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[[File:Bible-minded Cities map.PNG|thumb|Bible-minded cities map]]
[[File:Bible-minded Cities map.PNG|thumb|Bible-minded cities map]]
A study was commissioned by the [[American Bible Society]] to survey the importance of the Bible in the metropolitan areas of the United States. The report was based on 42,855 interviews conducted between 2005 and 2012. It determined the 10 most "Bible-minded" cities were [[Knoxville, Tennessee]]; [[Shreveport, Louisiana]]; [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]]; [[Birmingham, Alabama]]; [[Jackson, Mississippi]]; [[Springfield, Missouri]]; [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]; [[Lynchburg, Virginia]]; [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville-Decatur, Alabama]]; and [[Charleston, West Virginia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cities.barna.org/americas-most-and-least-bible-minded-cities/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328095729/http://cities.barna.org/americas-most-and-least-bible-minded-cities/|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 28, 2013|title=America's Most and Least Bible-Minded Cities|access-date=July 31, 2018}}</ref>
A study was commissioned by the [[American Bible Society]] to survey the importance of the Bible in the metropolitan areas of the United States. The report was based on 42,855 interviews conducted between 2005 and 2012. It determined the 10 most "Bible-minded" cities were [[Knoxville, Tennessee]]; [[Shreveport, Louisiana]]; [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]]; [[Birmingham, Alabama]]; [[Jackson, Mississippi]]; [[Springfield, Missouri]]; [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]; [[Lynchburg, Virginia]]; [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville-Decatur, Alabama]]; and [[Charleston, West Virginia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cities.barna.org/americas-most-and-least-bible-minded-cities/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328095729/http://cities.barna.org/americas-most-and-least-bible-minded-cities/|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 28, 2013|title=America's Most and Least Bible-Minded Cities|access-date=July 31, 2018}}</ref> A study by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2016 found that the ten most religious states were Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Louisiana, Arkansas, South Carolina, West Virginia, Georgia, Oklahoma and North Carolina.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/02/29/how-religious-is-your-state/?state=alabama |title=How religious is your state? |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Wormald |first2=Benjamin | publisher=Pew Research Center |date=5 January 2023 |access-date=5 January 2023}}</ref>


==== By state ====
==== By state ====

Revision as of 07:01, 5 January 2023

For other uses, see Bible Belt (disambiguation).

Bible Belt
Cultural region of the United States
The area roughly considered to constitute the United States Bible Belt
The area roughly considered to constitute the United States Bible Belt
Country United States
States Alabama
 Arkansas
 Georgia
 Kentucky
 Louisiana
 Mississippi
 Missouri
 North Carolina
 Oklahoma
 South Carolina
 Tennessee
 West Virginia

and parts of:

 Florida
 Illinois
 Indiana
 Kansas
 New Mexico
 Texas
 Virginia
 West Virginia

The Bible Belt is a region of the Southern United States in which socially conservative Protestant Christianity plays a strong role in society and politics, and church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation's average. The region contrasts with the religiously diverse Midwest and Great Lakes, and the Mormon corridor in Utah and southern Idaho.

Whereas the states with the highest percentage of residents identifying as non-religious are in the West and New England regions of the United States (with Vermont at 37%, ranking the highest), in the Bible Belt state of Alabama it is just 12%,[1] and Tennessee has the highest proportion of evangelical Protestants, at 52%.[2] The evangelical influence is strongest in northern Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, North Carolina, southern and western Virginia, West Virginia, the Upstate region of South Carolina, and East Texas.

The earliest known usage of the term "Bible Belt" was by American journalist and social commentator H. L. Mencken, who in 1924 wrote in the Chicago Daily Tribune: "The old game, I suspect, is beginning to play out in the Bible Belt."[3] In 1927, Mencken claimed the term as his invention.[4][5] The term is now also used in other countries for regions with higher religious doctrine adoption.

In the United States

Geography

The name "Bible Belt" has been applied historically to the South and parts of the Midwest, but is more commonly identified with the South. In a 1961 study, Wilbur Zelinsky delineated the region as the area in which Protestant denominations, especially Southern Baptist, Methodist, and evangelical, are the predominant religious affiliations. The region thus defined included most of the Southern United States, including most of Texas and Oklahoma, and in the states south of the Ohio River, and extending east to include central West Virginia and Virginia, from the Shenandoah Valley southward into Southside Virginia and North Carolina. In addition, the Bible Belt covers most of Missouri and Kentucky and southern parts of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. On the other hand, areas in the South which are not considered part of the Bible Belt include heavily Catholic Southern Louisiana, central and southern Florida, which have been settled mainly by immigrants and Americans from elsewhere in the country, and overwhelmingly Hispanic South Texas. A 1978 study by Charles Heatwole identified the Bible Belt as the region dominated by 24 fundamentalist Protestant denominations, corresponding to essentially the same area mapped by Zelinsky.[6]

According to Stephen W. Tweedie, an Associate Professor Emeritus in the Department of Geography at Oklahoma State University, the Bible Belt was viewed in terms of numerical concentration of the audience for religious television when he first published his research in 1995.[7] He finds two belts: one more eastern that stretches from Florida, (excluding Miami, Tampa and South Florida), through Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, the Carolinas, and into Southside Virginia; and another concentrated in Texas (excluding El Paso, and South Texas), Arkansas, Louisiana, (excluding New Orleans and Acadiana), Oklahoma, Missouri (excluding St. Louis), Kansas, and Mississippi.[8] "[H]is research also broke the Bible Belt into two core regions, a western region and an eastern region. Tweedie's western Bible Belt was focused on a core that extended from Little Rock, Arkansas, to Tulsa, Oklahoma. His eastern Bible Belt was focused on a core that included the major population centers of Virginia and North Carolina.[9]

Bible-minded cities map

A study was commissioned by the American Bible Society to survey the importance of the Bible in the metropolitan areas of the United States. The report was based on 42,855 interviews conducted between 2005 and 2012. It determined the 10 most "Bible-minded" cities were Knoxville, Tennessee; Shreveport, Louisiana; Chattanooga, Tennessee; Birmingham, Alabama; Jackson, Mississippi; Springfield, Missouri; Charlotte, North Carolina; Lynchburg, Virginia; Huntsville-Decatur, Alabama; and Charleston, West Virginia.[10] A study by the Pew Research Center in 2016 found that the ten most religious states were Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Louisiana, Arkansas, South Carolina, West Virginia, Georgia, Oklahoma and North Carolina.[11]

By state

Percentage of respondents in the USA stating that religion is "Very important" or "Somewhat important" in their lives, 2014[12]
Proportion of Evangelical Protestants per state in the American South[13]
State Baptist Pentecostal Restorationist Presbyterian Other Total Share indicating
religion is "Very Important"[12]
 Alabama 31% 5% 3% 2% 8% 49% 77%
 Arkansas 25% 5% 5% 2% 9% 46% 70%
 Delaware 7% 1% 3% 1% 3% 15% 46%
 Washington, D.C. 2% 1% 1% 1% 3% 8% 50%
 Florida 8% 4% 2% 1% 9% 24% 53%
 Georgia 21% 4% 2% 1% 10% 38% 64%
 Kentucky 29% 7% 3% 1% 9% 49% 63%
 Louisiana 16% 3% 1% <1% 7% 27% 71%
 Maryland 5% 3% 1% <1% 9% 18% 50%
 Mississippi 26% 4% 2% 1% 8% 41% 74%
 Missouri 15% 6% 3% 1% 11% 36% 56%
 North Carolina 20% 4% 1% 1% 9% 35% 62%
 Oklahoma 23% 6% 4% <1% 14% 47% 64%
 South Carolina 22% 4% 1% 1% 7% 35% 69%
 Tennessee 33% 4% 6% 2% 7% 52% 71%
 Texas 14% 4% 2% <1% 11% 31% 63%
 Virginia 15% 5% <1% 1% 9% 30% 60%
 West Virginia 19% 7% 2% <1% 11% 39% 64%

Other Bible Belts in the United States

In addition to the South, there is a smaller Bible Belt in West Michigan, centered on the heavily Dutch-influenced cities of Holland and Grand Rapids. Christian colleges in that region include Calvin College, Hope College, Cornerstone University, Grace Christian University, and Kuyper College. Much like the South, West Michigan is generally fiscally and socially conservative.

There is also a Bible Belt in the western suburbs of Chicago (especially in DuPage County), centered on Wheaton. Christian colleges in that region include Wheaton College, North Central College, Northern Baptist Theological Seminary, and Elmhurst College. Christian publishing houses in that region include Good News Publishers, Intervarsity Press, and Tyndale House. Carol Stream is home to the headquarters of Christianity Today.

History

During the colonial period (1607–1776), the South was a stronghold of the Anglican church. Its transition to a stronghold of non-Anglican Protestantism occurred gradually over the next century as a series of religious revival movements, many associated with the Baptist denomination, gained great popularity in the region.[14]

The northern colonial Bible Belt (especially New England with its Puritan heritage) frequently performed missionary work in the South. "The centre of Particular Baptist activity in early America was in the Middle Colonies. In 1707 five churches in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware were united to form the Philadelphia Baptist Association, and through the association they embarked upon vigorous missionary activity. By 1760 the Philadelphia association included churches located in the present states of Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, and West Virginia; and by 1767 further multiplication of churches had necessitated the formation of two subsidiary associations, the Warren in New England and the Ketochton in Virginia. The Philadelphia association also provided leadership in organizing the Charleston Association in the Carolinas in 1751."[15]

An influential figure was Shubal Stearns: "Shubael Stearns, a New England Separate Baptist, migrated to Sandy Creek, North Carolina, in 1755 and initiated a revival that quickly penetrated the entire Piedmont region. The churches he organized were brought together in 1758 to form the Sandy Creek Association".[15] Stearns was brother-in-law of Daniel Marshall, who was born in Windsor, Connecticut and "is generally considered the first great Baptist leader in Georgia. He founded Kiokee Baptist Church, the oldest continuing Baptist congregation in the state".[16] Also, Wait Palmer, of Toland, Connecticut,[17]: 84–85  may have influenced African American Christianity in the South: "The Silver Bluff, South Carolina, revival was a seminal development, whose role among blacks rivalled that played by the Sandy Creek revival of the Separate Baptists, to which it was indirectly related. It was probably the same Wait Palmer who had baptized Shubal Stearns in 1751 who came to Silver Bluff in 1775, baptizing and constituting a church. Abraham Marshall, who encouraged the later offshoots, was a Separate Baptist of the Sandy Creek school. The revival at the Silver Bluff plantation of George Galphin (some twelve miles from Augusta, Georgia) had brought David George to the Afro-Baptist faith and had provided a ministry for George Liele".[17]: 188 

According to Thomas P. Kidd, "As early as 1758, Sandy Creek missionaries helped organize a slave congregation, the Bluestone Church, on the plantation of William Byrd III, which may have been the first independently functioning African American church in North America. The church did not last long, but it reflected the Baptists' commitment to evangelizing African Americans".[18]: 249  According to Gayraud S. Wilmore, "The preaching of New England Congregationalists such as Jonathan Edwards about the coming millennium, and his conviction that Christians were called to prepare for it, reached the slaves through the far-ranging missionary work of white evangelists such as Shubal Stearns, Wait Palmer, and Matthew Moore - all of whom left Congregationalism and became Separatist Baptist preachers in the plantation country of Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia".[19]: 168 

Buckle

A billboard near the center of Alabama

Several locations are occasionally referred to as "the Buckle of the Bible Belt":

Political and cultural context

There has been research that links evangelical Protestantism with social conservatism.[25] In 1950, President Harry S. Truman told Catholic leaders he wanted to send an ambassador to the Vatican. Truman said the leading Democrats in Congress approved, but they warned him, "it would defeat Democratic Senators and Congressmen in the Bible Belt."[26][clarification needed]

In presidential elections, the Bible Belt states of Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas have voted for the Republican candidate in all elections since 1980; Oklahoma has supported the Republican presidential candidate in every election since 1968, with Republicans having carried every county in the state in all presidential elections since 2004. Other Bible Belt states have voted for the Republican presidential candidate in the majority of elections since 1980, but have gone to the Democratic candidate either once or twice since then. However, with the exception of Mississippi, historical geographer Barry Vann shows that counties in the upland areas of the Appalachians and the Ozarks have a more conservative voting pattern than the counties located in the coastal plains.[27]

Outside the United States

Australia

In Australia, the term "Bible Belt" has been used to refer to areas within individual cities, which have a high concentration of Christian residents usually centralized around a megachurch, for example:[28]

Toowoomba city in Queensland has long been regarded as fertile ground for Christian fundamentalist right-wing movements [35] that adhere to biblical literalism, particularly those within the Pentecostal and charismatic stream of Christianity. This was exemplified by the highly publicised rise and subsequent fall of Howard Carter[36] and the Logos Foundation in the 1980s. The Logos Foundation and other similar movements that have followed it, operate in a controlling, authoritarian and almost cultish manner, contributing to their notoriety.[35] Other similarly conservative Pentecostal churches within the city have, since that time, banded together into a loose federation known as the Toowoomba Christian Leaders' Network.[37] (note - most traditional church denominations have their own, separate ecumenical group) This network views itself as having a divine mission to 'take the city for the Lord' and as such, endorses elements of religious right-wing political advocacy, such as the Australian Christian Lobby (ACL).[citation needed]

ACL's former managing director who was raised in the Logos Foundation and is a former Toowoomba City councillor is Lyle Shelton. These church groups are strongly associated with North American trends such as the New Apostolic Reformation, Dominion theology, Five-fold ministry thinking, Kingdom Now theology and revivalism. They support the achievement of a type of theocratic society where conservative and literal interpretations of the bible are the dominant drivers of government, education, the Arts, the media and entertainment. Churches involved in this group currently include the successor organization to the Logos Foundation, the Toowoomba City Church, along with the Range Christian Fellowship, Spring Street Assembly of God, Christian Outreach Centre, Hume Ridge Church of Christ, Revival Ministries of Australia Shiloh Centre, the Edge Christian Centre and many others.[citation needed]

Queensland, just like the American Deep South, is considered to be a major centre for not just biblical groups, but also the homeland of a disproportionate amount of Australia's right-wing and far-right leaning politicians, including but not limited to, Fraser Anning, Pauline Hanson, and Clive Palmer.

Canada

The province of Alberta has been referred to as Canada's Bible Belt with a significant Catholic, Anabaptist population and other Protestants.[38] Certain areas of Canada's east coast region, such as the province of New Brunswick, also contain significant populations of Catholic, Baptist, Anglican and United faith adherents, up to 85% overall.[39]

Denmark

In Denmark, rural western Jutland in particular is considered to be the Bible Belt. This is due to the higher number of citizens who are associated (in this particular area) with conservative Lutheran Christian organisations such as the Church Association for the Inner Mission in Denmark, which traditionally have had a very strong resistance to abortion and LGBT rights.[40] Today, the movement is strongest around Hedensted, Løsning, Korning and Øster Snede. The Danish Oasis Movement, the YMCA and Jehovah's Witnesses are also active in the area. The Evangelical Lutheran Free Church is active in Løsning and the Adventists in Vejle.[41]

Estonia

Census results show religious belief in the country is more prevalent in the east running from north to south along the border with Russia, particularly in those areas with large populations of Russian Orthodox, Estonian Orthodox and Orthodox Old Believers.

Finland

In North Ostrobothnia, Lapland and Northern Savonia, the influence of the Laestadian movement, a Finnish Lutheran revival, is particularly strong.[42] In South Ostrobothnia and Swedish-speaking Ostrobothnia, the influence of awakenism and evangelicalism (evankelisuus) is strong, as is that of the Free Church. The Finnish Bible Belt has been described on the basis of various indicators, but there is no precise definition. Mika Gissler of the THL has identified the medical districts of the Ostrobothnian regions as the Bible zone, which have distinguished themselves in the long term by a lower number of abortions than the rest of the country.[43] Perho in Central Ostrobothnia is the most Lutheran municipality in Finland.[44] Church membership in Ostrobothnia is also more common than in the rest of the country.[45] Voting of Christian Democrats in 2019 parliamental elections was most common in Larsmo and Parkano.[46]

Germany

An area in Erzgebirge in Saxony has been described as the "Saxon Bible Belt" with a notable evangelical Protestant/Christian fundamentalist/free church community, as well as some conservative Lutheran parishes that are opposed to same-sex marriage. Nevertheless, the Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Saxony approved church resolutions regarding the issue regardless of opinions within those parishes.[47][48][49][50][51]

Lithuania

Among its Baltic neighbors Lithuania is in general much more religious, but even in this context, Vilnius with its many churches and adjacent region (Vilnius district and Šalčininkai district municipalities) with larger number of Lithuanian Poles is the most religious region of Lithuania. Both Šalčininkai and Vilnius district municipalities by the ruling Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance were declared as guarded and ruled by Jesus Christ.[52]

Mexico

In Mexico, there is what is known as the Rosary Belt (Spanish: Cinturón del Rosario). The term, created by journalist and writer Carlos Monsiváis in 1999, refers to a region comprising the states of Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Querétaro and, in more recent years, Zacatecas, where 90% of the population professes Roman Catholicism, which has a notable influence on local politics and society. Guanajuato, for example, is one of the most important electoral strongholds of the National Action Party, of Christian Democrat tradition, mostly inspired by the Social Doctrine of the Church, and with strong conservative ideals. It was in this region where the first uprisings against the government took place during the Cristero War, demanding an end to the persecution of Catholics in the country as a result of the promulgation of the so-called Calles Law, which restricted Catholic worship in Mexico.

Netherlands

The Bible Belt of the Netherlands (Dutch: Bijbelgordel) stretches from Zeeland, through the West-Betuwe and Veluwe, to the northern parts of the province Overijssel. In this region, orthodox Calvinists prevail.

New Zealand

In New Zealand, Mount Roskill, Auckland, contains the highest number of churches per capita in the country, and is the home of several Christian political candidates.[53] The electorate was one of the last in the country to go "wet", in 1999, having formerly been a dry area where the selling of alcohol was prohibited.[54]

At the 2013 New Zealand census, the Mangere–Otahuhu local board area of Auckland had the highest concentration of Christians in New Zealand, with 67.7 percent of the local board's 71,000 residents identifying as such.[55]

In contrast to other bible belts, both areas tend to vote for left-wing candidates and are both currently represented in parliament by the governing centre-left Labour Party.[citation needed]

Norway

The Bible Belt of Norway is located mainly in the western and southern parts of the country, especially rural areas of Agder and Rogaland counties, which contains numerous devout Lutherans.

Poland

South and East parts of Poland are much more religious than North and West.[56] See Poland A and B.

Soviet Union

Before its independence, Soviet Ukraine was known as the Bible Belt of the Soviet Union, with a significant proportion of Baptists.[57]

Sweden

The area normally called the Bible Belt of Sweden is centered on Jönköping in southern Sweden and contains numerous free churches. Of the Småland counties, Jönköping is characterised by the Free Church, Kalmar by the High Church and Kronoberg by the Old Church. In a broader sense, the Bible Belt refers to the area between Jönköping and Gothenburg.[58]

There are also numerous conservative Lutheran Laestadians in the Torne valley area in the far north of the country.

United Kingdom

In Northern Ireland, the area in County Antrim stretching from roughly Ballymoney to Larne and centred in the area of Ballymena is often referred to as a Bible Belt. This is because the area is heavily Protestant with a large evangelical community. From 1970 to 2010, the MP for North Antrim was Ian Paisley, a Free Presbyterian minister well known for his theological fundamentalism. The town of Ballymena, the largest town in the constituency, is often referred to as the "buckle" of the Bible Belt.[59]

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Unaffiliated". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. May 11, 2015.
  2. ^ "Adults in Tennessee". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. May 11, 2015.
  3. ^ Fred R. Shapiro (ed.). Yale Book of Quotations. Yale University Press (2006). ISBN 978-0-300-10798-2.
  4. ^ "H. L. Mencken letter to Charles Green Shaw, 1927 Dec. 2". Charles Green Shaw papers, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015.
  5. ^ H. L. Menchken (June 3, 2011). "The human race is incurably idiotic". Archived from the original on December 23, 2019 – via lettersofnote.com.
  6. ^ Barry Vann (2008), In search of Ulster-Scots land: the birth and geotheological imagings of a transatlantic people, 1603-1703, Univ of South Carolina Press, ISBN 1-57003-708-6, ISBN 978-1-57003-708-5. Pages 138-140.
  7. ^ Carney, George O., ed. (1995). Fast food, stock cars and rock'n'roll: place and space in American pop culture. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 131. ISBN 9780847680801.
  8. ^ Tweedie, S.W. (1978) Viewing the Bible Belt. Journal of Popular Culture 11; 865-76
  9. ^ Rosenberg, Matt. "The Bible Belt Extends Throughout the American South (And Perhaps Beyond?)". About.com. About Education. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
  10. ^ "America's Most and Least Bible-Minded Cities". Archived from the original on March 28, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  11. ^ Lipka, Michael; Wormald, Benjamin (January 5, 2023). "How religious is your state?". Pew Research Center. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  12. ^ a b Importance of religion by state Pew forum
  13. ^ "State - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics". Pew Research Center. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  14. ^ Murray, William H. Jeynes ; foreword by William J. (2009). A call for character education and prayer in the schools. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-0313351044. Retrieved June 11, 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ a b "Baptist - History, Beliefs, Denominations, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  16. ^ "Daniel Marshall (1706-1784)". New Georgia Encyclopedia.
  17. ^ a b Sobel, Mechal (1988). Trabelin' on: The Slave Journey to an Afro-Baptist Faith. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691006032.
  18. ^ Kidd, Thomas S. (2007). The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300148251.
  19. ^ Wilmore, Gayraud S. (2004). Pragmatic Spirituality: The Christian Faith through an Africentric Lens. New York University Press. ISBN 9781479884247.
  20. ^ "Encyclopedia of the Great Plains - ABILENE, TEXAS". unl.edu. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  21. ^ Guier, Cindy Stooksbury; Finch, Jackie Sheckler (2007). Insiders' Guide to Nashville (6th ed.). pp. 13, 35, 396.
  22. ^ "Nashville Area Churches". NashCity.com. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
  23. ^ Miller, Rachel L (April 14, 2008). "Nashville: Sophisticated Southern City with a Country Edge". RoadandTravel.com. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
  24. ^ "Churches in Greenville, South Carolina". churchangel.com.
  25. ^ http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/6/8/0/6/p68068_index.html[permanent dead link]
  26. ^ Amanda Smith, Hostage of Fortune (2001) p. 604
  27. ^ Peter Haworth (February 3, 2014). ""Natural Liberty in the Bible Belt: An Explanation of Conservative Voting Patterns in Southern Appalachia," By Barry A. Vann". Nomocracy in Politics. Archived from the original on February 3, 2014.
  28. ^ "Bible Belt wants to tighten a grip on power". The Age. Melbourne. September 15, 2004.
  29. ^ Census 2016: Sydney's Bible belt is losing the faith by Matt Wade from the Sydney Morning Herald, October 4, 2017
  30. ^ REVEALED: THE MOST CHRISTIAN PLACES IN AUSTRALIA by Anne Lim, 10 October 2017
  31. ^ How we worship by Emily Clark from ABC News, 7 November 2019
  32. ^ THE UNWANTED CHURCH IN ONE OF AUSTRALIA'S MOST CHRISTIAN SUBURBS by Ben McEachen from Eternity News, 7 January 2018
  33. ^ Sydney’s No.1 for faith, according to new study By Debbie Cramsie from The Catholic Weekly, March 8, 2018
  34. ^ "Perth suburbs by religion: evangelicals head to the northern suburbs". The West Australian. July 14, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
  35. ^ a b John Harrison (2006). "The Logos Foundation: The Rise and Fall of Christian Reconstructionism in Australia" (PDF) – via espace.library.uq.edu.au.
  36. ^ "Lifemessenger - the Story". www.lifemessenger.org. Archived from the original on August 29, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
  37. ^ "OneChurch News - News from the Church of Toowoomba". onechurch.org.au. Archived from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
  38. ^ Wells, Kristopher. "Progressive Albertans are challenging province's Bible Belt stereotypes". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  39. ^ "New Brunswick Population 2020". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  40. ^ "Danish minister: 'God created the world'". July 10, 2015.
  41. ^ Evald, Maria (May 3, 2012). "Her flytter folk til på grund af troen". Kristeligt Dagblad (in Danish). Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  42. ^ "FENNIA 2002". www.helsinki.fi. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
  43. ^ "Pohjanmaan Raamattu-vyöhyke näkyy aborttitilastoissa". mtvuutiset.fi (in Finnish). July 25, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  44. ^ Mäkelä, Juho (January 14, 2018). "Tällainen on Suomen luterilaisin kunta: Seurakunnan kerhoissa ei ole tilaa kaikille lapsille ja kinkeriperinne elää vahvana". Aamulehti (in Finnish). Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  45. ^ STT (August 3, 2014). "HS: Kirkkoon kuulumisessa isoja alueellisia eroja". Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  46. ^ "Parkanosta Suomen toiseksi kristillisdemokraattisin kunta". KD-osastot (in Finnish). April 16, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  47. ^ "Erklärung 144 sächsischer Kirchgemeinden zum familiären Zusammenleben im Pfarrhaus" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 6, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
  48. ^ "Evangelikale in Sachsen - Ein Bericht". Weiterdenken - Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung Sachsen.
  49. ^ "Jennifer Stange: Evangelikale in Sachsen, Dresden 2014" (PDF).
  50. ^ "Evlks.de:"Segnung von Paaren in Eingetragener Lebenspartnerschaft" in Sachsen möglich – Beschluss der Kirchenleitung vom 27. Oktober 2016". Archived from the original on October 19, 2016.
  51. ^ "Sächsische Kirche ermöglicht Segnung Homosexueller im Gottesdienst". www.evangelisch.de.
  52. ^ "Vilniaus ir Šalčininkų rajonuose naujai išrinktoms taryboms ir toliaus vadovaus Jėzus Kristus". 15min.lt. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  53. ^ "New Zealand". emigratenz.org. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  54. ^ "Tawa ditches prohibition a century after banning alcohol - 150 years of news". Stuff. September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
  55. ^ "Table 33: Religious affiliation (total responses) by territorial authority area, Auckland local board area, and sex – 2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity". Statistics New Zealand. April 15, 2014. Archived from the original on May 24, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
  56. ^ Wojciech Sadlon (ed.), Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae in Polonia AD 2018
  57. ^ Wanne, Catherine (2006). "Evangelicalism and the Resurgence of Religion in Ukraine" (PDF). The National Council for Eurasian and East European Research.
  58. ^ "HBL besökte svenska bibelbältet: Flit, frälsning och flyktingar". web.archive.org. November 4, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
  59. ^ Gonzo, Belfast (July 29, 2005). "More news from the Bible Belt..."

Further reading

  • Balmer, Randall H. (2002). Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism. Westminster John Knox Press.
  • Christine Leigh H, (1997), Southern Cross: The Beginnings of the Bible Belt. Knopf.
  • Denman, Stan. (2004). Political Playing for the Soul of the American South: Theater and the Maintenance of Cultural Hegemony in the American Bible Belt. Southern Quarterly, 42(3), 64–72.
  • Hayes, Turner Elizabeth. (1997). Women, Culture and Community: Religion and Reform in Galveston 1880–1920, Oxford University Press.
  • Heatwole, Charles A. (1978). The Bible Belt; a problem of regional definition. Journal of Geography, 77, 50–55.
  • Hill, Samuel S., Lippy, Charles H. & Wilson, Charles R. (2005). Encyclopedia Of Religion In The South. Mercer University Press.
  • Lippy, Charles, H. (1993). Religion in South Carolina. University of South Carolina.
  • Marsden, George M. (1982). Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism, 1870–1925. Oxford University Press.
  • Moran, Jeffrey P. (2004). The Scopes Trial and Southern Fundamentalism in Black and White: Race, Region, and Religion. Journal of Southern History, 70(1), 95.
  • Park, Chris C. (1994). Sacred Worlds: An Introduction to Geography and Religion. Routledge.
  • Pettersson, Thorleif & Hamberg, Eva M. (1997). Denominational Pluralism and Church Membership in Contemporary Sweden. Journal of Empirical Theology, 10(2), 61–78.
  • Sparks, Randy J. (2001). Religion in Mississippi. University Press of Mississippi for the Mississippi Historical Society.
  • Stacey, Williams A. & Shupe, Anson. (1984). Religious Values and Religiosity in the Textbook Adoption Controversy in Texas, 1981. Review of Religious Research. 25(4), 321–333.
  • Tweedie, Stephen W. (1978). Viewing the Bible Belt. THE Journal of Popular Culture, 11(4), 865–876.
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