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===Accusations of Russophobia===
===Accusations of Russophobia===
Opponents accused Novodvorskaya of expressing [[Anti-Russian sentiment|Russophobic]] views.<ref>''[[Sergey Kara-Murza]] (2004)''. Soviet Civilization: From the Great Victory Till Our Days. – Moscow: Eksmo, p. 427 {{ISBN|5-699-07591-7}}</ref><ref name='dod'>''[[Yevgeny Dodolev]] (2019)''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=R9yrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT343 The Case of Novodvorkaya. Baba Lera + Novy Vsglyad]. – Moscow: Izdatelskie resheniya, p. 40—42, 138—147, 343 {{ISBN|978-5-0050-3223-2}}</ref><ref>Sergei Sokurov. ''[http://zavtra.ru/content/view/novodvorskim---po-ostrakonu/ An Ostracon for Every Novodvorskaya]''. [[Alexander Prokhanov|Zavtra]] newspaper, 26 August 2013 (in Russian)</ref><ref>[[Aleksandr Dugin]]. ''[http://www.odnako.org/blogs/smert-zhenshchini-stradavshey-posledney-stadiey-rusofobii/ Death of a woman who suffered from the last stage of Russophobia]'' article at the [[:ru:Однако (журнал)|Odnako]] magazine, 14 Jule 2014 (in Russian)</ref> On 27 January 1995, the [[Prosecutor General of Russia|Office of the Prosecutor General]] launched a ''[[:ru:Дело Новодворской|Novodvorskaya Case]]'' in reaction to her interview given to [[Estonia]]n journalists on 6 April 1994 and several publications in [[Novy Vzglyad]].<ref>[http://www.ds.ru/vnstat.htm The articles and interview by V. Novodvorskaya that appear in her criminal case] at the [[Democratic Union (Russia)|Democratic Union]] official website (in Russian)</ref><ref name='farewell'>Valeria Novodvorskaya (2009). ''Farewell of Slavianka. A Thriller''. Moscow: [[Zakharov Books]], 464 pages. {{ISBN|978-5-8159-0893-2}}</ref><ref name="bus">([https://web.archive.org/web/20190306154559/http://www.businesspravo.ru/Docum/DocumShow_DocumID_47544.html archived]). [http://www.businesspravo.ru/Docum/DocumShow_DocumID_47544.html The Judicial Panel for Criminal Affairs of the Supreme Court of Russia] at BusinessPravo.ru - a companies law internet archive, from 23 December 1996 (in Russian)</ref> All materials were checked for "propaganda of civil war", "of inferiority of people based on their ethnicity" and "[[Volksverhetzung|incitement to hatred]]". Some of the scandalous quotes included:
Opponents accused Novodvorskaya of expressing [[Anti-Russian sentiment|Russophobic]] views.<ref>''[[Sergey Kara-Murza]] (2004)''. Soviet Civilization: From the Great Victory Till Our Days. – Moscow: Eksmo, p. 427 {{ISBN|5-699-07591-7}}</ref><ref name='dod'>''[[Yevgeny Dodolev]] (2019)''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=R9yrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT343 The Case of Novodvorkaya. Baba Lera + Novy Vsglyad]. – Moscow: Izdatelskie resheniya, p. 40—42, 138—147, 343 {{ISBN|978-5-0050-3223-2}}</ref><ref>Sergei Sokurov. ''[http://zavtra.ru/content/view/novodvorskim---po-ostrakonu/ An Ostracon for Every Novodvorskaya]''. [[Alexander Prokhanov|Zavtra]] newspaper, 26 August 2013 (in Russian)</ref><ref>[[Aleksandr Dugin]]. ''[http://www.odnako.org/blogs/smert-zhenshchini-stradavshey-posledney-stadiey-rusofobii/ Death of a woman who suffered from the last stage of Russophobia]'' article at the [[:ru:Однако (журнал)|Odnako]] magazine, 14 Jule 2014 (in Russian)</ref> [[Igor Shafarevich]] in his last edition of ''Russophobia'' (2005) specifically mentioned her articles "Russian challenge and inferiority complex" and "Parricide as a Russian question" as prime examples of xenophobia which saw no consequences.<ref>[[Igor Shafarevich]] (2005). ''Russophobia''. Moscow: Eksmo, p. 232 {{ISBN|5-699-12332-6}}</ref>
On 27 January 1995, the [[Prosecutor General of Russia|Office of the Prosecutor General]] launched a ''[[:ru:Дело Новодворской|Novodvorskaya Case]]'' in reaction to her interview given to [[Estonia]]n journalists on 6 April 1994 and several publications in [[Novy Vzglyad]].<ref>[http://www.ds.ru/vnstat.htm The articles and interview by V. Novodvorskaya that appear in her criminal case] at the [[Democratic Union (Russia)|Democratic Union]] official website (in Russian)</ref><ref name='farewell'>Valeria Novodvorskaya (2009). ''Farewell of Slavianka. A Thriller''. Moscow: [[Zakharov Books]], 464 pages. {{ISBN|978-5-8159-0893-2}}</ref><ref name="bus">([https://web.archive.org/web/20190306154559/http://www.businesspravo.ru/Docum/DocumShow_DocumID_47544.html archived]). [http://www.businesspravo.ru/Docum/DocumShow_DocumID_47544.html The Judicial Panel for Criminal Affairs of the Supreme Court of Russia] at BusinessPravo.ru - a companies law internet archive, from 23 December 1996 (in Russian)</ref> All materials were checked for "propaganda of civil war", "of inferiority of people based on their ethnicity" and "[[Volksverhetzung|incitement to hatred]]". Some of the scandalous quotes included:


{{quote|"I cannot imagine how can anyone love a Russian for his laziness, for his lying, for his poverty, for his spinelessness, for his slavery. But maybe that's not all his characteristics".<ref name="bus"/><ref name='dod'/><ref>[http://www.ds.ru/vnstat.htm Hatred Lessons] article by Lembit Annus, [[Pravda]] ([[Tallinn]]), 1994</ref> According to the [[Estonia]]n correspondent Lembit Annus, Novodvorskaya also inspired the [[Baltic states]] to join [[NATO]] and prepare to defend their countries from Russia with weapons.}}
{{quote|"I cannot imagine how can anyone love a Russian for his laziness, for his lying, for his poverty, for his spinelessness, for his slavery. But maybe that's not all his characteristics".<ref name="bus"/><ref name='dod'/><ref>[http://www.ds.ru/vnstat.htm Hatred Lessons] article by Lembit Annus, [[Pravda]] ([[Tallinn]]), 1994</ref> According to the [[Estonia]]n correspondent Lembit Annus, Novodvorskaya also inspired the [[Baltic states]] to join [[NATO]] and prepare to defend their countries from Russia with weapons.}}

Revision as of 20:27, 30 June 2020

Valeriya Novodvorskaya
1st Chairman of the Democratic Union
In office
8 May 1988 – 12 July 2014
Preceded byPosition created
Personal details
Born
Valeriya Ilyinichna Novodvorskaya

(1950-05-17)17 May 1950
Baranovichi, Byelorussian SSR, Soviet Union
Died12 July 2014(2014-07-12) (aged 64)
Moscow, Russia
Cause of deathToxic shock syndrome
NationalityRussian
Political partyDemocratic Union
Alma materMoscow Region State University
OccupationJournalist

Valeriya Ilyinichna Novodvorskaya (Russian: Валерия Ильинична Новодворская, 17 May 1950, Baranovichi, Byelorussian SSR – 12 July 2014, Moscow) was a Soviet dissident, writer and liberal politician.[1] She was the founder and the chairwoman of the Democratic Union party and a member of the editorial board of The New Times.[2]

Biography

Novodvorskaya was born in 1950 to a Jewish engineer, Ilya Borisovich (Boruchovich) Burshtyn, and a pediatrician, Nina Feodorovna Novodvorskaya, who came from a noble Russian family.[3] Her parents divorced in 1967; Ilya Borisovich later emigrated to North America.

Novodvorskaya was active in the Soviet dissident movement since her youth, and first imprisoned by the Soviet authorities in 1969, when she was 19, for distributing leaflets that criticized the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. The leaflets included her poetry: "Thank you, the Communist Party for our bitterness and despair, for our shameful silence, thank you the Party!"[4] She was arrested and imprisoned at a Soviet psychiatric hospital and, like many other Soviet dissidents, diagnosed with "sluggish schizophrenia".[5] In the early 1990s, psychiatrists of the Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia proved that the claim of her mental illness was bogus.[6][7] She described her experience in her book Beyond Despair.

Novodvorskaya stood as a Democratic Union candidate in the 1993 Russian legislative election in a single-mandate district as part of the Russia's Choice bloc, and she also contested the 1995 Russian legislative election on the list of the Party of Economic Freedom. She was not elected in either election, and never held public office.[8]

Novodvorskaya self-identified primarily as a liberal politician and was described by her colleagues as "a critic of Russian realities in the best traditions of Pyotr Chaadayev, Vissarion Belinsky and Alexander Herzen".[9][10][11] She was strongly critical of Chechen Wars, Vladimir Putin's domestic policies, and the rebirth of Soviet propaganda in Russia.[12][13][14] Her consistent criticism of Russia's past and present, of political and social life, as well as her extravagant lifestyle granted her titles such as "the eternal dissident" and "an idealist at the edge of madness".[15]

In an interview with the Russian radio station Ekho Moskvy, in which she was discussing the 2008 South Ossetia War, Novodvorskaya said that Shamil Basayev was a democrat, given his support of Boris Yeltsin during the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt and his participation in 1997 in the government of Aslan Maskhadov, who appointed Basayev Deputy Premier of the Ichkerian government.[16] According to her, it was Russian governmental policies in Chechnya that turned Basayev into a terrorist.[17] In response, Alexey Venediktov, the editor-in-chief of the radio station, pulled the recording and transcripts of the program from the Ekho Moskvy website.[18] Novodvorskaya later accused Venediktov of censorship and slander and suggested that the decision to remove the interview may have been because Gazprom, a state-owned company, is a controlling shareholder in Ekho Moskvy.[19] Venediktov asserted that it was his own decision and confirmed that Novodvorskaya was banned from the station until the end of 2008.[20]

Novodvorskaya also accused the Russian government of murdering Polish president Lech Kaczyński in a plane crash on 10 April 2010 in Smolensk Oblast.[21]

In 2009 Novodvorskaya published an autobiographical book, Farewell of Slavianka..[22]

Accusations of Russophobia

Opponents accused Novodvorskaya of expressing Russophobic views.[23][24][25][26] Igor Shafarevich in his last edition of Russophobia (2005) specifically mentioned her articles "Russian challenge and inferiority complex" and "Parricide as a Russian question" as prime examples of xenophobia which saw no consequences.[27]

On 27 January 1995, the Office of the Prosecutor General launched a Novodvorskaya Case in reaction to her interview given to Estonian journalists on 6 April 1994 and several publications in Novy Vzglyad.[28][22][29] All materials were checked for "propaganda of civil war", "of inferiority of people based on their ethnicity" and "incitement to hatred". Some of the scandalous quotes included:

"I cannot imagine how can anyone love a Russian for his laziness, for his lying, for his poverty, for his spinelessness, for his slavery. But maybe that's not all his characteristics".[29][24][30] According to the Estonian correspondent Lembit Annus, Novodvorskaya also inspired the Baltic states to join NATO and prepare to defend their countries from Russia with weapons.

"By their whining, their linguistic dullness, their nostalgia for the USSR, their love for red flags Russians from Estonia and Latvia proved that they can't have equal rights when entering the European civilization. They are kept by a close stool—and rightly so...Personally I'm fed up with human rights. There was a time when me, CIA, United States used this idea as a ram to destroy the Communist regime and collapse the USSR. This idea served its purpose, so stop lying about human rights and human rights activists before we chop off the limb of the tree we are sitting on".[29][24][31]

"Manic depression—so that's what they call "the Russian miracle" and "the Russian soul"! That's why we are so good at war! Unhealthy aggression of a maniac masterfully aimed at aliens by our own rulers that turns into a slavish prostration after the return from war!...Our president should either give us weapons and start a new fight, or lend us a skete big enough for 10 million free people who would rather explode or burn themselves down than live side by side with the triumphant red-brown majority".[29][24][32]

"And if we have to destroy the whole country together with all its population in order to free the Earth from communists, fascists and imperialists—we won't chicken and bless our own doom. Some centuries ago our ancestors burned down Moscow so that our enemy wouldn't get it. Today we have all means to make it so that our enemy won't get Russia. Being dead is better than being red".[24][33]

Henri Reznik who defended her in court insisted that Novodvorkaya had no intentions to commit a crime, but only "expressed her opinion regarding negative traits of a Russian man similarly to Pyotr Chaadayev, Nikolai Gogol, Alexander Pushkin and Vladimir Lenin".[34] The case lasted for two years and was closed on June 1997.[35]

Personal life

Throughout her life, Novodvorskaya lived in a flat with her mother Nina Fyodorovna (Нина Федоровна Новодворская, 1928–2017), a pediatrician, and cat Stasik.[36] In the summers they rented a dacha in Kratovo.[37][38] She was fond of swimming, science fiction, theater and cats.[38]

Appearance by V.I. Novodvorskaya at the rally on 9 October 2010

In 1990 Novodvorskaya was baptized by the noncanonical Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church Reunited. She belonged to that church till her death while remaining highly critical of the Russian Orthodox Church.[39] According to her priest Yakov Krotov, "she was more of a Christian than I ever was".[40]

Death

On 12 July 2014, Novodvorskaya died of toxic shock syndrome, which arose from phlegmon of the left foot.[41]

Awards

Novodvorskaya received the Starovoytova award "for contribution to the defense of human rights and strengthening democracy in Russia". She said at the ceremony that "we are not in opposition to, but in confrontation with, the present regime".[42]

Bibliography

Novodvorskaya published several books that are supplemented with the publications from Novy Vzglyad newspaper:[43] (ISBN 978-5-8159-0893-2)

References

  1. ^ Lukin, Alexander. The Political Culture of the Russian "Democrats". New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-829558-8, ISBN 978-0-19-829558-7. P. 260n.
  2. ^ (also mentioned, Gleb Yakunin and Konstantin Borovoi) Arbatov, Alexei. Military Reform in Russia,International Security, Vol. 22, No. 4
  3. ^ Rachel Gedrich. Exclusive interview with Ilya Borisovich Burshtyn who talks about his legendary Lera for the first time. Krugozor magazine (Boston). 15 May 2015 (in Russian)
  4. ^ Barron, John (1975). KGB - The Secret Work of Soviet Secret Agents. London: Corgi Books. ISBN 0-552-09890-6. p. 55 in Russian edition (ISBN 0-911971-29-7)
  5. ^ Valeriya Ilyinichna Novodvorskaya – viperson.ru
  6. ^ Савенко, Юрий (2009). 20-летие НПА России. Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal (in Russian) (№ 1): 5–18. ISSN 1028-8554. Retrieved 26 December 2011. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help)
  7. ^ Савенко, Юрий (2007). Дело Андрея Новикова. Психиатрию в политических целях использует власть, а не психиатры: Интервью Ю.С. Савенко корреспонденту "Новой газеты" Галине Мурсалиевой. Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal (in Russian) (№ 4): 88–91. ISSN 1028-8554. Retrieved 26 December 2011. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help)
  8. ^ Millar, James R. (2004). Encyclopedia of Russian History. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 372–373. ISBN 0-02-865907-4. OCLC 62165740.
  9. ^ Anna Badkhen. DEMOCRACY ON THE BRINK: Dissent / Russia back on track to absolute rule / Democracy activists again out in the cold. San Francisco Chronicle, 10 March 2004
  10. ^ Robert Coalson. Valeria Novodvorskaya: Russia's 'Don Quixote' Of Democracy, Human Rights at Radio Liberty, 3 June 2016
  11. ^ Nikolai Svanidze, Vladimir Ryzhkov. In The Memory of Valeria Novodvorskaya. Echo of Moscow, 12 July 2014 (in Russian)
  12. ^ Газета «Новый взгляд» N46 от 28 августа 1993г.. Democratic Union website
  13. ^ Комсомольская правда (9.2.2007)
  14. ^ Валерия Новодворская на радио "Эхо Москвы" 29 августа 2008 г., radio interview, 29 August 2008, on "Moscow Echo" (Ekho Moskvy)
  15. ^ TOP-7 Honest Politicians of Russia by RBC Information Systems, 7 September 2011 (in Russian)
  16. ^ Aslan Maskhadov: Five Steps into History, Prague Watchdog, retrieved 13 November 2008.
  17. ^ Novodvorskaya, Valeriya. Валерия Новодворская на радио "Эхо Москвы" 29 августа 2008 г. (in Russian). Democratic Union. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
  18. ^ Новодворскую изгнали с "Эха Москвы" за восхваление Басаева (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 1 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 November 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008. [Archived ] at WebCite
  19. ^ Novodvorskaya, Valeriya (31 August 2008). "EchoMSK : Заявление Валерии Новодворской" (in Russian). Ekho Moskvy. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
  20. ^ "The radio that saddles". Novaya Gazeta. 24 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 November 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008. [Archived ] at WebCite
  21. ^ Novodvorskaya, Valeria (11 April 2010). Жестокая посадка (in Russian). Grani.ru. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  22. ^ a b Valeria Novodvorskaya (2009). Farewell of Slavianka. A Thriller. Moscow: Zakharov Books, 464 pages. ISBN 978-5-8159-0893-2
  23. ^ Sergey Kara-Murza (2004). Soviet Civilization: From the Great Victory Till Our Days. – Moscow: Eksmo, p. 427 ISBN 5-699-07591-7
  24. ^ a b c d e Yevgeny Dodolev (2019). The Case of Novodvorkaya. Baba Lera + Novy Vsglyad. – Moscow: Izdatelskie resheniya, p. 40—42, 138—147, 343 ISBN 978-5-0050-3223-2
  25. ^ Sergei Sokurov. An Ostracon for Every Novodvorskaya. Zavtra newspaper, 26 August 2013 (in Russian)
  26. ^ Aleksandr Dugin. Death of a woman who suffered from the last stage of Russophobia article at the Odnako magazine, 14 Jule 2014 (in Russian)
  27. ^ Igor Shafarevich (2005). Russophobia. Moscow: Eksmo, p. 232 ISBN 5-699-12332-6
  28. ^ The articles and interview by V. Novodvorskaya that appear in her criminal case at the Democratic Union official website (in Russian)
  29. ^ a b c d (archived). The Judicial Panel for Criminal Affairs of the Supreme Court of Russia at BusinessPravo.ru - a companies law internet archive, from 23 December 1996 (in Russian)
  30. ^ Hatred Lessons article by Lembit Annus, Pravda (Tallinn), 1994
  31. ^ We Won't Give Our Rights to the Left! article from Novy Vzglyad №46, August 28, 1993
  32. ^ Russia № 6 article from Novy Vzglyad №1, January 15, 1994
  33. ^ A Landscape Instead of a Battle article from Novy Vzglyad №3, 1994
  34. ^ Alexei Gerasimov. Valeria Novodvorskaya's case article from [[[Kommersant]] №73, 27 April 1996 (in Russian)
  35. ^ Alexei Gerasimov. Novodvorskaya case ended article from [[[Kommersant]] №88, 11 July 1997 (in Russian)
  36. ^ Известная девственница снялась для Playboy, "Утро", 9 November 2005.
  37. ^ Валерия Новодворская – между весталкой и гейшей Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ a b Новодворская Валерия Ильинична Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ Novodvorskaya's Interdict on Echo of Moscow, 4 October 2012 (in Russian)
  40. ^ Vladimir Oyvin. YAKOV KROTOV: Of all members of our parish Novodvorskaya was the most comfortable one. Credo.ru - Portal of religious news, 2014 (in Russian)
  41. ^ "Правозащитница Валерия Новодворская умерла в Москве". Lenta.ru. 12 July 2014.
  42. ^ Anna Politkovskaya (2007) A Russian Diary: A Journalist's Final Account of Life, Corruption, and Death in Putin's Russia, Random House, ISBN 978-1-4000-6682-7, page 38.
  43. ^ "Farewell of the Slav. Thriller: collection". Mippbooks.com. Retrieved 13 July 2014.

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