1531
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| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1531 by topic |
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| Arts and science |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Works category |
| Gregorian calendar | 1531 MDXXXI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2284 |
| Armenian calendar | 980 ԹՎ ՋՁ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6281 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1452–1453 |
| Bengali calendar | 938 |
| Berber calendar | 2481 |
| English Regnal year | 22 Hen. 8 – 23 Hen. 8 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2075 |
| Burmese calendar | 893 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7039–7040 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚寅年 (Metal Tiger) 4228 or 4021 — to — 辛卯年 (Metal Rabbit) 4229 or 4022 |
| Coptic calendar | 1247–1248 |
| Discordian calendar | 2697 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1523–1524 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5291–5292 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1587–1588 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1452–1453 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4631–4632 |
| Holocene calendar | 11531 |
| Igbo calendar | 531–532 |
| Iranian calendar | 909–910 |
| Islamic calendar | 937–938 |
| Japanese calendar | Kyōroku 4 (享禄４年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1449–1450 |
| Julian calendar | 1531 MDXXXI |
| Korean calendar | 3864 |
| Minguo calendar | 381 before ROC 民前381年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 63 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2073–2074 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳金虎年 (male Iron-Tiger) 1657 or 1276 or 504 — to — 阴金兔年 (female Iron-Rabbit) 1658 or 1277 or 505 |
Year 1531 (MDXXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–June
- January 26 – Lisbon, Portugal is hit by an earthquake, in which thousands die.
- February 27 – Lutheran princes in the Holy Roman Empire form an alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League.
- February or March – Battle of Antukyah: Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of the Adal Sultanate defeats the Ethiopian army.
- April – Battle of Puná: Francisco Pizarro defeats the island's native inhabitants.
- April 16 – The city of Puebla, Mexico, is founded.
- May – The third Dalecarlian rebellion in Sweden appears to be over, when the king accepts an offer made by the rebels, but violence flares up again the following year.
- June 24 – The city of San Juan del Río, Mexico, is founded.
July–December
- July 25 – The city of Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico is founded.
- August 26 – Comet Halley achieves its perihelion.
- September 22 – Battle of Obertyn: The Moldavians are defeated by Polish forces under Jan Tarnowski, allowing the Poles to recapture Pokucie.
- October 11 – Battle of Kappel: The forces of Zürich are defeated by the Catholic cantons. Huldrych Zwingli, the Swiss religious reformer, is killed.
- October 28 – Battle of Amba Sel: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi again defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia. The southern part of Ethiopia thus falls under Imam Ahmad's control.
- December 9 – The Virgin of Guadalupe first appears to Juan Diego at Tepeyac, Mexico City.
- December 12 – Mary, mother of Jesus, in the guise of Our Lady of Guadalupe, appears imprinted on the tilmàtli of Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin, an Aztec convert to Catholicism, in Tepeyac near Mexico City.
Date unknown
- Andrea Alciato publishes the first part of his Emblemata.
- Conquistador Francisco de Montejo claims Chichen Itza as capital of Spanish-ruled Yucatán.
- The University of Sarajevo is founded by Gazi Husrev-beg.
- Kõpu Lighthouse is completed.
- An enormous drought in Henan province, China, coupled with a gigantic swarm of locusts in the summer, forces many in destitute agricultural communities to turn to cannibalism instead of dying by starvation.
- Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor abolishes the worst abuses of the encomienda system, by pressure of Bartolomé de las Casas.
- A witch-hunt is conducted in the town of Schiltach, Germany.
Births
- January 26 – Jens Bille, Danish son of Claus Bille and Lisbeth Ulfstand (d. 1575)
- April 6 – Wolfgang, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1595)
- May 15 – Maria of Austria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I (d. 1581)
- May 20 – Viceroy Thado Minsaw of Ava (d. 1584)
- June 1 – János Zsámboky, Hungarian scholar (d. 1584)
- July 17 – Antoine de Créqui Canaples, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1574)
- July 22 – Leonhard Thurneysser, German scholar and quack at the court of John George, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1595)
- September 2 – Francesco Cattani da Diacceto, Bishop of Fiesole (d. 1595)
- September 4 – Hans Fugger, German businessman (d. 1598)
- September 14 – Philipp Apian, German mathematician and medic (d. 1589)
- Late September – Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby, English noble and diplomat (d. 1594)
- October 7 – Scipione Ammirato, Italian historian (d. 1601)
- October 12 – Jacques de Savoie, 2nd Duc de Nemours (d. 1585)
- October 25 – Matthew Wesenbeck, Belgian jurist (d. 1586)
- October 27 – Herbert Duifhuis, Dutch minister (d. 1581)
- November 14 – Richard Topcliffe, English torturer (d. 1604)
- November 16 – Anna d'Este, duchess consort of Nemours (d. 1607)
- November 18 – Roberto di Ridolfi, Italian conspirator against Elizabeth I of England (d. 1612)
- November 29 – Johannes Letzner, German Protestant priest and historian (d. 1613)
- December – Hendrick van Brederode, Dutch noble (d. 1568)
- December 6 – Vespasiano I Gonzaga, Italian noble and diplomat (d. 1591)
- December 9 – Şehzade Cihangir, Ottoman prince (d. 1553)
- December 10 – Henry IX, Count of Waldeck (d. 1577)
- date unknown
- Akiyama Nobutomo, Japanese nobleman (d. 1575)
- António, Prior of Crato, claimant to the throne of Portugal (d. 1595)
- John Popham, Lord Chief Justice of England (d. 1607)
Deaths
- January 14 – Walraven II van Brederode, Dutch noble (b. 1462)
- January 31 – Edward Sutton, 2nd Baron Dudley (b. 1460)
- February 16 – Johannes Stöffler, German mathematician (b. 1452)
- March 6 – Pedrarias Dávila, Spanish colonial administrator (b. c. 1440)
- May 19 – Jan Łaski, Polish statesman and diplomat (b. 1456)
- May 20 – Guy XVI, Count of Laval (b. 1476)
- May 10 – George I, Duke of Pomerania from the House of Griffins (b. 1493)
- July 7 – Tilman Riemenschneider, German sculptor (b. 1460)
- July 17 – Hosokawa Takakuni, Japanese military commander (b. 1484)
- July 23 – Louis de Brézé, seigneur d'Anet, Marshal of Normandy and husband of Diane de Poitiers
- August 30 – Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 3rd Duke of the Infantado, Spanish noble (b. 1461)
- September 16 – Lorenzo Pucci, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1458)
- September 22 – Louise of Savoy, French regent (b. 1476)
- October 11 – Huldrych Zwingli, Swiss reformer (in battle) (b. 1484)
- November 24 – Johannes Oecolampadius, German religious reformer (b. 1482)
- November 28 – Hedwig of Münsterberg-Oels, German noble (b. 1508)
- December 1 – Maud Green, English noble (b. 1492)
- date unknown
- María Pacheco, Spanish heroine and defender of Toledo (b. 1496)
- Eva von Isenburg, sovereign Princess Abbess of Thorn Abbey
- Vallabha Acharya, Indian founder of the Hindu Vallabha sect (b. 1479)
- Gerónimo de Aguilar, Spanish Franciscan friar who participated in the Spanish conquest of Mexico (b. 1489)
- probable – Fernan Perez de Oliva, Spanish man of letters (b. 1492)