lithuania. The average percentage of support for same-sex marriage in the European Union as of 2006 when it had 25 members was 44%, which had descended from a previous percentage of 53%. The change was caused by more socially conservative nations joining the EU.[88] In 2015, with 28 members, average support was at 61%.[87]
Opinion polls
Country | Pollster | Year | For[a] | Against[a] | Neither[b] | Margin of error |
Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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IPSOS | 2023 | 26% |
73% (74%) |
1% | [100] | |
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Institut d'Estudis Andorrans | 2013 | 70% (79%) |
19% (21%) |
11% | [101] | |
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Pew Research Center | 2015 | 3% (3%) |
96% (97%) |
1% | ±3% | [102][103] |
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Eurobarometer | 2023 | 65% | 30% | 5% | [104] | |
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Pew Research Center | 2015 | 16% (16%) |
81% (84%) |
3% | ±4% | [102][103] |
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Ipsos | 2024 | 69% | 19% [9% support some rights] |
12% not sure | ±5% | [105] |
Eurobarometer | 2023 | 79% | 19% | 2% not sure | [104] | ||
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IPSOS | 2023 | 26% (27%) |
71% (73%) |
3% | [100] | |
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Eurobarometer | 2023 | 17% | 75% | 8% | [104] | |
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Eurobarometer | 2023 | 42% | 51% | 7% | [104] | |
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Eurobarometer | 2023 | 50% | 44% | 6% | [104] | |
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Eurobarometer | 2023 | 60% | 34% | 6% | [104] | |
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Eurobarometer | 2023 | 93% | 5 | 2% | [104] | |
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Eurobarometer | 2023 | 41% | 51% | 8% | [104] | |
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Eurobarometer | 2023 | 76% | 18% | 6% | [104] | |
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Ipsos | 2024 | 62% | 26% [16% support some rights] | 12% not sure | ±3.5% | [105] |
Pew Research Center | 2023 | 82% |
14% | 4% | ±3.6% | [106] | |
Eurobarometer | 2023 | 79% | 14 | 7% | [104] | ||
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Women's Initiatives Supporting Group | 2021 | 10% (12%) |
75% (88%) |
15% | [107] | |
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Ipsos | 2024 | 73% | 18% [10% support some rights] | 12% not sure | ±3.5% | [105] |
Pew Research Center | 2023 | 80% |
19% | 1% | ±3.6% | [106] | |
Eurobarometer | 2023 | 84% | 13% | 3% | [104] | ||
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Pew Research Center | 2023 | 48% (49%) |
49% (51%) |
3% | ±3.6% | [106] |
Eurobarometer | 2023 | 57% (59%) |
40% (41%) |
3% | [104] | ||
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Ipsos | 2024 | 44% | 35% [18% support some rights] | 21% not sure | ±5% | [105] |
Pew Research Center | 2023 | 31% (33%) |
64% (67%) |
5% | ±3.6% | [106] | |
Eurobarometer | 2023 | 42% | 52% | 6% | [104] | ||
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Gallup | 2006 | 89% | 11% | – | [108] | |
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Ipsos | 2024 | 68% | 21% [8% support some rights] | 10% | ±5%[c] | [105] |
Eurobarometer | 2023 | 86% | 9% | 5% | [104] | ||
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Ipsos | 2024 | 58% | 29% [19% support some rights] | 12% not sure | ±3.5% | [105] |
Pew Research Center | 2023 | 73% (75%) |
25% | 2% | ±3.6% | [106] | |
Eurobarometer | 2023 | 69% | 27% | 4% | [104] | ||
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Pew Research Center | 2016 | 7% (7%) |
89% (93%) |
4% | [102][103] | |
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IPSOS | 2023 | 20% (21%) |
77% (79%) |
3% | [100] | |
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Eurobarometer | 2023 | 36% | 59% | 5% | [104] | |
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Liechtenstein Institut | 2021 | 72% | 28% | 0% | [109] | |
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Eurobarometer | 2023 | 39% | 55% | 6% | [104] | |
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Eurobarometer | 2023 | 84% | 13% | 3% | [104] | |
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Eurobarometer | 2023 | 74% | 24% | 2% | [104] | |
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Europa Liberă Moldova | 2022 | 14% | 86% | [110] | ||
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IPSOS | 2023 | 36% (37%) |
61% (63%) |
3% | [100] | |
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Ipsos | 2024 | 77% | 15% [8% support some rights] | 8% not sure | ±5% | [105] |
Pew Research Center | 2023 | 89% (90%) |
10% | 1% | ±3.6% | [106] | |
Eurobarometer | 2023 | 94% | 5% | 2% | [104] | ||
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IPSOS | 2023 | 20% (21%) |
78% (80%) |
2% | [100] | |
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Pew Research Center | 2017 | 72% (79%) |
19% (21%) |
9% | [102][103] | |
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Ipsos | 2024 | 39% |
48% [28% support some rights] | 13% | ±5% | [105] |
Pew Research Center | 2023 | 41% (43%) |
54% (57%) |
5% | ±3.6% | [106] | |
United Surveys by IBRiS | 2024 | 50% (55%) |
41% (45%) |
9% | [111] | ||
Eurobarometer | 2023 | 50% | 45% | 5% | [104] | ||
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Ipsos | 2023 | 80% (84%) |
15% [11% support some rights] (16%) |
5% | [112] | |
Eurobarometer | 2023 | 81% | 14% | 5% | [104] | ||
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Ipsos | 2023 | 25% (30%) |
59% [26% support some rights] (70%) |
17% | ±3.5% | [112] |
Eurobarometer | 2023 | 25% | 69% | 6% | [104] | ||
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Ipsos | 2021 | 17% (21%) |
64% [12% support some rights] (79%) |
20% not sure | ±4.8% [c] | [113] |
FOM | 2019 | 7% (8%) |
85% (92%) |
8% | ±3.6% | [114] | |
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IPSOS | 2023 | 24% (25%) |
73% (75%) |
3% | [100] | |
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Focus | 2024 | 36% (38%) |
60% (62%) |
4% | [115] | |
Eurobarometer | 2023 | 37% | 56% | 7% | [104] | ||
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Eurobarometer | 2023 | 62% (64%) |
37% (36%) |
2% | [104] | |
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Ipsos | 2024 | 73% | 19% [13% support some rights] | 9% not sure | ±3.5% | [105] |
Pew Research Center | 2023 | 87% (90%) |
10% | 3% | ±3.6% | [106] | |
Eurobarometer | 2023 | 88% | 9% | 3% | [104] | ||
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Ipsos | 2024 | 78% | 15% [8% support some rights] | 7% not sure | ±5% | [105] |
Pew Research Center | 2023 | 92% (94%) |
6% | 2% | ±3.6% | [106] | |
Eurobarometer | 2023 | 94% | 5% | 1% | [104] | ||
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Ipsos | 2023 | 54% (61%) |
34% [16% support some rights] (39%) |
13% not sure | ±3.5% | [112] |
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Ipsos | 2024 | 18% | 52% [19% support some rights] | 30% not sure | ±5% [c] | [105] |
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Rating | 2023 | 37% (47%) |
42% (53%) |
22% | ±1.5% | [116] |
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YouGov | 2023 | 77% (84%) |
15% (16%) |
8% | [117] | |
Ipsos | 2024 | 66% | 24% [11% support some rights] | 10% not sure | ±3.5% | [105] | |
Pew Research Center | 2023 | 74% (77%) |
22% (23%) |
4% | ±3.6% | [106] |
Country | Pollster | Year | For | Against | Neutral[b] | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Spyr.fo | 2019 | 71.1% | 12.6% | 16.7% | [118] |
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Inter-Ministerial Committee Consultation | 2015 | 63% | 37% | 0% | [119] |
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YouGov | 2019 | 55% | - | - | [120][121] |
See also
- LGBT rights in Europe
- LGBT rights in the European Union
- LGBT adoption in Europe
- Recognition of same-sex unions in Africa
- Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas
- Recognition of same-sex unions in Asia
- Recognition of same-sex unions in Oceania
Notes
- ^ Including Armenia, but excluding Greenland.
- ^ a b Excluding Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.
- ^ a b Excluding Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Montserrat, Northern Ireland, Sark and the Turks and Caicos Islands. Same-sex marriage is not yet in effect in Alderney and Jersey.
- ^ Excluding Guernsey and Overseas Territories (except Gibraltar).
- ^ Combined population of England, Wales and Scotland.
- ^ Excluding the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
- ^ Including the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
References
- ^ https://www.vfgh.gv.at/medien/Ehe_fuer_gleichgeschlechtliche_Paare.en.php
- ^ a b "Same-sex marriages registered abroad are valid in Armenia".
- ^ CASE OF VALLIANATOS AND OTHERS v. GREECE, European Court of Human Rights
- ^ CASE OF OLIARI AND OTHERS v. ITALY, European Court of Human Rights
- ^ Template:De icon https://www.vfgh.gv.at/medien/Ehe_fuer_gleichgeschlechtliche_Paare.de.php
- ^ Template:Nl icon Wet tot openstelling van het huwelijk voor personen van hetzelfde geslacht en tot wijziging van een aantal bepalingen van het Burgerlijk Wetboek
- ^ Template:Da icon Lov om ændring af lov om ægteskabs indgåelse og opløsning, lov om ægteskabets retsvirkninger og retsplejeloven og om ophævelse af lov om registreret partnerskab
- ^ Template:Fi icon Laki avioliittolain muuttamisesta
- ^ Template:Sv icon Lag om ändring av äktenskapslagen
- ^ Template:Fr icon LOI n° 2013-404 du 17 mai 2013 ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe
- ^ "Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts" (PDF) (in German). Bundesgesetzblatt. 28 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
- ^ Template:Is icon Lög um breytingar á hjúskaparlögum og fleiri lögum og um brottfall laga um staðfesta samvist (ein hjúskaparlög)
- ^ "Marriage Bill 2015 (Number 78 of 2015)". House of the Oireachtas. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
- ^ Template:Fr icon Mémorial A n° 125 de 2014
- ^ "Act no. XXIII of 2017 – Marriage Act and other Laws (Amendment) Act, 2017". Ministry for Justice, Culture and Local Government of Malta. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
- ^ Template:Nl icon Wet openstelling huwelijk
- ^ Template:Nl iconECLI:NL:HR:2007:AZ6095
- ^ Template:No icon Lov om endringer i ekteskapsloven, barnelova, adopsjonsloven, bioteknologiloven mv. (felles ekteskapslov for heterofile og homofile par)
- ^ Template:Pt icon Lei n.º 9/2010 de 31 de Maio
- ^ Template:Es icon Ley 13/2005, de 1 de julio, por la que se modifica el Código Civil en materia de derecho a contraer matrimonio
- ^ Template:Sv iconLag (2009:253) om ändring i äktenskapsbalken
- ^ Marriage (Same-sex couples) Act 2013
- ^ Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014
- ^ "PanARMENIAN.Net - Mobile". panarmenian.net. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
- ^ "Kooseluseadus" (in Estonian). Riigikogu. 9 October 2014.
- ^ Template:Ca icon Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995
- ^ Template:Hr icon Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola
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