Commander Keen

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Commander Keen
Goodbye Galaxy! cover art
Developer(s)id Software (DOS)
David A. Palmer Productions (GBC)
Publisher(s)Apogee Software (DOS, Invasion of the Vorticons and Goodbye, Galaxy!)
Softdisk (Keen Dreams)
FormGen (Aliens Ate My Babysitter!)
Activision (GBC)
Super Fighter Team (Android, Keen Dreams)
Director(s)Tom Hall
Designer(s)Tom Hall
Programmer(s)John D. Carmack
John Romero
Composer(s)Robert Prince
Platform(s)DOS
Game Boy Color
Android
ReleaseDecember 14, 1990 (1–3)
1991 (Keen Dreams)
1991 (4–6)
2001 (GBC version)
2007 (Steam rerelease)
June 10, 2013 (Android)
Genre(s)Side-scrolling platform
Mode(s)Single-player

Commander Keen is an episodic video game developed by id Software in the early 1990s. The series focuses on the adventures of Billy Blaze, an 8-year-old boy who travels through space and assumes the secret identity of "Commander Keen". The series was successful at replicating the side-scrolling action of the Nintendo Entertainment System Super Mario Bros. games in DOS. The cartoon-style platform games are notable for their pioneering use of EGA graphics and shareware distribution, and they were some of the first games by id Software (who went on to later develop Wolfenstein 3D, Doom and Quake). The games were also exciting to the PC gaming community of the time because of John D. Carmack's smooth-scrolling graphics game engine, which first allowed smooth side-scrollers on PC by only redrawing the screen's elements that changed frame-to-frame.[1] Most of the Commander Keen games were published by Apogee Software, an already established DOS shareware game publisher. Tom Hall is Commander Keen's designer and the creator of its universe. Commander Keen Complete Pack, a collection of the official Commander Keen games (excluding Aliens Ate My Baby Sitter! and Keen Dreams) was made available on Steam on August 3, 2007. Keen Dreams was ported and released for Android enabled devices on June 10, 2013 on Google Play.

Episodes

Seven official Commander Keen games were released for the PC under MS-DOS. They are divided into mini-series, and are considered "episodes" of the full series. Under the Apogee version of the shareware model (the "Apogee Model"), the first episode of a series was usually available as shareware.[2] The eighth game in the series is available exclusively for the Game Boy Color.

Commander Keen in Invasion of the Vorticons

1. Marooned on Mars (first released as shareware on December 14, 1990)[3]
While Commander Keen is exploring Mars, the Vorticons steal four vital components of his ship and hide them in Martian cities, each guarded by a Vorticon soldier. In this episode, Keen acquires his trademark pogo stick and meets a variety of Martian aliens and robots.[4]
2. The Earth Explodes
Keen returns to Earth only to find the Vorticon mothership hovering above with its deadly X-14 Tantalus Ray cannons locked on to eight of Earth's greatest landmarks: Big Ben (London), the Sphinx (Cairo), the Sydney Opera House (Sydney), the Statue of Liberty (New York), the Eiffel Tower (Paris), the Colosseum (Rome), St Basil's Cathedral (Moscow), and the White House (Washington D.C.). Keen has to find and deactivate each of the cannons to save Earth. Unlike the first game which had a happy and friendly atmosphere, almost everything in this game is hostile towards Keen, from the floating machine gun robots to the electrified floors. The engine has more features than the first episode, such as moving platforms[4] and light switches.
3. Keen Must Die!
Keen travels to the Vorticon homeworld in search of the mysterious Grand Intellect that has directed the Vorticons toward Earth. The game features the cities, parks, and suburbs of the Vorticons, and their women, children, pets, and mechanical toys make up the enemies. The Vorticon alphabet is also decoded in a school house, allowing for the player to travel to the other in-game locations and read the Vorticon signs.[5] Although finding that isn't actually necessary to decipher it, save for a few letters that are never used in other actual signs, the sheer quantity of signs, starting from the "exit" signs, and a few humorous pun-based jokes that resolutely peg it down like "fort canavort" make it all fall into place fairly quickly.[vague]

Commander Keen: Keen Dreams

Main article: Commander Keen: Keen Dreams
3.5. Keen Dreams (also known as "The Lost Episode") (published as shareware by Softdisk)
After refusing to eat his vegetables, Billy is sent to bed by his parents. He falls asleep, only to awaken in a strange vegetable kingdom led by the evil potato king Boobus Tuber, who has imprisoned other sleeping children there. In the dream world, Keen does not have his trademark raygun and pogo stick, but has to defend himself with "Flower Power" seeds that temporarily turn enemies into flowers.
On June 10, 2013, Keen Dreams was published for Android enabled devices by Super Fighter Team, under license from Flat Rock Software.[6]

Commander Keen in Goodbye, Galaxy!

4. Secret of the Oracle (first released as shareware on December 15, 1991)[3]
Keen's newly finished homemade faster-than-light radio picks up a plot by the Shikadi to destroy the galaxy. He rushes to the planet Gnosticus IV to consult the Keepers of the Oracle, but discovers that they have been taken captive. Thus, the gameplay centers on Keen finding and rescuing the eight elders. This episode features huge levels and a wide variety of enemies and modified game mechanics.
5. The Armageddon Machine
After getting information from the Oracle, Keen lands on a massive Shikadi space station, the Omegamatic, nicknamed the Armageddon Machine,[7] and seeks out the mysterious Gannalech. The gameplay centers on Keen advancing through the Omegamatic to deactivate it.[8]

Commander Keen in Aliens Ate My Baby Sitter!

6. Aliens Ate My Baby Sitter! (published commercially by FormGen, Apogee only distributed the game; now discontinued)[5]
When Keen's babysitter Molly is abducted by the Bloogs, the inhabitants of the planet Fribbulus Xax, Keen must journey across the planet, braving the dangers throughout in order to find her. Chronologically, this is the last episode of the original Keen series. A playable demo, containing three levels from the game, was also released.

Game Boy Color

Main article: Commander Keen (2001 video game)
  • The 2001 release for the Game Boy Color, titled simply Commander Keen, is the latest release in the series. Although it was developed by David A. Palmer Productions, id had heavy involvement in the direction of the game, and Adrian Carmack was directly involved in creating art assets.[9]

Other releases and cancelled games

  • In December 1996, all seven episodes (1–6, as well as Keen Dreams) were included in id Software's id Anthology compilation. The compilation featured only the CGA version of episode 6 for unknown reasons.[10] However, an update was later released to add VGA compatibility.[citation needed]
  • On August 3, 2007, episodes 1–5 (excluding Keen Dreams and Aliens Ate My Baby Sitter!) were re-released on Steam as part of the id Software game addition to Steam.[11] In this release, the DOSBox emulator is used to run the games on Microsoft Windows. Keen Dreams was released separately for Steam.[12]
  • On October 23, 2014, 3D Realms released 3D Realms Anthology, which included Commander Keen: Goodbye Galaxy and Commander Keen: Invasion of the Vorticons in the collection.[13]
  • A Commander Keen game for the Nintendo Entertainment System was announced in an advertisement, that was planned to be released by a major American Nintendo publishing company.[14] No further mention of this game was made since the ad.
  • An additional trilogy, tentatively titled The Universe Is Toast!, was planned for Christmas 1992, but it was never produced because ID had moved on to Wolfenstein 3D and then Doom. Tom Hall claims that he intends to make a new game if he should ever reclaim the intellectual property rights to Commander Keen.[5] It is now considered to be vaporware.
  • Monkeystone Games planned to release Keen Chronicles through Softek International in April 2002. It would have consisted of all Keen games packaged together for Microsoft Windows and Pocket PC, but it never came out of the planning stages and was never even officially announced. The logo that would have been used was the only product of the project, and it can be seen here.[15]

Plot

Billy Blaze, eight year-old genius, working diligently in his backyard clubhouse has created an interstellar starship from old soup cans, rubber cement and plastic tubing. While his folks are out on the town and the babysitter has fallen asleep, Billy travels into his backyard workshop, dons his brother's football helmet, and transforms into...

COMMANDER KEEN—defender of Earth!

In his ship, the Bean-with-Bacon Megarocket, Keen dispenses galactic justice with an iron hand!

— the repeating storyline in Invasion of the Vorticons.[5]

In the first game, Keen is exploring in the mountains of Mars, when aliens steal four vital spaceship components which he must recover before his parents arrive back home. The aliens are the Vorticons, a fierce dog-humanoid race which had an outpost on Mars. Keen travels through different Martian cities, and eventually recovers all the missing parts. However, when Keen comes back to Earth, he finds a Vorticon mothership looming over the planet, with its cannons ready to attack. In the second game, Keen infiltrates the mothership and has to disable each of the Tantalus Rays targeting different Earth cities. During this adventure, Keen learns that the Vorticons used to be a peaceful race, but were then enslaved by the mysterious Grand Intellect.

After disabling the cannons, Keen travels to the Vorticon home planet, Vorticon VI. In the third game, Keen must face the Vorticon masses, all of whom ready to kill Keen, in their cities. After fighting through many levels of Vorticon-infested cities and military installations, Keen arrives at the lair of the Grand Intellect. There, he discovers that the leader of the Vorticons is actually his school rival Mortimer McMire, the main antagonist throughout the series (whose IQ is a single point higher than Keen's). In the final level, Keen must disable the "Mangling Machine", a large apparatus with many crushing parts controlled by Mortimer. Keen eventually defeats Mortimer and frees the Vorticons.

Unbeknown for Keen, the Mortimer he had defeated was only an android duplicate. The real Mortimer goes on to lead the Shikadi, a race of energy beings who name him the Gannalech. In episodes 4 and 5, he attempts to destroy the galaxy with the Shikadi Omegamatic, but Keen stumbles upon a radio message's mentioning the Shikadi plans. In the fourth game, he travels to Gnosticus IV to learn more about the Shikadi from the Oracle. However, when he reaches there, he discovers that eight guardians of the Oracle have been captured by the Shikadi and have been imprisoned in the Shadowlands of the planet. Keen travels through dangerous forests, caves, and islands and is finally able to rescue all eight of them. The guardians activate the Oracle, which then tells Keen about the Omegamatic's being near completion, and reveals the location of the station, in the Korath system.

In the fifth episode, Keen travels to Korath III and enters the Omegamatic to destroy its core, the Quantum Explosion Dynamo, and stop the destruction of the galaxy. After avoiding several defense systems, Keen is able to reach and destroy the device. There, he learns that Mortimer was the Gannalech (a misinterpretation of "Grand Intellect"), and his intention to destroy the universe is revealed.

In the sixth and final episode, Mortimer has Keen's babysitter kidnapped by the Bloogs to distract him.[citation needed] After travelling to Fribbulus Xax, Keen explores the alien planet and saves Molly from being eaten[16] and also finds out that Molly is Mortimer's sister, and she also mentions Mortimer's intentions to destroy the universe.

Development

John D. Carmack, a game programmer at Softdisk, discovered a trick that would allow smooth-scrolling graphics in PC games, but only with the 16-color Enhanced Graphics Adapter card, by programming the computer to redraw only what was changing on display. Carmack and his Softdisk colleague Tom Hall kept the technology from Softdisk and used their own time to put together a clone of the first level of Super Mario Bros. 3, except for the hero, which they replaced with Dangerous Dave, a character from John Romero's games for Softdisk. They called their creation Dangerous Dave in Copyright Infringement. After Romero saw their demo in action, he and Jay Wilbur, project chief at Softdisk, suggested that they finish the Mario clone. The team then created a PC port of Super Mario Bros. 3 in a week and approached Nintendo with their creation, who declined to enter the PC market at that time, saying that it was made "exclusively only for their Nintendo consoles", but did congratulate the team for their efforts.[17][18]

John Romero was later contacted by Scott Miller of Apogee, who, after seeing some of id's work, advanced the team $2,000 for the development of Commander Keen, starting a profitable business relationship that would last until id Software self-published Doom.[5]

Tom Hall, Commander Keen's creative designer, mentioned that Keen is based upon him at age eight. Keen wears a Green Bay Packers football helmet as a reference to Hall's similar Christmas present. Hall has stated that many elements of the games were inspired by Chuck Jones's Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century.[5]

The first trilogy, Invasion of the Vorticons, was completed in three months. After developing it the team left Softdisk to form id Software. However, the id developers had a contract with Softdisk requiring them to write several more games, one of which became Keen Dreams, sometimes referred to as "Keen 3.5", "Keen 7", or the "Lost Episode", as it was never distributed by Apogee. During its development, id Software hired Robert Prince to compose music for the game, but Softdisk did not want to use the music because it would have made the size of the game exceed the capacity of a 360-kilobyte floppy disk, and the music files would be reserved for the later Commander Keen development.[5]

Work began on the sequel to Invasion of the Vorticons in June 1991. It was supposed to be another trilogy. Episode 6, Aliens Ate My Baby Sitter!, was originally planned to be part of it, along with episodes 4 and 5 (which ended up together as Goodbye, Galaxy!), but was later changed into a stand-alone commercial episode. Episode 6 was actually developed between episodes 4 and 5. To address problems which players still having only Color Graphics Adapter had with Invasion of the Vorticons, id Software added episodes 4–6 each the option to use the graphics mode. id also added these episodes sound card support as a new feature to the original trilogy's PC speaker as its only audio option.[5]

Standard Galactic Alphabet

Top: Standard Galactic Alphabet artificial script.
Bottom: Latin script.

The Standard Galactic Alphabet, also known as SGA, is the writing system used to depict Omnispeak, the alien language of choice in the galaxy in the Commander Keen fictional universe. The player usually first discovers the alphabet in the first Commander Keen game, Marooned on Mars. It is a simple substitution cipher created by Tom Hall for the Commander Keen series. Originally for Keen 1 he drew some graphics for Exit signs which he made look a bit more alien by changing the ordinary Latin letters a bit.[19][unreliable source?] After that he added other signs saying "hi" and "this is neat" (near rayguns), and he ended up creating conversions for the other letters of the Latin alphabet for the signs to resemble writings in an alien language. Because the texts are still in English, however, it is not an artificial language but only an artificial script.

Gameplay

Invasion of the Vorticons

Screenshot of episode 3, showing the Invasion of the Vorticons engine

The player can walk left and right on the screen, and jump to reach higher platforms. Some of these are semi-solid and can be jumped through from below. In the first game, the player must find a pogo stick, which is used for a continuous jump. This makes Keen harder to control, but allows the player to jump twice as high if jump button is employed with good timing. Keen keeps the pogo stick for the rest of the series, except for Keen Dreams.

The player can find ray guns for firing projectiles bolts left or right to kill enemies. Some enemies die after one shot, some after multiple shots, and others are impervious to the ray gun. If Keen touches an enemy or a hazard, the player immediately loses a life. Enemies include fictional Martian species Yorps and Gargs (in episode 1), and Vorticon or Vorticon-related creatures (in all three episodes). Throughout the games the player can collect colored keycards to open doors with corresponding colors and bonus items in the form of sugary foods and sodas/colas (Those can be jumped on for a boost before being collected). For every 20,000 points, the player is awarded another life.

The second episode introduces moving platforms which can transport Keen, and switches which usually extend bridges over gaps in the floor. Some switches are light switches which can be used to turn off the lights in the respective level, making some enemies characteristically afraid to jump. The third game includes a power-up in the form of an ankh which grants a temporary invulnerability shield.

While traveling between levels, Keen is viewed from above on a map, the only place where the player can save the game. Some of the levels are optional and can be skipped. Episodes 1 and 3 contain secret levels, accessible by esoteric entrances.

Keen Dreams

File:Keen Dreams Gameplay. In this screenshot, Keen avoids the grapes in the "Grave Divine" level.png
Screenshot of the Keen Dreams engine. The major improvements have been demonstrated in the screenshot.

In Commander Keen: Keen Dreams, Keen has neither his ray gun nor his pogo stick (and thus is unable to jump higher than normal). However, he can duck and drop down from semi-solid platforms. An addition to the platforms are firemen's poles, which the player can use to climb to higher platforms, and even jump up on them if the jumps are timed right. This and further episodes use a slanted 3D look for the levels, which allows for hidden passages containing shortcuts as well as bonus items to be contained within the walls and ceiling.

Instead of the ray gun, Keen is armed with "Flower Power", small pellets he can collect and throw left, right, straight up, or (in midair) straight down. The pellets are used up if they hit an enemy, but if Keen does not hit anything he can retrieve and re-use the pellet if he is quick enough. Enemies that are hit are not killed, but turned into a big, stunned flower for several seconds, the actual time varying with the difficultly level. All enemies are based upon fruit or vegetables, whereas the collectible score items are candy. Twelve Boobus bombs must be collected in order to defeat the king of vegetables to win the game. As an improvement for the game, the players now have the option to turn on or off the score box on the top-left of the screen to check their own scores, ammo, and extra lives rather than just having to press the space-bar to view their inventories and scores.

Keen Dreams introduces three difficulty levels. Another improvement is that the player can now save anywhere any time, rather than only on the world map.

Goodbye, Galaxy! and Aliens Ate My Baby Sitter!

In Goodbye, Galaxy! and Aliens Ate My Baby Sitter!, all the improvements from Keen Dreams are kept, except for the "Flower Power". In these episodes, the player can look up and down by pressing the corresponding movement keys for a short while. This effectively scrolls the screen up or down. Keen also has his pogo stick again. If Keen narrowly misses a jump, he can grab onto the edges of most platforms and climb up, but not those whose angles are roughly 135°. Keen can also enter doorways leading to other zones.

File:Keen4screenshot.PNG
Screenshot of episode 4, showing the Goodbye, Galaxy! engine and oblique 3D look

Collecting bonus items remain the same excluding the beverages to stand on. The player can also collect 100 special life items or a big one to earn an extra life. Keen uses a Neurall Stunner as a weapon, which he can fire in 4 directions, and has a faster rate of fire. It renders enemies dazed instead of killing them. This stun does not wear off for most enemies, yet some enemies are only momentarily paralyzed by it, and it does not work on a few enemies. In episode 4, the enemies are mostly based upon animals. In episode 5, they are mostly robots and Shikadi. In episode 6, the enemies are Bloogs and alien-like.

All Goodbye, Galaxy! episodes have four colored gems, replacing the colored keycards in Invasion of Vorticons, which are needed to unlock the corresponding doors by placing the gems next to the gem-holders. Episode 5 has keycards which are needed to open the final doors in most levels. Episode 6 features very large switches upon which Keen needs either to jump or headbutt to use.

The level maps feature obstacles which can be overcome with items retrieved or actions performed in the regular levels. Episodes 4–6 each contain a secret level, and, in order to find it, the player must thoroughly explore optional parts of the game world.

All the episodes contain cheat codes that instantly grant the player several valuable things; for example, by hitting A, T and B simultaneously, the player is granted all keys, 1 extra life, and 99 shots for the ray gun.[20]

The games include a minigame called Paddle War, a clone of Pong,[3] programmed into Keen's Wrist Computer, which functions as the main menu. (The minigame, although titled differently, can be found in Catacomb 3D as well.)[importance?]

Reception

Invasion of the Vorticons, Goodbye, Galaxy!, and Aliens Ate My Babysitter! were reviewed in 1992 by PC World, who deemed the games as being "one of the most spectacular games available" while praising their "superb" sound and graphics.[23] They were also reviewed in 1993 in Dragon #197 by Sandy Petersen in the first "Eye of the Monitor" column. Petersen gave the Commander Keen series 4 out of 5 stars.[21] Petersen would later work with id.[24]

Awards

On October 27, 1992, Craig Kerwien of Shareware Industry Awards gave Commander Keen the "Best Entertainment Software and Best Overall" award.[22]

Legacy

File:Duke Nukem Commander Keen cameo.png
In Duke Nukem, Dr. Proton taunts Duke Nukem and further brags how Commander Keen cannot escape his mine.
File:Map32 commander keen.png
A screenshot from Doom II. One of the hanging Keens has already been shot.

A number of fan-made Commander Keen games have been created, mostly using Klik & Play, Click & Create, GameMaker: Studio, Construct, Unity, and similar game construction software. The Public Commander Keen Forum has a forum devoted to the announcement and discussion of these unofficial Keen games.[25] In the years since the release of utilities to modify the levels and graphics in the original Keen series in early 2002, more than fifty mods have been made, most of which feature Commander Keen as the protagonist. One of these mods, titled "Commander Genius", is an engine, released for multiple platforms, which interprets the episodes (including unofficial episodes 7, 8, and 9) as a "retro-evolved" game, with re-polished graphics, a multiplayer compatibility, and a level editor, while requiring the episodes' game files in order for the engine to interpret the episodes themselves.[26] Another of these mods is the The Universe Is Toast! mod, requiring the original game files for episodes 4–6 to function.[27] Unofficial ports of the game to other platforms (such as Linux, Dreamcast, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS and Wii) have also been created by fans.[28]

The Dopefish, an enemy character from Secret of the Oracle, has become one of the biggest video game in-jokes[29][30][31] and appeared in many games over the years (such as in all Quake games except Quake 4) and continues to make hidden appearances in modern titles. Keen has appeared or has been referenced in many other video games over the years, including Doom II, Duke Nukem, Bio Menace,[5][32] and Anachronox.[33] The Standard Galactic Alphabet also appears in the game Minecraft as the script for the magic enchantment system.[34]

In January 2013, Tom Hall started Worlds of Wander, a tool for creating platform games. With an intuitive level editor and the ability to reprogram the game, it is envisaged to have many options for sharing games and levels. Worlds of Wander would be released along with a new game created with the tool, called Secret Spaceship Club, which Hall describes as a "spiritual sequel" to Commander Keen. Worlds of Wander tried to get funds through a Kickstarter campaign in February 2013, but the project was not able to reach its $400,000 goal. According to Hall, development will continue in their spare time.[35]

See also

References

  1. ^ Kyle Orland (December 14, 2015). "Here's what id Software's PC port of Mario 3 could have looked like". Ars Technica. Wired. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  2. ^ Chris Plante (September 27, 2013). "One-Man Online Game Publisher of 1987". Polygon. Vox Media. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
  3. ^ a b c Nova Barlow (December 15, 2008). "This Week In Gaming History". The Escapist. Defy Media. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  4. ^ a b "PC Mag". Google Books. Ziff Davis. June 25, 1991. p. 479 & 480. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i "A Look Back at Commander Keen", 3D Realms Website, December 14, 2000. Retrieved on October 15, 2006.
  6. ^ Official Keen Dreams website
  7. ^ "Commander Keen: The Armageddon Machine". Giant Bomb. CBS Interactive. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  8. ^ "Commander Keen: Goodbye Galaxy!". 3D Realms. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  9. ^ "Talking Commander Keen". IGN. Ziff Davis. May 8, 2001. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  10. ^ Joe Siegler. "Commander Keen Help". 3D Realms. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
  11. ^ Ross Miller (August 3, 2007). "id Software library gets Steamed". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  12. ^ Silviu Stahie (September 17, 2015). "First id Software Game Comes to Steam for Linux". Softpedia. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
  13. ^ Stephany Nunneley (October 23, 2014). "3D Realms is back with new 32 game anthology – on sale for 48 hours". VG247. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  14. ^ ROME.RO Mega Photo Gallerytron- powered by SmugMug
  15. ^ Keen Chronicles? - Post at 3D Realms forums
  16. ^ Computer Gaming World. Golden Empire Publications. 1992. p. 10. Retrieved April 21, 2016. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  17. ^ Kushner, D. (2003). Masters of Doom: How Two Guys Created an Empire and Transformed Pop Culture. Random House. ISBN 0-375-50524-5
  18. ^ Fahs, Travis (September 23, 2008). "The Early Years of id Software". IGN Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
  19. ^ The Standard Galactic Alphabet
  20. ^ "Computer Gaming World – Volumes 150–153". Google Books. Golden Empire Publications. 1997. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  21. ^ a b Petersen, Sandy (September 1993). "Eye of the Monitor". Dragon (197): 57–62.
  22. ^ a b Craig Kerwien (October 27, 1992). "PC Mag". Google Books. Ziff Davis. p. 473. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  23. ^ "PC World – Volume 10". Google Books. IDG. 1992. p. 317. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
  24. ^ Adam Gauntlett (August 11, 2014). "Even Death May Die: Sandy Petersen Talks Call of Cthulhu". The Escapist. Defy Media. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
  25. ^ Public Commander Keen Forum
  26. ^ Alec Meer (March 29, 2010). "Commander Keen++". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  27. ^ Keen Wiki
  28. ^ CloneKeen
  29. ^ Tyler J. Smith (September 18, 2012). "Late Night Computing". Shacknews. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
  30. ^ Kirk Hamilton (September 2, 2011). "From 4Chan to Evil Dead: The Secrets of Deus Ex: Human Revolution Revealed (More Secrets Added!)". Kotaku. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
  31. ^ Gestalt (November 4, 1999). "Tom Hall of Ion Storm". Eurogamer. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
  32. ^ Matthew Kato (December 21, 2015). "Get Bio Menace For Free From GOG, Bethesda Games At Massive Discount". Game Informer. GameStop. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  33. ^ "Dopefish returns!". 3D Realms. June 21, 2001. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
  34. ^ "Tom Hall mentions Notch's inclusion of the SGA in the Enchantment Table via a Twitter post, with a link to the screenshot showing the addition." https://twitter.com/ThatTomHall/status/120210111162617857
  35. ^ Worlds of Wander Kickstarter Page - Last update

External links

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