World population

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Population density (people per km2) map of the world in 1994.
World population from 1800 to 2100, based on UN 2004 projections (red, orange, green) and US Census Bureau historical estimates (black).

As of 11 May 2024, the human population of the world is estimated by the United States Census Bureau to be 8,105,900,000.[1] The United Nations estimated the Earth's human population to be 6,800,000,000 in 2009.[2] The world population has been growing continuously since the end of the Black Death around 1400.[3]

The fastest rates of world population growth (increases above 1.8% per year) were seen briefly during the 1950s then for a longer period during the 1960s and 1970s (see graph). The 2008 rate of growth has almost halved since its peak of 2.2% per year, which was reached in 1963.

Annual births have levelled at about 134 million per year since their peak at 163 million in the late 1990s and are expected to remain constant. However, deaths are only around 57 million per year, and are expected to increase to 90 million by 2050. Because births outnumber deaths, the world's population is expected to reach 9 billion between 2040 [4][5] and 2050[2].

The rapid increase in human population over the course of the 20th century has raised concerns about whether Earth is experiencing overpopulation. The scientific consensus is that the current population expansion and accompanying increase in usage of resources are linked to threats to the ecosystem,[6] such as rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, global warming, and pollution.

Population figures

Further information: World population estimates

A dramatic population bottleneck is theorized for the period around 70,000 BC (see Toba catastrophe theory). After this time and until the development of agriculture, it is estimated that the world population stabilized at about one million people whose subsistence entailed hunting and foraging, a lifestyle that by its nature ensured a low population density. It is estimated that more than 55 million people lived in the combined eastern and western Roman Empire (AD 300–400).[7]

The Plague of Justinian caused Europe's population to drop by around 50% between 541 and the 700s.[8] The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340.[9] The Black Death pandemic in the 14th century may have reduced the world's population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in 1400.[10] It took roughly 200 years for Europe's population to regain its 1340 level.[11]

Urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2006. 3% of the world's population lived in cities in 1800, rising to 47% at the end of the twentieth century.

At the founding of the Ming dynasty in 1368, China's population was reported to be close to 60 million, and toward the end of the dynasty in 1644 it might have approached 150 million.[12][13] England's population reached an estimated 5.6 million in 1650, up from an estimated 2.6 million in 1500.[14] New crops that had come to Asia and Europe from the Americas via the Spanish colonizers in the 16th century contributed to the population growth.[15][16] Since being introduced by Portuguese traders in the 16th century,[17] maize and manioc have replaced traditional African crops as the continent’s most important staple food crops.[18] Alfred W. Crosby speculated that increased production of maize, manioc, and other American crops "...enabled the slave traders [who] drew many, perhaps most, of their cargoes from the rain forest areas, precisely those areas where American crops enabled heavier settlement than before."[19]

The population of the Americas in 1500 may have been between 50 and 100 million.[20] Encounters between European explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinary virulence. Archaeological evidence indicates that the death of around 90% of the Native American population of the New World was caused by Old World diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza.[21] Over the centuries, the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases, while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity.[22]

During the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically.[23] The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5% in 1730-1749 to 31.8% in 1810-1829.[24][25] Europe’s population doubled during the 18th century, from roughly one hundred million to almost two hundred million, and doubled again during the 19th century.[26]

The population growth became more rapid after the introduction of compulsory vaccination and improvements in medicine and sanitation.[27][28][29] As living conditions and health care improved during the 19th century, the United Kingdom's population doubled every fifty years.[30] By 1801 the population of England had grown to 8.3 million, and by 1901 had grown to 30.5 million.[31]

The population of the Indian subcontinent, which stood at about 125 million in 1750, had reached 389 million by 1941.[32] Today, the region is home to 1.5 billion people.[33] The total number of inhabitants of Java increased from about five million in 1815 to more than 130 million in the early 21st century.[34] Mexico's population has grown from 13.6 million in 1900 to about 112 million in 2009.[35] In eighty years, Kenya's population has grown from 2.9 million to thirty-seven million.[36]

Population growth tables

Below is a table with historical and predicted population figures shown in millions.[37][38][39][40]
The availability of historical population figures varies by region.

World historical and predicted populations (in millions)[41]
Region 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2050 2100
World 791 978 1,262 1,650 2,521 5,978 6,707 8,909 >10,000
Africa 106 107 111 133 221 767 973 1,766 2,308
Asia 502 635 809 947 1,402 3,634 4,054 5,268 5,561
Europe 163 203 276 408 547 729 732 628 517
Latin America and the Caribbean[Note 1] 16 24 38 74 167 511 577 809 912
Northern America[Note 1] 2 7 26 82 172 307 337 392 398
Oceania 2 2 2 6 13 30 34 46 51
World historical and predicted populations by percentage distribution [citation needed]
Region 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2050 2100
World 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Africa 13.4 10.9 8.8 8.1 8.8 12.8 14.5 19.8 23.7
Asia 63.5 64.9 64.1 57.4 55.6 60.8 60.4 59.1 57.1
Europe 20.6 20.8 21.9 24.7 21.7 12.2 10.9 7.0 5.3
Latin America and the Caribbean[Note 1] 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.5 6.6 8.5 8.6 9.1 9.4
Northern America[Note 1] 0.3 0.7 2.1 5.0 6.8 5.1 5.0 4.4 4.1
Oceania 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Estimated world population at various dates (in millions) [citation needed]
Year World Africa Asia Europe Latin America[Note 1] Northern America[Note 1] Oceania Notes
70,000 BCE < 1 [42]
10,000 BCE 1
9000 BCE 3
8000 BCE 5 [43]
7000 BCE 7
6000 BCE 10
5000 BCE 15
4000 BCE 20
3000 BCE 25
2000 BCE 35
1000 BCE 50 [43]
500 BCE 100 [43]
1 CE 200 [44]
1000 CE 310
1750 CE 791 106 502 163 16 2 2
1800 CE 978 107 635 203 24 7 2
1850 CE 1,262 111 809 276 38 26 2
1900 CE 1,650 133 947 408 74 82 6
1950 CE 2,519 221 1,398 547 167 172 12.8
1955 CE 2,756 247 1,542 575 191 187 14.3
1960 CE 2,982 277 1,674 601 209 204 15.9
1965 CE 3,335 314 1,899 634 250 219 17.6
1970 CE 3,692 357 2,143 656 285 232 19.4
1975 CE 4,068 408 2,397 675 322 243 21.5
1980 CE 4,435 470 2,632 692 361 256 22.8
1985 CE 4,831 542 2,887 706 401 269 24.7
1990 CE 5,263 622 3,168 721 441 283 26.7
1995 CE 5,674 707 3,430 727 481 299 28.9
2000 CE 6,070 796 3,680 728 520 316 31.0
2005 CE 6,454 888 3,917 725 558 332 32.9
Jul. 1, 2008 6,707 973 4,054 732 577 337 34.3 [1]
Year World Africa Asia Europe Latin America[Note 1] Northern America[Note 1] Oceania Notes
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Northern America comprises the northern countries and territories of North America: Canada, the United States, Greenland, Bermuda, and St. Pierre and Miquelon. Latin America comprises Middle America (Mexico, the nations of Central America, and the Caribbean) and South America.

The figures for North and Central America only refer to post-European contact settlers, and not native populations from before European settlement.

Rate of increase

Main article: Population growth
Population evolution in different continents. The vertical axis is logarithmic and is millions of people.

Different regions have different rates of population growth. According to the above table, the growth in population of the different regions from 2000 to 2005 was:

237.771 million in Asia
92.293 million in Africa
38.052 million in Latin America
16.241 million in Northern America
3.264 million in Europe
1.955 million in Oceania
383.047 million in the whole world

In the 20th century, the world saw the biggest increase in its population in human history due to lessening of the mortality rate in many countries due to medical advances and massive increase in agricultural productivity attributed to the Green Revolution.[45][46][47]

In 2000, the United Nations estimated that the world's population was growing at the rate of 1.14% (or about seventy-five million people) per year,[48] down from a peak of eighty-eight million per year in 1989. In the last few centuries, the number of people living on Earth has increased many times over. By 2000, there were ten times as many people on Earth as there were three hundred years ago. According to data from the CIA's 2005–2006 World Factbooks, the world human population increased by an average of 203,800 people every day.[49] The CIA Factbook increased this to 211,090 people every day in 2007, and again to 220,980 people every day in 2009.

A world map showing countries by fertility rate, 2005-2010.

Globally, the population growth rate has been steadily declining from its peak of 2.19% in 1963, but growth remains high in Latin America, the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa.[50]

In some countries there is negative population growth (i.e. net decrease in population over time), especially in Central and Eastern Europe (mainly due to low fertility rates). Within the next decade, Japan and some countries in Western Europe are also expected to encounter negative population growth due to sub-replacement fertility rates.

In 2006, the United Nations stated that the rate of population growth is diminishing due to the demographic transition. If this trend continues, the rate of growth may diminish to zero, concurrent with a world population plateau of 9.2 billion, in 2050.[51] However, this is only one of many estimates published by the UN. In 2009, UN projections for 2050 range from about 8 billion to 10.5 billion.[52]

  • Population (est.) 10,000 BC–AD 2000.
    Population (est.) 10,000 BC–AD 2000.
  • Population (est.) 10,000 BC–AD 2000 in log y scale
    Population (est.) 10,000 BC–AD 2000 in log y scale
  • World population 1950–2000
    World population 1950–2000
  • Increase rate 1950–2000
    Increase rate 1950–2000

Models

Hoerner (1975) proposed the following formula:[53]

where

  • N is current population
  • T is the current year
  • C = 2·1011
  • T0 = 2025

which represents hyperbolic growth with an infinite population in 2025.

According to Kapitsa (1997)[54], the population grew between 67,000 BC and 1965, and the world population growth formula is:

where

  • N is current population
  • T is the current year
  • C = (1.86±0.01)·1011
  • T0 = 2007±1
  • = 42±1

The transition from hyperboles to slower rates of growth is related to the demographic transition.

Milestones

World population estimates milestones
Population
(in billions) 		1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Year 1804 1927 1960 1974 1987 1999 2011 2025 2040 2061
Years elapsed 123 33 14 13 12 12 14 15 21

The population of the world reached one billion in 1804, two billion in 1927, three billion in 1960, four billion in 1974, five billion in 1987, and six billion in 1999. The population of the world is projected[according to whom?] to reach seven billion in 2011 or 2012, eight billion in 2025, nine billion in 2040, and ten billion in 2061.

There is no estimation on the exact day or month the world's population surpassed both the one and two billion marks. The day of three and four billion were not officially celebrated, but the International Database of the United States Census Bureau places them in July 1959 and April 1974. The United Nations did determine, and celebrate, the "Day of 5 Billion" (11 July 1987), and the "Day of 6 Billion" (12 October 1999). The International Programs division of the United States Census Bureau estimated that the world reached six billion on 21 April 1999 (several months earlier than the official United Nations day). The "Day of 7 Billion" has been targeted by the United States Census Bureau to be in July 2012,[55] while the Population Division of the United Nations suggests some time in late 2011.[2]

Years for population to double

Using linear interpolation of the UNDESA estimates, the world population has been doubled or will double in the following years (with two different starting points). Note how, during the 2nd millennium, each doubling has taken roughly half as long as the previous doubling, fitting the hyperbolic growth model mentioned above. However, it is unlikely that there will be another doubling in the current century.[56]

Starting at 500 million
Population
(in billions) 		0.5 1 2 4 8
Year 1500 1804 1927 1974 2025
Years elapsed 304 123 47 51
Starting at 375 million
Population
(in billions) 		0.375 0.75 1.5 3 6
Year 1171 1715 1881 1960 1999
Years elapsed 544 166 79 39

Distribution by region

See also: Population density
Population by region, 2007

Asia accounts for over 60% of the world population with almost 3.8 billion people. China and India together have about 40 percent of the world's population. Africa follows with 840 million people, 12% of the world's population. Europe's 710 million people make up 11% of the world's population. North America is home to 514 million (8%), South America to 371 million (5.3%), and Australia to 21 million (0.3%).

Most populous nations

Further information: List of countries by population
File:World population.svg
Map of countries by total population.
The 16 countries with the largest total population:
Rank Country / Territory Population Date % of world population Source
1  Peoples Republic of China[57] 1,432,850,000 May 11, 2024 17.68% Chinese Official Population Clock
2  India 1,396,270,000 May 11, 2024 17.23% Indian Official Population Clock
3  United States 337,731,000 May 11, 2024 4.17% United States Official Population Clock
4  Indonesia 231,369,500 2.85% Statistics Indonesia
5  Brazil 217,334,000 May 11, 2024 2.69% Brazilian Official Population Clock
6  Pakistan Template:PakistanPopCommas May 11, 2024 Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[".% Official Pakistani Population clock
7  Bangladesh 162,221,000 2009 2% UN estimate
8  Nigeria 154,729,000 1.91% UN estimate
9  Russia 141,927,297 January 1, 2010 1.75% Federal State Statistics Service of Russia
10  Japan 127,530,000 December 1, 2009 1.57% Official Japan Statistics Bureau
11  Mexico 107,550,697 1.33% INEGI estimate

National Population Statistics of Mexico[58]

12  Philippines 92,226,600 Mid-2009 1.14%

National Statistics Office medium projection

13  Vietnam 85,789,573 April 1, 2009 1.06% Preliminary 2009 census results
14  Germany 81,882,342 March 31, 2009 1.01% Federal Statistical Office
15  Ethiopia 79,221,000 July 2008 0.98%

Ethiopia Central Statistics Agency

16  Egypt 99,960,000 May 11, 2024 1.23% Official Egyptian Population clock

Approximately 4.54 billion people live in these sixteen countries, representing roughly two-thirds (66.7%) of the world's population as of February 2009.

Population density

Further information: List of countries and dependencies by population density
The 10 most densely populated countries/regions
Rank Country/Region Population Area (km2) Density (Pop per km2) Notes
1 Monaco Monaco 32,719 1.95 16,779 [59]
2 Singapore Singapore 4,620,657 707.1 6,535
3 Vatican City Vatican City 824 0.44 1,873 [60]
4 Maldives Maldives 385,375 298 1,293
5 Malta Malta 404,032 316 1,279
6 Bahrain Bahrain 723,967 665 1,089 [61]
7 Bangladesh Bangladesh 157,813,124 147,570 1,069 [62]
8 Palestinian National Authority Palestinian territories 4,223,760 6,020 702
9 Nauru Nauru 13,918 21 663
10 Taiwan Taiwan 22,955,395 36,190 634 [60]
Countries ranking in the top both in terms of total population (more than 15 million people) and population density (more than 250 people per square kilometer):
Rank Country Population Area (km2) Density (Pop. per km2) Notes
1 India India 1,198,003,000 3,287,263 353 Growing country
2 Bangladesh Bangladesh 157,813,124 143,998 1,069 Fast growing country
3 Japan Japan 127,170,110 377,873 337 Declining in population
4 Philippines Philippines 93,843,460 300,076 313 Fast growing country
5 Vietnam Vietnam 85,789,573 331,689 259 Growing country
6 United Kingdom United Kingdom 62,041,708 243,610 255 Steady in population
7 South Korea South Korea 49,354,980 99,538 493 Steady in population
8 Taiwan Taiwan 22,955,395 35,980 639 Steady in population
9 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 20,238,000 65,610 309 Slow growing country
10 Netherlands Netherlands 16,608,975 41,526 400 Steady in population

Ethnicity

Main articles: Race (classification of human beings) and List of ethnic groups

The world is made up of thousands of ethnic groups. The single largest ethnic group on the planet by far is Han Chinese, which represents 19.73% of the global population.[citation needed]

Demographics of youth

Main articles: Population pyramid and List of countries by median age
Median age by country. A youth bulge is evident for Africa, and to a lesser extent for South and Southeast Asia and Central America.

According to the 2006 CIA World Factbook, around 27% of the world's population is below 15 years of age.[63]

Before adding mortality rates, the 1990s saw the greatest number of raw births worldwide, especially in the years after 1995, despite the fact that the birth rate was not as high as in the 1960s. In fact, because of the 163 million-per-year raw births after 1995, the time it took to reach the next 109 reached its fastest pace (only twelve years), as world population reached six billion people in 1999, when at the beginning of the decade, the reaching was designated for 2000, by most demographers.

1985–1990 marked the period with the fastest yearly population change in world history. Even though the early 1960s had a greater growth rate than in the mid and late 1980s, the population change hovered around eighty-three million people in the five-year period, with an all-time growth change of nearly eighty-eight million in 1990. The reason is that the world's population was greater in the mid- and late-1980s (around five billion) than in the early 1960s (around three billion), which meant that the growth rate in the 1980s was no factor on the dramatic population change.

Forecast

Main article: World population estimates
See also: Overpopulation
UN (medium variant, 2008 rev.) and US Census Bureau (January 2010) estimates[64][65]
Year UN est
(millions) 		Diff. US est
(millions) 		Diff.
2000 6,115 - 6,084 -
2010 6,909 794 6,831 747
2020 7,675 766 7,558 727
2030 8,309 634 8,202 644
2040 8,801 492 8,749 547
2050 9,150 349 9,202 453

In the long run, the future population growth of the world is difficult to predict and the UN and US Census Bureau give different estimates. According to the latter, world population will hit seven billion in July 2012[66] or by late 2011, according to UN prediction.[2]

Birth rates are declining slightly on average, but vary greatly between developed countries (where birth rates are often at or below replacement levels), developing countries, and different ethnicities. Death rates can change unexpectedly due to disease, wars and catastrophes, or advances in medicine.

The UN has issued multiple projections of future world population, based on different assumptions. Over the last ten years, the UN has consistently revised these projections downward, until the 2006 revision issued March 14, 2007 revised the 2050 mid-range estimate upwards by 273 million.

In some scenarios, disasters triggered by the growing population's demand for scarce resources will eventually lead to a sudden population crash, or even a Malthusian catastrophe (also see overpopulation and food security).

UN 2008 estimates and medium variant projections (in millions).[37]
Year World Asia Africa Europe Latin America Northern America Oceania
2000 6,115 3,698 (60.5%) 819 (13.4%) 727 (11.9%) 521 (8.5%) 319 (5.2%) 31 (0.5%)
2005 6,512 3,937 (60.5%) 921 (14.1%) 729 (11.2%) 557 (8.6%) 335 (5.1%) 34 (0.5%)
2010 6,909 4,167 (60.3%) 1,033 (15.0%) 733 (10.6%) 589 (8.5%) 352 (5.1%) 36 (0.5%)
2015 7,302 4,391 (60.1%) 1,153 (15.8%) 734 (10.1%) 618 (8.5%) 368 (5.0%) 38 (0.5%)
2020 7,675 4,596 (59.9%) 1,276 (16.6%) 733 (9.6%) 646 (8.4%) 383 (5.0%) 40 (0.5%)
2025 8,012 4,773 (59.6%) 1,400 (17.5%) 729 (9.1%) 670 (8.4%) 398 (5.0%) 43 (0.5%)
2030 8,309 4,917 (59.2%) 1,524 (18.3%) 723 (8.7%) 690 (8.3%) 410 (4.9%) 45 (0.5%)
2035 8,571 5,032 (58.7%) 1,647 (19.2%) 716 (8.4%) 706 (8.2%) 421 (4.9%) 46 (0.5%)
2040 8,801 5,125 (58.2%) 1,770 (20.1%) 708 (8.0%) 718 (8.2%) 431 (4.9%) 48 (0.5%)
2045 8,996 5,193 (57.7%) 1,887 (21.0%) 700 (7.8%) 726 (8.1%) 440 (4.9%) 50 (0.6%)
2050 9,150 5,231 (57.2%) 1,998 (21.8%) 691 (7.6%) 729 (8.0%) 448 (4.9%) 51 (0.6%)

Predictions based on population growth

In 1798 Thomas Malthus incorrectly predicted that population growth would out-run food supply by the mid 19th century. In 1968, Paul R. Ehrlich reprised this argument in The Population Bomb, predicting famine in the 1970s and 1980s. The dire predictions of Ehrlich and other neo-Malthusians were vigorously challenged by a number of economists, notably Julian Lincoln Simon. Agricultural research already under way, such as the green revolution, led to dramatic improvements in crop yields. Food production has kept pace with population growth, but Malthusians point out the green revolution relies heavily on petroleum-based fertilizers, and that many crops have become so genetically uniform that a crop failure would be very widespread. Food prices in the early 21st century are rising sharply on a global scale, and causing serious malnutrition to spread widely.[67]

From 1950 to 1984, as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the world, grain production increased by over 250%.[68] The world population has grown by about four billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution and most believe that, without the Revolution, there would be greater famine and malnutrition than the UN presently documents (approximately 850 million people suffering from chronic malnutrition in 2005).[69] The energy for the Green Revolution was provided by fossil fuels in the form of fertilizers (natural gas), pesticides (oil), and hydrocarbon-fueled irrigation.[70]

The peaking of world oil production (Peak oil) may test Malthus and Ehrlich critics.[71][72] As of May 2008, the price of grain has been pushed up by increased farming for use in biofuels,[73] world oil prices at over $140 per barrel ($880/m3),[74] global population growth,[75] climate change,[76] loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development,[77][78] and growing consumer demand in China and India.[79][80] Food riots have recently occurred in some countries across the world.[81][82][83]. However, oil prices have fallen sharply since then, and they have remained below $100/barrel since September 2008. Resource demands are expected to ease as population growth declines, but it is unclear whether rising living standards in developing countries will once again create resource shortages.

Growing populations, falling energy sources and food shortages will create the "perfect storm" by 2030, the UK government chief scientist has warned. He said food reserves are at a fifty-year low but the world will require 50% more energy, food and water by 2030.[84][85] The world will have to produce 70% more food by 2050 to feed a projected extra 2.3 billion people and as incomes rise, the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) said.[86]

The observed figures for 2007 show an actual increase in absolute numbers of undernourished people in the world, 923 million in 2007 versus 832 million in 1995.[87]; the more recent FAO estimates point out to an even more dramatic increase, to 1.02 billion in 2009.[88]

Number of humans who have ever lived

Further information: Paleodemography

Estimates of "the total number of people who have ever lived" published in the 2000s range approximately from 100 to 115 billion (1 E11).

An estimate of the total number of people who have ever lived was prepared by Carl Haub of the Population Reference Bureau in 1995 and subsequently updated in 2002; the updated figure was approximately 106 billion.[89][90] Haub characterized this figure as an estimate that required "selecting population sizes for different points from antiquity to the present and applying assumed birth rates to each period".[90] Given an estimated global population of 6.2 billion in 2002, it could be inferred that about 6% of all people who had ever existed were alive in 2002.[89]

In the 1970s it was a popular belief that 75% of all the people who had ever lived were alive in the 1970s, which would have put the total number of people who ever lived as of the 1970s as less than the number of people alive today. This view was eventually debunked.[91]

The number is difficult to estimate for the following reasons:

  • The set of specific characteristics that define a human is a matter of definition, and it is open to debate which members of early Homo sapiens and earlier or related species of Homo to include. See in this regard also Sorites paradox. Even if the scientific community reached wide consensus regarding which characteristics distinguished human beings, it would be nearly impossible to pinpoint the time of their first appearance to even the nearest millennium because the fossil record is simply too sparse. However, the limited size of population in early times compared to its recent size makes this source of uncertainty of limited importance.
  • Robust statistical data only exist for the last two or three centuries. Until the late 18th century, few governments had ever performed an accurate census. In many early attempts, such as Ancient Egypt and in the Persian Empire the focus was on counting merely a subset of the people for purposes of taxation or military service.[92] All claims of population sizes preceding the 18th century are estimates, and thus the margin of error for the total number of humans who have ever lived should be in the billions, or even tens of billions of people.
  • A critical item for the estimation is life expectancy. Using a figure of twenty years and the population estimates above, one can compute about fifty-eight billion. Using a figure of forty yields half of that. Life expectancy varies greatly when taking into account children who died within the first year of birth, a number very difficult to estimate for earlier times. Haub states that "life expectancy at birth probably averaged only about ten years for most of human history"[90] His estimates for infant mortality suggest that around 40% of those who have ever lived did not survive beyond one year.

See also

Historical:

Lists:

Further resources

  • There is a map that is rescaled in order to display every country according to its population size. It is available at the University of Sheffield Worldmapper.[93]
  • Population patterns and trends can be explored on the GeoHive interactive world atlas.[94]

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  33. ^ Hundreds of millions in South Asia face growing water stress, UN report warns. UN News Centre. February 6, 2009.
  34. ^ Java (island, Indonesia). Encyclopædia Britannica.
  35. ^ "From Traitors to Heroes: 100 Years of Mexican Migration Policies". Jorge Durand, University of Guadalajara. March 2004.
  36. ^ "Exploding population". The New York Times. January 7, 2008.
  37. ^ a b World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision Population Database
  38. ^ The World at un.org
  39. ^ Population Growth over Human History
  40. ^ Geo Hive: the population of continents, regions and countries (Jul. 1, 2008)
  41. ^ UN report 2004 data
  42. ^ fewer than 15,000 individuals according to the Toba catastrophe theory; see also Humans lived in tiny, separate bands for 100,000 years (breitbart.com)
  43. ^ a b c an average of figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau's Historical Estimates of World Population; see also *Kremer, Michael. 1993. "Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990," The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(3): 681-716.
  44. ^ The range of figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau's Historical Estimates of World Population put the population at AD 1 between 170 million to 400 million.
  45. ^ The limits of a Green Revolution?
  46. ^ The Real Green Revolution
  47. ^ World Population to 2300 Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, 2004
  48. ^ census.gov
  49. ^ Current world population (ranked)
  50. ^ Ron Nielsen, The little green handbook, Picador, New York (2006) ISBN 0-312-42581-3
  51. ^ UN 2006 report higlights.
  52. ^ UN population estimates and projections, database query, August 2009.
  53. ^ Hoerner, von S. Journal of British Interplanetary Society 28691 (1975)
  54. ^ Sergei P Kapitza. The phenomenological theory of world population growth. Physics-Uspekhi 39(1) 57-71 (1996).
  55. ^ "World Pop Clock Note".
  56. ^ Letters to Nature: Doubling of world population unlikely Nature, 19 June 1997
  57. ^ Figure refers to Mainland China only. It excludes the special administrative regions and Taiwan.
  58. ^ For the Conapo estimates, check under Republica Mexicana and press "Ver" for statistics.
  59. ^ The Monaco government uses a smaller surface area figure resulting in a population density of 18,078 per km².
  60. ^ a b Population density calculated using surface area and population figures from the CIA World Factbook.
  61. ^ mohammed al a'ali (April 1, 2008). Population surge 'threat to economy'. gulf Daily News. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
  62. ^ Latest figure from the World Bank Development Indicators Database is 1,090 per km².
  63. ^ Age structure of the world – 2006 CIA World Factbook
  64. ^ World Population Prospects - The 2008 Revision Population Database
  65. ^ US Census Bureau - Total Midyear Population for the World: 1950-2050
  66. ^ "Notes on the World POPClock and World Vital Events". US Census Bureau.
  67. ^ "Assessing the global food crisis". BBC. April 22, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
  68. ^ Kindall, Henery W & Pimentel, David (1994). "Constraints on the Expansion of the Global Food Supply". Ambio. 23 (3). {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  69. ^ The limits of a Green Revolution?. BBC News. March 29, 2007.
  70. ^ "Eating Fossil Fuels". Energy Bulletin.
  71. ^ "Peak Oil: the threat to our food security". Soil Association.
  72. ^ "Peak Oil And Famine: Four Billion Deaths". Countercurrents.
  73. ^ "2008: The year of global food crisis". Sunday Herald.
  74. ^ The global grain bubble
  75. ^ Food crisis will take hold before climate change, warns chief scientist
  76. ^ Global food crisis looms as climate change and fuel shortages bite
  77. ^ Experts: Global Food Shortages Could ‘Continue for Decades'
  78. ^ Has Urbanization Caused a Loss to Agricultural Land?
  79. ^ The World's Growing Food-Price Crisis
  80. ^ The cost of food: Facts and figures. BBC News. October 16, 2008.
  81. ^ Riots and hunger feared as demand for grain sends food costs soaring
  82. ^ Already we have riots, hoarding, panic: the sign of things to come?
  83. ^ Feed the world? We are fighting a losing battle, UN admits
  84. ^ World faces 'perfect storm' of problems by 2030, chief scientist to warn. The Guardian. March 18, 2009.
  85. ^ Global crisis 'to strike by 2030'. BBC News. March 19, 2009.
  86. ^ Global food production will have to increase 70% for additional 2.3 billion people by 2050. Finfacts.com. September 24, 2009.
  87. ^ Food and Agriculture Organization Economic and Social Development Department. “The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2008 : High food prices and food security - threats and opportunities”. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2008, p. 2.
  88. ^ “One sixth of humanity undernourished - more than ever before”. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2009
  89. ^ a b Curtin, Ciara (2007-03-01). "Fact or Fiction?: Living People Outnumber the Dead". Scientific American. Vol. 297, no. 3. Scientific American, Inc. (published September 2007). p. 126. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0907-126. Retrieved 2008-08-04. Note: text of paper publication slightly different from text of on-line publication
  90. ^ a b c Haub, Carl (November/December 2002). "How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?" (PDF). Population Today. Vol. 30, no. 8. Population Reference Bureau. pp. 3–4. Retrieved 2008-08-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  91. ^ Population Reference Bureau
  92. ^ Kuhrt, A. (1995) The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330BC Vol 2 Routledge, London. p. 695.
  93. ^ "Worldmapper image".; "Worldmapper description". University of Sheffield.
  94. ^ Global Statistics interactive atlas, GeoHive.

External links

Population clocks
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