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2014 Winter Paralympics

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See also: 2014 Winter Olympics
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2014 Winter Paralympics

The 2014 Winter Paralympics (Russian: Зимние Паралимпийские игры 2014, romanized: Zimniye Paralimpiyskiye igry 2014), the eleventh Paralympic Winter Games, and also more generally known as the Sochi 2014 Paralympic Winter Games, were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), held in Sochi, Krasnodar Krai, Russia from 7–16 March 2014. 45 National Paralympic Committees (NPCs) participated in the Games, which marked the first time Russia ever hosted the Paralympics. The Games featured 72 medal events in five sports, and saw the debut of snowboarding at the Winter Paralympics.[1]

The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with concerns regarding Russia's recent military intervention in the nearby Crimean peninsula of Ukraine, which led to both the United Kingdom and United States choosing not to send governmental delegations to the Games, and British government officials intending to publicly boycott the games. While the IPC monitored the situation throughout the Games, these concerns did not affect the participation of athletes from these countries—although, the head of Ukraine's NPC threatened to pull its athletes from the Games if the situation escalated, and members of the Ukrainian team staged symbolic protests of the crisis throughout the Games.

With 80 medals, 30 of them being gold, the host country of Russia won the most medals during these Games, and set a record for the most medals won by a single country during a single Winter Paralympic Games. Additionally, Russian skier Roman Petushkov won the most individual gold medals in Winter Paralympic history, with six golds across skiing and biathlon events.[2][3] However, following the Games, the IPC discovered evidence that Russia's performance may have been aided by a wider state-sponsored doping program.

Bidding process

Main article: Bids for the 2014 Winter Olympics

As part of a formal agreement between the International Paralympic Committee and the International Olympic Committee first established in 2001, the winner of the bid for the 2014 Winter Olympics was also to host the 2014 Winter Paralympics.[4] Following the second and final round of voting at the 119th IOC Session in Guatemala City, Guatemala on 4 July 2007, the city of Sochi, Russia was awarded the 2014 Winter Olympics and Paralympics.[5]

2014 Host City Election – ballot results
City Country (NOC) Round 1 Round 2
Sochi  Russia 34 51
Pyeongchang  South Korea 36 47
Salzburg  Austria 25 —

Organization

Venues

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Main article: Venues of the 2014 Winter Olympics and Paralympics
Panoramic view of the Sochi Olympic Park

As with previous Paralympics, the 2014 Winter Paralympics used most of the same venues that were used by the Olympics, situated within the Sochi Olympic Park and the resort of Krasnaya Polyana.[1] Despite the IPC believing that Russia had "zero track record in terms of accessibility"—given that the Soviet Union passed on hosting the 1980 Summer Paralympics after claiming no disabled athletes lived in Russia, the venues were built to the IPC's standards, organizers were quick to fix some of the issues pointed out by officials during an audit of the venues in January 2014, and an IPC spokesperson stated that they were "confident and expect everything to be ready for Games time." Organizers and the IPC hoped that the Paralympics' legacy would make Sochi a role model for inclusive design throughout the country, and IPC president Philip Craven went as far as dubbing Sochi the first accessible city in Russia, commending the country's changed stance on disability since 1980.[6][7]

Sochi Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster)

Main article: Sochi Olympic Park

The Sochi Olympic Park was built by the Black Sea coast in the Imeretin Valley, about 4 km (2.5 miles) from Russia's border with Abkhazia.[8][9] The venues are clustered around a central water basin with a synchronized fountain, allowing all indoor venues to be within walking distance.[10][11] Off these, the venues used during the Paralympics included:

A sketch of the layout of Sochi Olympic Park.

Krasnaya Polyana (Mountain Cluster)

Main article: Krasnaya Polyana, Sochi, Krasnodar Krai
2014 Winter Paralympics Mountain Cluster Venues (interactive map)

Mascots

Main article: 2014 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games mascots
File:Paralympics 2014 stamp 30 RUB.jpg
Snowflake and Ray of Light ("Snezhinka" and "Luchik")

A shortlist of 10 Olympic and 3 Paralympic designs were shown to the public on 7 February 2011, while the winners were revealed on 26 February 2011.[12] The Paralympic mascots, Ray of Light and Snowflake, represented contrasts and inclusivity: their fictional backstories portrayed them as having respectively come to Earth from a hot planet and a cold comet. After Ray of Light overcame his struggle to adapt to a winter environment, he bonded with Snowflake through a shared passion for winter sports.[13]

The Games

Opening ceremony

Main articles: 2014 Winter Paralympics opening ceremony and 2014 Winter Paralympics Parade of Nations

The opening ceremony of the Games were held at Fisht Olympic Stadium on 7 March 2014. Entitled "Breaking the Ice", the ceremony was themed around equality and "breaking" barriers, featuring ballet sequences set to music by notable Russian composers, and animated segments by Aleksandr Petrov based on the story of the firebird. During the parade of nations, Ukraine's athletes declined to participate in protest of the situation in Crimea, and was represented solely by its flagbearer Mykailo Tkachenko. In his opening speech, IPC president Philip Craven praised Russia for finally fulfilling its "dream" of hosting the Paralympics after previously passing on the opportunity in 1980. He called upon spectators to have a "barrier-free mind", stating that "the sport you witness here will change you. Not just for now, but forever." The Paralympic cauldron was jointly lit by Russian Paralympians Olesya Vladykina and Sergey Shilov.[14][15]

Participating National Paralympic Committees

Athletes representing forty-five National Paralympic Committees (NPCs) competed at the 2014 Winter Paralympics, an increase of one NPC over 2010.

Brazil, Turkey and Uzbekistan made their Winter Paralympic debut in Sochi, while Hungary and South Africa, who participated in Vancouver, did not send any athletes.

Sports

Competitions in the 2014 Winter Paralympics were held in five Winter Paralympic sports, with 72 medal events in total. New for 2014 was the addition of snowboarding events, which were incorporated into the alpine skiing program.

Calendar

See also: Chronological summary of the 2014 Winter Paralympics
OC Opening ceremony ● Event competitions # Event finals CC Closing ceremony
March 7th
Fri 		8th
Sat 		9th
Sun 		10th
Mon 		11th
Tue 		12th
Wed 		13th
Thu 		14th
Fri 		15th
Sat 		16th
Sun 		Events
Ceremonies OC CC
Alpine skiing 6 3 3 ● 3 3 8 3 3 32
Biathlon 6 6 6 18
Cross-country skiing 2 4 6 2 6 20
Ice sledge hockey ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1
Wheelchair curling ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1
Total events 12 5 7 6 9 3 14 7 9 72
Cumulative total 12 17 24 30 39 42 56 63 72
March 7th
Fri 		8th
Sat 		9th
Sun 		10th
Mon 		11th
Tue 		12th
Wed 		13th
Thu 		14th
Fri 		15th
Sat 		16th
Sun 		Events

Closing ceremony

Main article: 2014 Winter Paralympics closing ceremony

The closing ceremony of the 2014 Winter Paralympics was held on 16 March 2014 at Fisht Olympic Stadium. Entitled "Reaching the Impossible", the ceremony was themed around inclusivity, and featured sequences paying tribute to Russian abstract artist Wassily Kandinsky, and Alexey Pajitnov's classic video game Tetris. During his closing remarks, deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Kozak stated that the Games had become a "catalyst for our efforts to create a barrier-free environment in Russia", and promised that "this important work will continue throughout our vast country." Sir Phillip Craven congratulated Russia for hosting what he deemed to be the best Winter Paralympic Games, and stated that the Games' participants had "shown the world that absolutely anything is possible and that life is about amazing capabilities and not perceived deficiencies."[16][17][18]

Medals

Main article: List of 2014 Winter Paralympics medal winners

Sochi's Paralympic medal design was unveiled in May 2013 alongside its Olympic equivalent. The design incorporates a "patchwork quilt" of diamonds, some of which are translucent, containing designs that reflect Russia's regions, and also contain inscriptions in braille.[19][20]

Medal table

Main article: 2014 Winter Paralympics medal table

  *   Host nation (Russia)

RankNPCGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Russia (RUS)*30282280
2 Germany (GER)95115
3 Canada (CAN)72716
4 Ukraine (UKR)591125
5 France (FRA)53412
6 Slovakia (SVK)3227
7 Japan (JPN)3126
8 United States (USA)27918
9 Austria (AUT)25411
10 Great Britain (GBR)1326
11–19Remaining NPCs57820
Totals (19 entries)727272216

Broadcasting

In February 2013, following its successful broadcast of the 2012 Summer Paralympics, British broadcaster Channel 4 announced on February 2014 that it had obtained the broadcast rights to further Games, including the 2014 Winter Paralympics, and 2016 Summer Paralympics. Channel 4 planned to broadcast more than 45 hours of coverage from Sochi.[21][22] Australian coverage was provided by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, including live online streaming. However, aside from the opening ceremony (which was broadcast live), television coverage was limited to a daily half-hour highlights show.[23]

In the United States, NBC Sports acquired the rights to the 2014 and 2016 Paralympics in September 2013. Following criticism of its minimal coverage of past Paralympics (such as at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, where in contrast to its extensive Olympics coverage, it broadcast only five-and-a-half hours of highlights), NBC announced plans for a total of 52 hours of coverage during the Games, with at least 27 hours of coverage broadcast live, and live coverage of the opening ceremony. The majority of its coverage was relegated to NBC Sports Network, but NBC aired highlights of the opening ceremony the following afternoon, and live coverage of the sledge hockey finals.[24][25] CBC Sports, in conjunction with the Canadian Paralympic Committee, produced and syndicated television and digital coverage of the Games in Canada for CBC Television (30 hours), Ici Radio-Canada Télé (French, 7 hours), Sportsnet, AMI-tv (coverage with open described video), and Yahoo! Sports Canada.[26]

Concerns and controversies

See also: Concerns and controversies at the 2014 Winter Olympics

Although concerns over LGBT rights still had a minor effect on the Games, they were overshadowed by a crisis in the Ukrainian region of Crimea which began during the Olympics, but became more severe immediately prior to the Paralympics.

Crimean crisis

Main article: Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

On 27–28 February 2014 in the aftermath of the Ukrainian revolution, Russian troops seized control of most of the Crimean peninsula of Ukraine located on the northern coast of the Black Sea—roughly 480 kilometres (300 mi) from Sochi,[27] including civil buildings, airports, and military bases.[28] On 1 March 2014, the Russian legislature approved the use of the Russian military in Ukraine, and Russian officials stated that their military forces in Crimea were not a breach of existing agreements between Russia and Ukraine.[29] The Ukrainian response has been muted trying to find a diplomatic solution, with no military action on the part of Ukraine's government, which was formed in Kiev less than a week before the intervention. Russia vowed troops would stay until the political situation was "normalised".[30] A referendum on whether Crimea would separate from Ukraine was held on 16 March 2014—the same day as the closing ceremony of these Games.[31]

The effects of these developments led to several notable political actions surrounding the Paralympics. On 2 March 2014, British Prime Minister David Cameron announced that British government officials were planning to boycott the 2014 Winter Paralympics in response to the situation in Crimea, while Prince Edward cancelled plans to travel to Sochi for the Games "on the advice of government."[32][33] On 3 March 2014, United States National Security Council spokeswoman Caitlin Hayden announced that the United States would not send a presidential delegation to Sochi (which was to be led by Tammy Duckworth) at all, "in addition to other measures we are taking in response to the situation in Ukraine." Neither of the boycotts affected the participation of their respective athletes in the Games; in particular, Hayden went on to say that "President Obama continues to strongly support all of the U.S. athletes who will participate in the Paralympics and wishes them great success".[32][34]

IPC communications head Craig Spence reported prior to the Games that there were not any boycott efforts among athletes, and stated that although the organization would keep an eye on the situation in the Crimea, "we've obviously expressed our disappointment with what's going on in the political situation, but at the end of the day, we're not here to do politics. We're here to organize a sporting event." He went on to emphasize that the same level of security measures in place during the Olympics were in place during the Paralympics, ensuring that Sochi would be the "safest place" in the country during the Games.[27][35]

The Ukraine team still participated in the Games, but Valeriy Sushkevich, head of the country's National Paralympic Committee, warned that "if there is an escalation of the conflict, intervention on the territory of our country, God forbid the worst, we would not be able to stay here. We would go." Similarly to the Olympics, political protests and statements among athletes were forbidden during Paralympic events, although two major, symbolic protests by the Ukrainian team occurred during the Games. During the opening ceremonies, all but one of the country's 31 athletes declined to participate in the parade of nations. The country was represented solely by Nordic skier and flagbearer Mykailo Tkachenko, whose entrance was greeted with an ovation from the audience.[7] Some Ukrainian medalists were seen covering their medal with their hand during ceremonies as another form of silent protest; Sushkevich stated that the covering was "a demonstration that aggression and the high ideals of Paralympic sports are incompatible."[36]

Russian doping scandal

On 18 July 2016, the World Anti-Doping Agency published a report covering significant state-sponsored doping in Russia. It found that Russia's Ministry of Sport and Federal Security Service (FSB) had operated a "state-dictated" system to implement an extensive doping program across the Olympics and Paralympics, and engaged in swapping to cover up positive urine samples.[37] The IPC found evidence that swapping of positive samples had occurred during the 2014 Winter Paralympics.[38][39][40][41]

On 7 August 2016, the International Paralympic Committee announced that it had suspended the Russian Paralympic Committee, and that the country would be banned from the 2016 Summer Paralympics.[42][41]

LGBT rights

Concerns surrounding LGBT rights in Russia and the country's "gay propaganda" law continued into the Paralympics. On 4 February 2014, Norway's openly gay health minister Bent Høie announced he would attend the Games with his husband, as is common for cabinet officials to travel with their spouses.[43] The Federation of Gay Games also started a petition calling for IPC president Philip Craven not to attend the Games if Russian authorities did not allow the Russian Open Games, a multi-sport event for LGBT athletes which organizers attempted to hold prior to the Paralympics, to occur. These games were faced with a bomb threat, and its venues arbitrarily pulling out of providing their services for events, which was believed to be a result of government pressure.[44]

See also

References

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  2. ^ "Sochi Paralympics: Roman Petushkov sets golds record". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  3. ^ "Sochi Paralympics Final Day: Russia tops table with record 80 medals, 30 gold". Russia Today. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  4. ^ "Paralympics 2012: London to host 'first truly global Games'". BBC Sport. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  5. ^ "Sochi Elected as Host City of XXII Olympic Winter Games". Olympic.org. 24 January 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  6. ^ "Sochi 2014 Paralympics: IPC confident on venue accessibility". BBC Sport. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  7. ^ a b "Ukrainians stage symbolic protest at opening of Sochi Winter Paralympics". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  8. ^ "Sochi's mixed feelings over Olympics". BBC News. 26 November 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  9. ^ Russian Deputy PM leads Sochi delegation to inspect Munich Olympic Park Inside the Games, 22 May 2010
  10. ^ Madler, Mark (24 February 2014). "WET Design Runs Rings Around Rivals". San Fernando Business Journal. Los Angeles, California: California Business Journals. Retrieved 26 February 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ "California-based WET makes the waters dance at Sochi". Gizmag. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  12. ^ "Russia unveils candidates for Sochi mascot". ESPN.com. 7 February 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  13. ^ "Sochi 2014 gets a new Paralympic look". Paralympic.org. IPC. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  14. ^ Brandon Hicks (7 March 2014). "2014 Paralympics open in Sochi". CBC. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  15. ^ "#Neverstop: 2014 Paralympic Games kick off in Sochi (PHOTOS)". Russia Today. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
  16. ^ "Record-breaking Sochi 2014 Paralympics close in celebration of possibility". IPC. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  17. ^ "Best Winter Paralympics Ever' Close in Sochi". RIA. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  18. ^ "Sochi Paralympics end with flare, fireworks". CBC Sports. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  19. ^ "The Sochi 2014 Organizing Committee unveils Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games medals". Sochi 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  20. ^ "Sochi 2014 unveils Paralympic Winter Games medals". Paralympic.org. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  21. ^ "Channel 4 pays £7m to screen 2014 and 2016 Paralympic Games". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  22. ^ "Channel 4 secures 2014 and 2016 Paralympic Games rights". International Paralympic Committee. 8 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  23. ^ "Sochi 2014 Winter Paralympic Games". TV Tonight. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
  24. ^ "Television Schedule Set For Sochi 2014 Paralympic Winter Games". USOC. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  25. ^ "Paralympic Movement given huge boost as American channels NBC and NBCSN will cover next two Games". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  26. ^ "CBC Unveils Multiplatform Coverage of Sochi 2014 Paralympic Games". Broadcaster Magazine. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  27. ^ a b "Sochi Paralympics 2014: No plans for boycott – IPC". BBC Sport. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  28. ^ "Russian troops seize Crimea". Politico. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  29. ^ "Russian Parliament approves use of army in Ukraine". The Hindu. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  30. ^ "Ukraine crisis: Russia vows troops will stay". BBC. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  31. ^ "Crimea's referendum to leave Ukraine: how did we get here?". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
  32. ^ a b "British Officials to Boycott Sochi Paralympics". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  33. ^ "Ukraine crisis: David Cameron says ministers will boycott Sochi 2014 Paralympics in response to Russia's declaration of war". The Independent. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  34. ^ "USA won't send presidential delegation to Sochi Paralympics". USA Today. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  35. ^ "Paralympics organizers fear Crimea unrest will overshadow Games". CBC News. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  36. ^ "How Ukraine's athletes in Sochi are protesting against Russia's actions". Quartz. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  37. ^ "McLaren Independent Investigations Report into Sochi Allegations". World Anti-Doping Agency. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  38. ^ Ruiz, Rebecca R. (18 July 2016). "Russia May Face Olympics Ban as Doping Scheme Is Confirmed". The New York Times.
  39. ^ Ruiz, Rebecca R.; Schwirtz, Michael (12 May 2016). "Russian Insider Says State-Run Doping Fueled Olympic Gold". The New York Times.
  40. ^ "Russia given blanket Paralympic ban amid 'medals over morals' criticism". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  41. ^ a b "Rio Paralympics 2016: Russian athletes banned after doping scandal". BBC Sport. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  42. ^ "The IPC suspends the Russian Paralympic Committee with immediate effect". International Paralympic Committee. 7 August 2016.
  43. ^ "Gay Norwegian minister to take husband to Sochi Paralympics". Reuters. 2 February 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  44. ^ "Post-Olympic concerns over Russia LGBT rights record remain". Washington Blade. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
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Preceded by Winter Paralympics
Sochi
XI Paralympic Winter Games (2014) 		Succeeded by
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