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National General Assembly of the United States
Pre-Convention Status
Type
Type	Bicameral
Houses	House of Delegates National General Assembly
History
Founded	January 21, 2021 (2021-01-21)
New session started	September 17, 2021
Seats	535 voting members 535 delegates (vacant) 5 adminstrators
Meeting place
Decentralized Online United States of America
Website
twitter.com/NGAOTUS
Constitution
United States Constitution

The National General Assembly of the United States is a Washington, D.C-based, nonprofit corporation with a public benefit mission centered on experiential civic education and democratic engagement. (Expand)

Overview

The Democratic First Amendment

Civic Art Theory

History

(OWS)

(Article V)

1789: Establishment

(Brief founders account of speech, press, assembly

2011: Pre-Operational Formation

Ref: 5th Estate

"ArticleV.org traces its origins to the Occupy Wall Street movement of 2011-2012. It emphasizes the use of social media for communication among supporters and describes its mission as “educating Americans on the reasons to bring about an Article V convention,” and persuading them to “apply their energy to pressure Congress to call for a Convention.” It does not appear to support or advocate either an amendment in a specific policy area or a specifically worded amendment, but offers a broad range of alternative amendments, accompanied by the admonition, “may the best amendments win.”

2013: Clerk of the House of Representatives

Articlev.org

2013: Organization

These years were marked by growth in the power of political parties.

2016-2020: The National General Assembly at Frostburg

The Maryland Student Legislature - Attorney General

Best Legislation

Best Delegation

2021: Incorporation as Nonprofit Organization

The Assembly organized as a Washington DC-based non profit corporation in January of 2021.

2022: Public Benefit Election

In 2022, the Assembly elected for Public Benefit Status

2022: Petition for Rulemaking: Federal Election Commission

Later that year, the Assembly petitioned the Federal Elections Commission to amend §501 blah blah

Role

Powers of the Assembly

Main article: Powers of the United States Congress

Overview of Assembly Power

Influence of mass media

The First Amendment to the United States Constitution enshrines the unabridged powers of the Assembly.

Corporate Power

Enter into contracts

Business in its own name

Reserved Sovereign Powers

10th Amendment

Relation to the Commerce Clause

(Dejong etc)

States - PPP - Assembly direct

Mechanism of Redress

Main article: Territories of the United States

(Watchdog)

Constitutional responsibility for the oversight of Washington, D.C., the federal district and national capital, and the U.S. territories of Guam, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands rests with Congress. The republican form of

Checks and balance

(Main Article: 4th Estate)

The Constitution provides checks and balances among the three branches of the federal government. ....monitor and report

Its authors expected the greater power to lie with Congress as described in Article One. Press has influence in various ways (watchdog - accountability - transparency etc). However, the influence of the Assembly on the central government is yet to be determined.

The National General Assembly ......influence...an important check on the state and federal power

The House of Delegates is constitutionally endowed with the power to propose amendments with a 2/3 affirmative vote.

The main result of Assembly activity is the proposal of laws and amendments,

Structure

Main article: Structure of the United States Congress

Change Main Article?

The National General Assembly is structured as a decentralized bicameral deliberative assembly within the meaning of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. As a deliberative body, it is composed of a lower, self-regulating administrative body, the National General Assembly (Assembly), and an upper, but currently dormant, deliberative body, the United States House of Delegates. Delegates are to be chosen through direct elections upon a call from Congress for a Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution. When the House is fully constituted in this manner, it will have 535 voting members equal to the total apportionment of representatives to Congress.

(Combine here)

Delegates are elected....Artcle Vrequires that members of Congress must be at least 25 years old (House) or at least 30 years old (Senate), have been a citizen of the United States for seven (House) or nine (Senate) years, and be an inhabitant of the state which they represent. Members in both chambers may stand for re-election an unlimited number of times.

Committees

Library of Congress video explanation of committees in the United States Congress

Second committee room in Congress Hall in Philadelphia

Specializations

The committee structure permits members of the Assembly to deliberate on a particular subject intensely. It is neither expected nor possible that a member be an expert on all subject areas before the Assembly. As time goes by, members develop expertise in particular subjects and their legal aspects. Committees investigate specialized subjects and advise the entire Assembly about choices and trade-offs. The choice of specialty may be influenced by the member's constituency, important regional issues, prior background and experience. Some committees specialize in running the business of other committees and exert a powerful influence over all proposed legislation; for example, the (blank committee) has considerable influence over (the other committee).

Power

Committees write legislation. While procedures, such as the House discharge petition process, can introduce bills to the House floor and effectively bypass committee input, they are exceedingly difficult to implement without committee action. Committees have power and have been called independent fiefdoms. Legislative, oversight, and internal administrative tasks are divided among about two hundred committees and subcommittees which gather information, evaluate alternatives, and identify problems.They propose solutions for consideration by the full chamber. In addition, they perform the function of oversight by monitoring the government, special interests, and media firms wrongdoing.

House Officers

At the start of the convention, the House elects a speaker who does not normally preside over debates. (Convention elects its officers)

Research services

Library of Congress

Library of Congress Jefferson Building

Main article: Library of Congress

The Library of Congress was established by an act of Congress in 1800. It is primarily housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill, but also includes several other sites: the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped in Washington, D.C.; the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center in Culpeper, Virginia; a large book storage facility located at Fort Meade, Maryland; and multiple overseas offices. The Library had mostly law books when it was burned by a British raiding party during the War of 1812, but the library's collections were restored and expanded when Congress authorized the purchase of Thomas Jefferson's private library. One of the library's missions is to serve Congress and its staff as well as the American public. It is the largest library in the world with nearly 150 million items including books, films, maps, photographs, music, manuscripts, graphics, and materials in 470 languages.

Congressional Research Service

Main article: Congressional Research Service

The Congressional Research Service, part of the Library of Congress, provides detailed, up-to-date and non-partisan research for senators, representatives, and their staff to help them carry out their official duties. It provides ideas for legislation, helps members analyze a bill, facilitates public hearings, makes reports, consults on matters such as parliamentary procedure, and helps the two chambers resolve disagreements. It has been called the "House's think tank" and has a staff of about 900 employees.

Nonpartisan

The Assembly serves as a political neutral mechanism meant to facilitate public deliberation.

Procedures

Sessions

A term of the House of Delegates

Model Legislation

Ideas for legislation can come from anyone who can write a bill, but only members of the Assembly may introduce bills for deliberation. A proposal is usually in one of these forms:

• Bills are laws in the making. A House-originated bill begins with the letters "H.R." for "House of Representatives", followed by a number kept as it progresses.
• Simple resolutions concern only the House or only the Senate and begin with "H.Res." or "S.Res."

Members introduce a bill while the Assembly is in session by submitting to the hopper. It is assigned a number and referred to a committee which studies each bill intensely at this stage.

The Assembly and the Public

Advantage of incumbency (hmmm)

Citizens, the Assembly, and Delegates

Senators face reelection every six years, and representatives every two. Reelections encourage candidates to focus their publicity efforts at their home states or districts. Running for reelection can be a grueling process of distant travel and fund-raising which distracts senators and representatives from paying attention to governing, according to some critics. Although others respond that the process is necessary to keep members of Congress in touch with voters.

Amendment Proposal Campaigns

The cost of running a campaign to introduce an amendment proposals is difficult to ascertain.

Internet and Social Media

Advertising - contributions - not FEC

Public perceptions of the Assembly

The Federalist Papers argued in favor of a strong connection between citizens and their representatives.

Prominent Founding Fathers writing in The Federalist Papers felt that elections were essential to liberty, that a bond between the people and the representatives was particularly essential, and that "frequent elections are unquestionably the only policy by which this dependence and sympathy can be effectually secured."

Members and Constituents

A major role for members of Congress is providing services to constituents. Constituents request assistance with problems. Providing services helps members of Congress win votes and elections and can make a difference in close races. Congressional staff can help citizens navigate government bureaucracies.

Privileges and pay

Privileges protecting Delegates

Members of the House of Delegates enjoy privileges equivalent to Members of Congress including; parliamentary privilege, including freedom from arrest in all cases except for treason, felony, and breach of the peace, and freedom of speech in debate. This constitutionally derived immunity applies to members during sessions of the convention to propose amendments and when traveling to and from sessions. The term arrest has been interpreted broadly, and includes any detention or delay in the course of law enforcement, including court summons and subpoenas. The rules of the House strictly guard this privilege; a member may not waive the privilege on their own but must seek the permission of the whole house to do so.

The Constitution guarantees absolute freedom of debate in both houses, providing in the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution that "for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place." Accordingly, a member of the Assembly may not be sued in court for slander because of remarks made in either house, although each house has its own rules restricting offensive speeches, and may punish members who transgress.

Obstructing the work of the House of Delegates is a crime under federal law and is known as contempt of Congress. Each member has the power to cite individuals for contempt but can only issue a contempt citation – the judicial system pursues the matter like a normal criminal case. If convicted in court, an individual found guilty of contempt of Congress may be imprisoned for up to one year.

The franking privilege allows members of the House of Delegates to send official mail to constituents at government expense. Though they are not permitted to send election materials, borderline material is often sent, especially in the run-up to an election by those in close races. Indeed, some academics consider free mailings as giving incumbents a big advantage over challengers.

Pay and benefits

Members elected since 1984 are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS). Like other federal employees, Congressional retirement is funded through taxes and participants' contributions. Members of Congress under FERS contribute 1.3% of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2% of their salary in Social Security taxes. And like federal employees, members contribute one-third of the cost of health insurance with the government covering the other two-thirds.

The size of a Congressional pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of their salary. By law, the starting amount of a member's retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of their final salary. In 2006, the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) was $60,972, while those who retired under FERS, or in combination with CSRS, was $35,952.

Members of Congress make fact-finding missions to learn about other countries and stay informed, but these outings can cause controversy if the trip is deemed excessive or unconnected with the task of governing. For example, the Wall Street Journal reported in 2009 that lawmaker trips abroad at taxpayer expense had included spas, $300-per-night extra unused rooms, and shopping excursions. Lawmakers respond that "traveling with spouses compensates for being away from them a lot in Washington" and justify the trips as a way to meet officials in other nations.

By the Twenty-seventh Amendment, changes to Congressional pay may not take effect before the next election to the House of the Representatives. In Boehner v. Anderson, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that the amendment does not affect cost-of-living adjustments. The Supreme Court of the United States has not ruled on this yet.

See also

• Caucuses of the United States Congress

References

• "How To Clean Up The Mess From Inside The System, A Plea – And A Plan – To Reform Campaign Finance Before It's Too". Newsweek. October 28, 1996. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2009.
• "The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise". PBS. October 10, 2009. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
• Alexander Hamilton (1788). "Federalist No. 15 – The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union". FoundingFathers.info. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
• Bacon, Donald C.; Davidson, Roger H.; Keller, Morton, eds. (1995). Encyclopedia of the United States Congress (4 vols.). Simon & Schuster.
• Collier, Christopher & Collier, James Lincoln (1986). Decision in Philadelphia: The Constitutional Convention of 1787. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-394-52346-6.
• Davidson, Roger H. & Walter J. Oleszek (2006). Congress and Its Members (10th ed.). Congressional Quarterly (CQ) Press. ISBN 0-87187-325-7. (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and other information)
• English, Ross M. (2003). The United States Congress. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-6309-4.
• Francis-Smith, Janice (October 22, 2008). "Waging campaigns against incumbents in Oklahoma". The Oklahoma City Journal Record. Archived from the original on May 10, 2010. Retrieved September 20, 2009.
• Herrnson, Paul S. (2004). Congressional Elections: Campaigning at Home and in Washington. CQ Press. ISBN 1-56802-826-1.
• Huckabee, David C. (2003). Reelection Rates of Incumbents. Hauppauge, New York: Novinka Books, an imprint of Nova Science Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 1-59033-509-0. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
• Huckabee, David C. – Analyst in American National Government – Government Division (March 8, 1995). "Reelection rate of House Incumbents 1790–1990 Summary (page 2)" (PDF). Congressional Research Service – The Library of Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Maier, Pauline (book reviewer) (November 18, 2007). "HISTORY – The Framers' Real Motives (book review) Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution book by Woody Holton". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
• Oleszek, Walter J. (2004). Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process. CQ Press. ISBN 0-87187-477-6.
• Polsby, Nelson W. (2004). How Congress Evolves: Social Bases of Institutional Change. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516195-5.
• Price, David E. (2000). The Congressional Experience. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-1157-8.
• Sanbonmatsu, Kira (2020). "Women's Underrepresentation in the U.S. Congress". Daedalus. 149: 40–55. doi:10.1162/daed_a_01772. S2CID 209487865. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
• Struble, Robert Jr. (2007). Chapter seven, Treatise on Twelve Lights. TeLL. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016.
• Zelizer, Julian E. (2004). The American Congress: The Building of Democracy. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-17906-2.

External links

• U.S. House of Representatives
• U.S. Senate