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The term "Cold War II" gained currency and relevance as tensions between Russia and the West escalated throughout the [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine]] followed by the [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)|Russian military intervention]] and especially the downing of [[Malaysia Airlines Flight 17]] in July 2014. By August 2014, both sides had implemented economic, financial, and diplomatic sanctions upon each other: virtually all Western countries, led by the US and EU, imposed [[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis|restrictive measures]] on Russia; the latter reciprocally introduced retaliatory [[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis#Sanctions by Russia|measures]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/24/politics/obama-europe-trip/|title=U.S. and other powers kick Russia out of G8|date=25 March 2014 |accessdate=7 August 2014 |publisher=CNN.com}}</ref><ref>Johanna Granville, [https://www.academia.edu/7011881/Playing_Poker_with_Putin "The Folly of Playing High-Stakes Poker with Putin: More to Lose than Gain over Ukraine."] 8 May 2014.</ref>
The term "Cold War II" gained currency and relevance as tensions between Russia and the West escalated throughout the [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine]] followed by the [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)|Russian military intervention]] and especially the downing of [[Malaysia Airlines Flight 17]] in July 2014. By August 2014, both sides had implemented economic, financial, and diplomatic sanctions upon each other: virtually all Western countries, led by the US and EU, imposed [[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis|restrictive measures]] on Russia; the latter reciprocally introduced retaliatory [[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis#Sanctions by Russia|measures]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/24/politics/obama-europe-trip/|title=U.S. and other powers kick Russia out of G8|date=25 March 2014 |accessdate=7 August 2014 |publisher=CNN.com}}</ref><ref>Johanna Granville, [https://www.academia.edu/7011881/Playing_Poker_with_Putin "The Folly of Playing High-Stakes Poker with Putin: More to Lose than Gain over Ukraine."] 8 May 2014.</ref>


Tensions escalated in 2014 after Russia's [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]], and [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)|military intervention in Ukraine]]. In October 2015, some observers judged the [[Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War]] to be a [[proxy war]] between Russia and the US,<ref name="larger">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/13/world/middleeast/syria-russia-airstrikes.html?_r=0 |title=U.S. Weaponry Is Turning Syria Into Proxy War With Russia |author= |work=The New York Times |accessdate=14 October 2015 |date=12 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="prox">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/10/13/middleeast/syria-civil-war/index.html |title=U.S., Russia escalate involvement in Syria |author= |work=CNN |accessdate=17 October 2015 |date=13 October 2015}}</ref> and even a "proto-[[world war]]".<ref name="proto">{{cite news |url= http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/16/world/middleeast/untangling-the-overlapping-conflicts-in-the-syrian-war.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=photo-spot-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0 |title=Untangling the Overlapping Conflicts in the Syrian War|author= |work=The New York Times |accessdate=19 October 2015 |date=18 October 2015}}</ref> In January 2016, senior UK government officials were reported to have registered their growing fears that "a new cold war" was now unfolding in Europe: "It really is a new Cold War out there. Right across the EU we are seeing alarming evidence of Russian efforts to unpick the fabric of European unity on a whole range of vital strategic issues.”<ref name=clandestfunding>{{cite news|title=Russia accused of clandestine funding of European parties as US conducts major review of Vladimir Putin's strategy / Exclusive: UK warns of "new Cold War" as Kremlin seeks to divide and rule in Europe |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/12103602/America-to-investigate-Russian-meddling-in-EU.html|accessdate=17 January 2016|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=16 January 2016}}</ref>
Tensions escalated in 2014 after Russia's [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]], and [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)|military intervention in Ukraine]]. In October 2015, some observers − including Syrian President [[Bashar al-Assad]] in 2016<ref>{{cite web|title='The Cold War never ended...Syria is a Russian-American conflict' says Bashar al-Assad|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/14/the-cold-war-never-endedsyria-is-a-russian-american-conflict-say/|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=24 January 2017}}</ref> − judged the [[Syrian Civil War]] to be a [[proxy war]] between [[Russian military intervention in Syria|Russia]] and the [[American-led intervention in Syria|US]],<ref name="larger">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/13/world/middleeast/syria-russia-airstrikes.html?_r=0 |title=U.S. Weaponry Is Turning Syria Into Proxy War With Russia |author= |work=The New York Times |accessdate=14 October 2015 |date=12 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="prox">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/10/13/middleeast/syria-civil-war/index.html |title=U.S., Russia escalate involvement in Syria |author= |work=CNN |accessdate=17 October 2015 |date=13 October 2015}}</ref> and even a "proto-[[world war]]".<ref name="proto">{{cite news |url= http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/16/world/middleeast/untangling-the-overlapping-conflicts-in-the-syrian-war.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=photo-spot-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0 |title=Untangling the Overlapping Conflicts in the Syrian War|author= |work=The New York Times |accessdate=19 October 2015 |date=18 October 2015}}</ref><!--relevant (add info?): https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/oct/04/syria-cold-war-us-russia-aleppo--> In January 2016, senior UK government officials were reported to have registered their growing fears that "a new cold war" was now unfolding in Europe: "It really is a new Cold War out there. Right across the EU we are seeing alarming evidence of Russian efforts to unpick the fabric of European unity on a whole range of vital strategic issues.”<ref name=clandestfunding>{{cite news|title=Russia accused of clandestine funding of European parties as US conducts major review of Vladimir Putin's strategy / Exclusive: UK warns of "new Cold War" as Kremlin seeks to divide and rule in Europe |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/12103602/America-to-investigate-Russian-meddling-in-EU.html|accessdate=17 January 2016|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=16 January 2016}}</ref>


In an interview with ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'' in December 2014, Gorbachev said that the US under [[Obama]] was dragging Russia into a new Cold War.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shuster|first1=Simon|title=Exclusive: Gorbachev Blames the U.S. for Provoking ‘New Cold War’|url=http://time.com/3630352/mikhail-gorbachev-vladimir-putin-cold-war/|publisher=TIME|date=11 December 2016}}</ref> In February 2016, at the [[Munich Security Conference]], NATO Secretary General [[Jens Stoltenberg]] said that NATO and Russia were "not in a cold-war situation but also not in the partnership that we established at the end of the Cold War,"<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian PM Medvedev says new cold war is on|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35569094|publisher=BBC|accessdate=13 February 2016}}</ref> while Russian [[Prime Minister of Russia|Prime Minister]] [[Dmitry Medvedev]], speaking of what he called [[NATO]]'s "unfriendly and opaque" policy with regard to Russia, said: "One could go as far as to say that we have slid back to a new Cold War."<ref name="dw13-02-2016">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/13/europe/russia-medvedev-new-cold-war/ |publisher=CNN|title=Russian PM Medvedev equates relations with West to a 'new Cold War'|date=13 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016}}</ref>
In an interview with ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'' in December 2014, Gorbachev said that the US under [[Obama]] was dragging Russia into a new Cold War.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shuster|first1=Simon|title=Exclusive: Gorbachev Blames the U.S. for Provoking ‘New Cold War’|url=http://time.com/3630352/mikhail-gorbachev-vladimir-putin-cold-war/|publisher=TIME|date=11 December 2016}}</ref> In February 2016, at the [[Munich Security Conference]], NATO Secretary General [[Jens Stoltenberg]] said that NATO and Russia were "not in a cold-war situation but also not in the partnership that we established at the end of the Cold War,"<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian PM Medvedev says new cold war is on|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35569094|publisher=BBC|accessdate=13 February 2016}}</ref> while Russian [[Prime Minister of Russia|Prime Minister]] [[Dmitry Medvedev]], speaking of what he called [[NATO]]'s "unfriendly and opaque" policy with regard to Russia, said: "One could go as far as to say that we have slid back to a new Cold War."<ref name="dw13-02-2016">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/13/europe/russia-medvedev-new-cold-war/ |publisher=CNN|title=Russian PM Medvedev equates relations with West to a 'new Cold War'|date=13 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016}}</ref>

Revision as of 19:45, 24 January 2017

For a list of various conflicts called "Cold War", see Cold war (general term). For the 2016 film, see Cold War 2 (film). For an ice hockey game, see Cold War II (ice hockey).

Cold War II,[1][2] also called the New Cold War,[3][4] Second Cold War[5][6][7] and Cold War 2.0,[8][9] refers to a renewed state of political and military tension between opposing geopolitical power-blocs, with one bloc typically reported as being led by either Russia or China,[10] and the other led by the United States or NATO. This is akin to the original Cold War that saw a global confrontation between the Western Bloc led by the United States and the Eastern Bloc led by the Soviet Union, Russia's predecessor. American political scientist Robert Legvold posits that the ″new Cold War began the moment we went over the cliff, and that happened with the Ukraine crisis″.[11][12] Others, such as Andrew C. Kuchins in 2016, believe that the term is ″unsuited to the present conflict,″ but the situation is arguably more dangerous than during the original Cold War.[13]

Early usages

Past sources,[14][15][16] such as academics Fred Halliday[17][18] and David S. Painter[19] used the interchangeable terms to refer to the 1979–1985 and 1985–1991 phases of the Cold War.

EU/NATO members vs. Russia

File:The West vs. Russia.svg
  EU/NATO countries
  Russia

Some sources use the term as a possible[20][21] or unlikely future event,[22][23] while others have used the term to describe ongoing renewed tensions, hostilities, and political rivalry that intensified dramatically in 2014 between the Russian Federation on the one hand, and the United States, NATO, European Union, and some other countries on the other.[24] Michael Klare, a RealClearPolitics writer and an academic, in June 2013 compared tensions between Russia and the West to the ongoing proxy conflict between Saudi Arabia and Iran.[25] Oxford Professor Philip N. Howard argued that the new cold war has a distinct media dimension in that the battles are being fought over control of Russia's media broadcasters and through cyberwar between authoritarian governments and their own civil society groups.[26] While some notable figures such as Mikhail Gorbachev warned in 2014, against the backdrop of Russia–West political confrontation over the Ukrainian crisis,[27] that the world was on the brink of a New Cold War, or that a New Cold War was already occurring,[28] others argued that the term did not accurately describe the nature of relations between Russia and the West.[29] While the new tensions between Russia and the West have similarities with those during the original Cold War, there are also major dissimilarities such as modern Russia's increased economic ties with the outside world, which may potentially constrain Russia's actions[30] and provides it with new avenues for exerting influence, such as in Belarus and Central Asia, which have not brought on the type of direct military action in which Russia engaged in less cooporative former Soviet states like Ukraine or the Caucasus.[31] The term "Cold War II" has therefore been described as a misnomer.[32]

The term "Cold War II" gained currency and relevance as tensions between Russia and the West escalated throughout the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine followed by the Russian military intervention and especially the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 in July 2014. By August 2014, both sides had implemented economic, financial, and diplomatic sanctions upon each other: virtually all Western countries, led by the US and EU, imposed restrictive measures on Russia; the latter reciprocally introduced retaliatory measures.[33][34]

Tensions escalated in 2014 after Russia's annexation of Crimea, and military intervention in Ukraine. In October 2015, some observers − including Syrian President Bashar al-Assad in 2016[35] − judged the Syrian Civil War to be a proxy war between Russia and the US,[36][37] and even a "proto-world war".[38] In January 2016, senior UK government officials were reported to have registered their growing fears that "a new cold war" was now unfolding in Europe: "It really is a new Cold War out there. Right across the EU we are seeing alarming evidence of Russian efforts to unpick the fabric of European unity on a whole range of vital strategic issues.”[39]

In an interview with TIME in December 2014, Gorbachev said that the US under Obama was dragging Russia into a new Cold War.[40] In February 2016, at the Munich Security Conference, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said that NATO and Russia were "not in a cold-war situation but also not in the partnership that we established at the end of the Cold War,"[41] while Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, speaking of what he called NATO's "unfriendly and opaque" policy with regard to Russia, said: "One could go as far as to say that we have slid back to a new Cold War."[42]

In September 2016, when asked if he thought the world had entered a new cold war, Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov argued that current tensions were not comparable: he noted the lack of an ideological divide between the United States and Russia, said that conflicts were no longer viewed from the perspective of a bipolar international system.[43]

In October 2016, John Sawers, a former MI6 chief, told BBC Radio 4's Today programme that he thought the world was entering an era that was possibly "more dangerous" than the Cold War, as "we do not have that focus on a strategic relationship between Moscow and Washington.”[44] Similarly, Igor Zevelev, a fellow at the Wilson Center, said, "[I]t's not a Cold War [but] a much more dangerous and unpredictable situation."[45] CNN opined, "It's not a new Cold War. It's not even a deep chill. It's an outright conflict."[45]

In January 2017, a former government adviser Molly K. McKew said at Politico that the US would win the "new Cold War" if the War happens.[46] The New Republic editor Jeet Heer dismissed the possibility as "equally troubling[,] reckless threat inflation, wildly overstating the extent of Russian ambitions and power in support of a costly policy," and too centred on Russia while "ignoring the rise of powers like China and India." Heer also criticized McKew for supporting the possibility.[47] Jeremy Shapiro, a senior fellow in the Brookings Institution, wrote in his blog post at RealClearPolitics, referring to the US–Russia relations: "A drift into a new Cold War has seemed the inevitable result."[48]

United States vs. China

File:US vs. China.svg
  United States
  China

A Firstpost editor R. Jagannathan[49] and Subhash Kapila of the South Asia Analysis Group[50] use the term to refer to tensions between the United States and China. In April 2009, a Yale University professor David Gelernter speculated a new "Cold War II" between the US and China when the GhostNet cyber-attack in March 2009 affected computers in Southeast Asia and offices of the exiled Tibetan Dalai Lama.[51] Financial Times also speculated the new Cold War between the two nations by citing the increased Chinese military activity in the South China Sea.[52] Chinese media speculated a new Cold War by citing events occurred in July 2016, like the US deployment of the Terminal High Altitude Area Defence (THAAD) in South Korea and The Hague-based arbitrary tribunal ruling against China's favor on the South China Sea dispute.[53]

Other analysts, including ones interviewed by The Straits Times, rejected the "new Cold War" reference to the US–China relations, mostly "citing obstacles such as a lingering distrust between [China, Russia, and North Korea]."[53] Nevertheless, the analysts suggested US and China to ease tensions between the two countries. Jin Canrong from Renmin University (金灿荣) said, "China remains committed to building a new type of major-power relationship with the US that avoids conflict and focuses on cooperation."[53] Wang Dong from Peking University dismissed the "new Cold War" talks as "media sensationalism" and further told the newspaper his reasons to reject the claim: "[F]or one thing, the two are highly interdependent, economically and socially, and, for another, the cost of rushing into a new Cold War for nuclear powers like China and the US is prohibitively high."[53] Chen Jian from Cornell University said, "A new Cold War is not going to happen if neither side makes serious mistakes, including mistakes related to misperceptions of a new Cold War."[53]

See also

References

  1. ^ Dmitri Trenin (4 March 2014). "Welcome to Cold War II". Foreign Policy. Graham Holdings. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  2. ^ As Cold War II Looms, Washington Courts Nationalist, Rightwing, Catholic, Xenophobic Poland, Huffington Post, 15 October 2015.
  3. ^ Simon Tisdall (19 November 2014). "The new cold war: are we going back to the bad old days?". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  4. ^ Philip N. Howard (1 August 2012). "Social media and the new Cold War". Reuters. Reuters Commentary Wire. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  5. ^ Mackenzie, Ryan (3 October 2015). "Rubio: U.S. 'barreling toward a second Cold War'". The Des Moines Register. USA Today. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  6. ^ Bovt, George (31 March 2015). "Who Will Win the New Cold War?". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  7. ^ Trenin, Dmitri (2 March 2014). "The crisis in Crimea could lead the world into a second cold war". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  8. ^ "Cold war 2.0: how Russia and the west reheated a historic struggle". The Guardian. 28 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  9. ^ Eve Conant (12 September 2014). "Is the Cold War Back?". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  10. ^ Powell, Bill. "A New Cold War, Yes. But It's With China, Not Russia". Newsweek.com. Newsweek. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  11. ^ Robert Legvold on the New Cold War, Interview with Columbia University Professor and Leading Russia Scholar 10 November 2015.
  12. ^ Robert Legvold, Return to Cold War. Cambridge: Polity, 2016
  13. ^ Elevation and Calibration: A New Russia Policy for America: II. The Current Impasse: Not a New Cold War but Potentially More Dangerous, Center on Global Interests, December 2016, p. 9–12.
  14. ^ Scott, David (2007). China Stands Up: The PRC and the International System. Routledge. pp. 79–81. ISBN 978-0415402705. LCCN 2006038771. Retrieved 20 January 2017 – via Amazon.com.
  15. ^ Wald, Alan M. (1987). The New York Intellectuals: The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left From the 1930s to the 1980s. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 344, 347. ISBN 978-0807841693. Retrieved 20 January 2017 – via Google Books.
  16. ^ Christie, Daniel J.; Beverly G. Toomey (1990). "The Stress of Violence: School, Community, and World". In L. Eugene Arnold; Joseph D. Noshpitz (eds.). Childhood Stress. New York City: John Wiley & Sons. p. 305. ISBN 978-0471508687. Retrieved 20 January 2017 – via Google Books.
  17. ^ Halliday, Fred (1989). "The Making of the Cold". The Making of the Second Cold War (2nd ed.). Verso Books. ISBN 978-0860911449. Retrieved January 20, 2017 – via Google Books.
  18. ^ Edwards, Paul N. (1996). "Computers and Politics in Cold War II". The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 276. Retrieved 20 January 2017 – via Google Books.
  19. ^ Painter, David S. (1999). "The Rise and Fall of the Second Cold War, 1981–91". The Cold War: An International History. Routledge. pp. 95–111. ISBN 0-415-19446-6 – via Google Books. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Boris N. Mamlyuk (July 6, 2015). "The Ukraine Crisis, Cold War II, and International Law". The German Law Journal.
  21. ^ Pavel Koshkin (25 April 2014). "What a new Cold War between Russia and the US means for the world".
  22. ^ Rojansky & Salzman, Matthew & Rachel S (March 20, 2015). "Debunked: Why There Won't Be Another Cold War". The National Interest. The National Interest.
  23. ^ Lawrence Solomon (9 October 2015). "Lawrence Solomon: Cold War II? Nyet".
  24. ^ "Welcome to Cold War II". Foreign Policy. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  25. ^ Klare, Michael (1 June 2013). "Welcome to Cold War II". Tom Dispatch. RealClearWorld. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  26. ^ Philip N. Howard (1 August 2012). "Social media and the new Cold War". Reuters. Reuters Commentary Wire. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  27. ^ Conant, Eve (12 September 2014). "Is the Cold War Back?". National Geographic. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  28. ^ Kendall, Bridget (12 November 2014). "Rhetoric hardens as fears mount of new Cold War". BBC News. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  29. ^ Bremmer, Ian (29 May 2014). "This Isn't A Cold War. And That's Not Necessarily Good". Time. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  30. ^ Stewart, James (7 March 2014). "Why Russia Can't Afford Another Cold War". New York Times. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  31. ^ "Putin's 'Last and Best Weapon' Against Europe: Gas". 24 September 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  32. ^ “The Cold War II: Just Another Misnomer?”, Contemporary Macedonian Defence, vol. 14. no. 26, June 2014, pp. 49-60
  33. ^ "U.S. and other powers kick Russia out of G8". CNN.com. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  34. ^ Johanna Granville, "The Folly of Playing High-Stakes Poker with Putin: More to Lose than Gain over Ukraine." 8 May 2014.
  35. ^ "'The Cold War never ended...Syria is a Russian-American conflict' says Bashar al-Assad". The Telegraph. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  36. ^ "U.S. Weaponry Is Turning Syria Into Proxy War With Russia". The New York Times. 12 October 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  37. ^ "U.S., Russia escalate involvement in Syria". CNN. 13 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  38. ^ "Untangling the Overlapping Conflicts in the Syrian War". The New York Times. 18 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  39. ^ "Russia accused of clandestine funding of European parties as US conducts major review of Vladimir Putin's strategy / Exclusive: UK warns of "new Cold War" as Kremlin seeks to divide and rule in Europe". The Daily Telegraph. 16 January 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  40. ^ Shuster, Simon (11 December 2016). "Exclusive: Gorbachev Blames the U.S. for Provoking 'New Cold War'". TIME.
  41. ^ "Russian PM Medvedev says new cold war is on". BBC. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  42. ^ "Russian PM Medvedev equates relations with West to a 'new Cold War'". CNN. 13 February 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  43. ^ Lavrov, Sergey (1 September 2016). "Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov's remarks and answers to questions at a meeting with students and faculty at MGIMO University, Moscow, September 1, 2016". The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  44. ^ Osborne, Samuel (12 October 2016). "World entering era 'more dangerous than Cold War′ as Russian power grows, former MI6 boss warns". The Independent. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  45. ^ a b Labott, Elise; Gaouette, Nicole (18 October 2016). "Russia, US move past Cold War to unpredictable confrontation". CNN. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  46. ^ McKew, Molly K. (1 January 2017). "Putin's Real Long Game". Politico. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  47. ^ Heer, Jeet (4 January 2017). "A 'New Cold War' Against Russia Is a Terrible Idea". The New Republic. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  48. ^ Shapiro, Jeremy (11 January 2017). "Reordering Europe?". RealClearWorld. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  49. ^ Jagannathan, R (24 August 2011). "Is the Cold War really over? Well, Cold War II is here". Firstpost.
  50. ^ Kapila, Subhash (25 February 2016). "United States Cannot Afford Two Concurrent Cold Wars – Analysis". (Click here for original publication)
  51. ^ Gelernter, David (3 April 2009). "Welcome To Cold War II". Forbes.
  52. ^ Pilling, David. "US v China: is this the new cold war?". Financial Times. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  53. ^ a b c d e Kor Kian Beng (22 August 2016). "China warming to new Cold War?". The Straits Times.

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