Taxation in China
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Taxes provide the most important revenue source for the Government of the People's Republic of China. Tax is a key component of macro-economic policy, and greatly affects China's economic and social development. With the changes made since the 1994 tax reform, China has sought to set up a streamlined tax system geared to a socialist market economy.
China's tax revenue came to 11.05 trillion yuan (1.8 trillion U.S. dollars) in 2013, up 9.8 percent over 2012.[1][2] The 2017 World Bank "Doing Business" rankings estimated that China's total tax rate for corporations was 68% as a percentage of profits through direct and indirect tax. As a percentage of GDP, according to the State Administration of Taxation, overall tax revenues were 30% in China.[3]
The government agency in charge of tax policy is the Ministry of Finance. For tax collection, it is the State Administration of Taxation.
As part of a US$586 billion economic stimulus package in November 2008, the government planned to reform VAT, stating that the plan could cut corporate taxes by 120 billion yuan.[4] Highly sophisticated malware has been repeatedly found in the Government required tax support software, including for VAT.
Types of taxes
Under the current tax system in China, there are 26 types of taxes, which, according to their nature and function, can be divided into the following 8 categories:
- Turnover taxes. This includes three kinds of taxes, namely, Value-Added Tax, Consumption Tax and Business Tax. The levy of these taxes are normally based on the volume of turnover or sales of the taxpayers in the manufacturing, circulation or service sectors.
- Income taxes. This includes Enterprise Income Tax (effective prior to 2008, applicable to such domestic enterprises as state-owned enterprises, collectively owned enterprises, private enterprises, joint operation enterprises and joint equity enterprises) and Individual Income Tax. These taxes are levied on the basis of the profits gained by producers or dealers, or the income earned by individuals. Please note that the new Enterprise Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China has replaced the above two enterprise taxes as of 1 January 2008.
- Resource taxes. This consists of Resource Tax and Urban and Township Land Use Tax. These taxes are applicable to the exploiters engaged in natural resource exploitation or to the users of urban and township land. These taxes reflect the chargeable use of state-owned natural resources, and aim to adjust the different profits derived by taxpayers who have access to different availability of natural resources.
- Taxes for special purposes. These taxes are City Maintenance and Construction Tax, Farmland Occupation Tax, Fixed Asset Investment Orientation Regulation Tax, Land Appreciation Tax, and Vehicle Acquisition Tax. These taxes are levied on specific items for special regulative purposes.
- Property taxes. This encompasses House Property Tax, Urban Real Estate Tax, and Inheritance Tax (not yet levied).
- Behavioural taxes. This includes Vehicle and Vessel Usage Tax, Vehicle and Vessel Usage License Plate Tax, Stamp Tax, Deed Tax, Securities Exchange Tax (not yet levied), Slaughter Tax and Banquet Tax. These taxes are levied on specified behaviour.
- Agricultural taxes. Taxes belonging to this category are Agriculture Tax (including Agricultural Specialty Tax) and Animal Husbandry Tax which are levied on the enterprises, units and/or individuals receiving income from agriculture and animal husbandry activities.
- Customs duties. Customs duties are imposed on the goods and articles imported into and exported out of the territory of the People's Republic of China, including Excise Tax.
Tax legislation
State organs that have the authority to formulate tax laws or tax policy include the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, the State Council, the Ministry of Finance, the State Administration of Taxation, the Tariff and Classification Committee of the State Council, and the General Administration of Customs.
Tax laws are enacted by the National People's Congress, e.g., the Individual Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China; or enacted by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, e.g., the Tax Collection and Administration Law of the People's Republic of China.
The administrative regulations and rules concerning taxation are formulated by the State Council, e.g., the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Tax Collection and Administration Law of the People' s Republic of China, the Detailed Regulations for the Implementation of the Individual Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China, the Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Value Added Tax.
The departmental rules concerning taxation are formulated by the Ministry of Finance, the State Administration of Taxation, the Tariff and Classification Committee of the State Council, and the General Administration of Customs, e.g., the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Value Added Tax, the Provisional Measures for Voluntary Reporting of the Individual Income Tax.
The formulation of tax laws follow four steps: drafting, examination, voting and promulgation. The four steps for the formulation of tax administrative regulations and rules are: planning, drafting, verification and promulgation. The four steps mentioned above take place in accordance with laws, regulations and rules.
Besides, the laws of China stipulates that within the framework of the national tax laws and regulations, some local tax regulations and rules may be formulated by the People's Congress at the provincial level and its Standing Committee, the People's Congress of minority nationality autonomous prefectures and the People's Government at provincial level.
The following table summarises up the current tax laws, regulations and rules and relevant legislation in China.
Current Tax Legislation Table
| Legislation | Date of issue and issued by | Effective Date |
|---|---|---|
| 1.Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Value Added Tax Detailed Rules for Its Implementation | 13 Dec. 1993, by State Council
25 Dec. 1993, by Ministry of Finance |
1 Jan. 1994 |
| 2.Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Consumption Tax Detailed Rules for Its Implementation | 13 Dec. 1993, by State Council
25 Dec. 1993, by Ministry of Finance |
1 Jan. 1994 |
| 3.Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Business Tax Detailed Rules for Its Implementation | 13 Dec. 1993, by State Council
25 Dec. 1993, by Ministry of Finance |
1 Jan. 1994 |
| 4.Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Enterprise Income Tax Detailed Rules for Its Implementation | 13 Dec. 1993, by State Council
4 Feb. 1994, by Ministry of Finance |
1 Jan. 1994 |
| 5. Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China on Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises Detailed Rules for Its Implementation | 9 Apr. 1991, by the Fourth Session of the 7th National People's Congress (NPC)
30 Jun. 1991, by State Council |
1 Jul. 1991 |
| 6. Individual Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China Regulations for Its Implementation | 10 Sep. 1980 passed by the Third Session of the 5th National People's Congress, revised and re-issued by the Fourth Session of the 8th NPC on 31 Oct.1993
28 Jan. 1994, by State Council |
1 Jan. 1994
28 Jan. 1994 |
| 7.Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Resource Tax Detailed Rules for Its Implementation | 25 Dec. 1993, by State Council
30 Dec. 1993, by Ministry of Finance |
1 Jan. 1994 |
| 8.Provisional Regulations of the People' s Republic of China on Urban and Township Land Use Tax Detailed Rules for Its Implementation | 27 Sep. 1988, by State Council to be made by the People' s Government at Provincial Level | 1 Nov. 1988 |
| 9.Provisional Regulations of the People' s Republic of China on City Maintenance and Construction Tax Detailed Rules for Its Implementation | 8 Feb. 1985, by State Council to be made by the People' s Government at Provincial Level | 1985 |
| 10.Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Farmland Occupation Tax Detailed Rules for Its Implementation | 1 Apr. 1987, by State Council to be made by the People's Government at Provincial Level | 1 Apr. 1987 |
| 11.Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Fixed Assets Investment Orientation Regulation Tax Detailed Rules for Its Implementation | 16 Apr. 1987, by State Council
18 Jun., 1991, by the State Administration of Taxation |
1991 |
| 12.Provisional Regulations of the People' s Republic of China on Land Appreciation Tax Detailed Rules for Its Implementation | 13 Dec. 1993, by State Council
27 Jan. 1995, by Ministry of Finance |
1 Jan. 1994
27 Jan. 1995 |
| 13.Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China on House Property Tax Detailed Rules for Its Implementation | 15 Sep. 1986, by State Council to be made by People's Governments at Provincial Level | 1 Oct. 1986 |
| 14. Provisional Regulations Governing Urban Real Estate Tax Detailed Rules for Its Implementation | 8 Aug. 1951, by the Central People's Government Administration Council to be made by People's Governments at Provincial Level | 8 Aug. 1951 |
| 15. Inheritance Tax (to be legislated) | ||
| 16.Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Vehicle and Vessel Usage Tax Detailed Rules for Implementation | 15 Sep. 1986, by State Council to be made by People ' s Governments at Provincial Level | 1 Oct. 1986 |
| 17.Provisional Regulations Concerning the Vehicle and Vessel Usage License Plate Tax Detailed Rules for Its Implementation | 20 Sep. 1951, by the Central Government Administration Council to be made by People's Governments at Provincial Level | 20 Sep. 1951 |
| 18.Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China Concerning Stamp Tax Detailed Rules for Its Implementation | 6 Aug. 1988, by State Council 29
Sep. 1988, by Ministry of Finance |
1 Oct. 1988 |
| 19.Provisional Regulations Governing Deed Tax Detailed Rules for Its Implementation | 7 Jul. 1997, by State Council
28 Oct. 1997, by Ministry of Finance |
1 Oct. 1997 |
| 20. Security Exchange Tax (to be legislated) | ||
| 21.Provisional Regulations Concerning Slaughter Tax (administered by local governments) | 19 Dec. 1950, by the Central Government Administration Council | |
| 22.Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Banquet Tax (administered by local governments) | 22 Sep. 1988, by State Council | |
| 23.Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Agriculture Tax Detailed Rules for Implementation | 3 Jun. 1958, by the 96th Session of the Standing Committee of the 1st NPC to be made by the People' s Government at Provincial Level | 3 Jun. 1958 |
| 24.The Rules of the State Council on Levying Agriculture Tax on Agriculture Specialities Measures for Its Implementation | 30 Jan. 1994, by State Council to be made by the People' s Government at Provincial Level | 30 Jan. 1958 |
| 25. Animal Husbandry Tax: no national legislation | If levied, rules should be made by the provincial governments concerned | |
| 26. Regulations of the People ' s Republic of China on Import and Export Customs Duty | 7 Mar. 1992, by State Council; Second revision by State Council on March 18, 1992 | 1 Apr. 1992 |
| 27. Rules of Levying Customs Duty on Entry Passengers ' Luggage and Personal Postal Articles | 18 May 1994, by the Customs Tariff and Classification Committee of the State Council | 1 Jul. 1994 |
| 28. Law of the People's Republic of China on Tax Administration and Collection Detailed Rules for Its Implementation | 4 Sep. 1992, passed by 27th Session of the Standing Committee of the 7th NPC, revised and re-promulgated by the 12th Session of the Standing Committee of the 8th NPC on 28 Feb. 1995
4 Aug. 1993, by the State Council |
28 Feb. 1995
4 Aug. 1993 |
| 29. Supplementary Rules of the Standing Committee of NPC of the People's Republic of China on Punishing Tax Evasions and Refusal to Pay Taxes | 4 Sep. 1992, by the 27th Session of the Standing Committee of the 7th NPC | 1 Jan. 1993 |
| 30.Measures of the People's Republic of China on Invoice Management Detailed Rules for Its Implementation | 12 Dec. 1993, approved by State Council and issued by Ministry of Finance on 23 Dec. 1993
28 Dec. 1993, by the State Administration of Taxation |
23 Dec. 1993 |
| 31. Resolutions of the Standing Committee of NPC of the People's Republic of China on Punishing Any False Issuance, Forgery and/or Illegal Sales of VAT Invoices | 30 Oct. 1995, by the 16th Session of the Standing Committee of the 8th NPC | 30 Oct. 1995 |
| 32. Rules on Tax Administrative Appealing | 6 Nov. 1993, by the SAT | 6 Nov. 1993 |
Note: The provisions of criminal responsibilities in Supplementary Rules of the Standing Committee of NPC of the People's Republic of China on Penalizing Tax Evasions and Refusal to Pay Taxes and Resolutions of the Standing Committee of NPC of the People's Republic of China on Penalizing Any False Issuance, Forgery and/or Illegal Sales of VAT Invoices have been integrated into the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China revised and promulgated on 14 March 1997.
Foreign investment taxation
There are 14 kinds of taxes currently applicable to the enterprises with foreign investment, foreign enterprises and/or foreigners, namely: Value Added Tax, Consumption Tax, Business Tax, Income Tax on Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises, Individual Income Tax, Resource Tax, Land Appreciation Tax, Urban Real Estate Tax, Vehicle and Vessel Usage License Plate Tax, Stamp Tax, Deed Tax, Slaughter Tax, Agriculture Tax, and Customs Duties.
Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan and overseas Chinese and the enterprises with their investment are taxed in reference to the taxation on foreigners, enterprises with foreign investment and/or foreign enterprises. In an effort to encourage inward flow of funds, technology and information, China provides numerous preferential treatments in foreign taxation, and has successively concluded tax treaties with 60 countries (by July 1999): Japan, the US, France, UK, Belgium, Germany, Malaysia, Norway, Denmark, Singapore, Finland, Canada, Sweden, New Zealand, Thailand, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Australia, Bulgaria, Pakistan, Kuwait, Switzerland, Cyprus, Spain, Romania, Austria, Brazil, Mongolia, Hungary, Malta, the UAE, Luxembourg, South Korea, Russia, Papua New Guinea, India, Mauritius, Croatia, Belarus, Slovenia, Israel, Vietnam, Turkey, Ukraine, Armenia, Jamaica, Iceland, Lithuania, Latvia, Uzbekistan, Bangladesh, Yugoslavia, Sudan, Macedonia, Egypt, Portugal, Estonia, and Laos, 51 of which have been in force.
Urban and Township Land Use Tax
(1) Taxpayers
The taxpayers of Urban and Township Land Use Tax include all enterprises, units, individual household businesses and other individuals (excluding enterprises with foreign investment, foreign enterprises and foreigners).
(2) Tax payable per unit
The tax payable per unit is differentiated with different ranges for different regions, i.e., the annual amount of tax payable per square meter is: 0.5-10 yuan for large cities, 0.4-8 yuan for medium-size cities, 0.3-6 yuan for small cities, or 0.2-4 yuan for mining districts. Upon approval, the tax payable per unit for poor area may be lowered or that for developed area may be raised to some extent.
(3) Computation
The amount of tax payable is computed on the basis of the actual size of the land occupied by the taxpayers and by applying the specified applicable tax payable per unit. The formula is:
Tax payable = Size of land occupied ×Tax payable per unit
(4) Major exemptions
Tax exemptions may be given on land occupied by governmental organs, people's organizations and military units for their own use; land occupied by units for their own use which are financed by the institutional allocation of funds from financial departments of the State; land occupied by religious temples, parks and historic scenic spots for their own use; land for public use occupied by Municipal Administration, squares and green land; land directly utilized for production in the fields of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery industries; land used for water reservation and protection; and land occupied for energy and transportation development upon approval of the State.
City Maintenance and Construction Tax
(1) Taxpayers
The enterprises of any nature, units, individual household businesses and other individuals (excluding enterprises with foreign investment, foreign enterprises and foreigners) who are obliged to pay Value Added Tax, consumption Tax and/or Business Tax are the taxpayers of City Maintenance and Construction Tax.
(2) Tax rates and computation of tax payable
Differential rates are adopted: 7% rate for city area, 5% rate for county and township area and 1% rate for other area. The tax is based on the actual amount of VAT, Consumption Tax and/or Business Tax paid by the taxpayers, and paid together with the three taxes mentioned above. The formula for calculating the amount of the tax payable:
Tax payable = Tax base × tax rate Applicable.
Fixed Assets Investment Orientation Regulation Tax
(1) Taxpayers
This tax is imposed on enterprises, units, individual household businesses and other individuals who invest into fixed assets within the territory of the People's Republic of China (excluding enterprises with foreign investment, foreign enterprises and foreigners).
(2) Taxable items and tax rates
Table of Taxable Items and Tax Rates:
| Taxable Items | Tax Rates |
|---|---|
| A .Infrastructure 1. State urgent projects 2. Projects encouraged by the State but restricted by the condition of transportation and energy 3. Office buildings, hotels and guest houses 4. Residential buildings (including commercial residential buildings) 5. Other |
0% 5% 30% 0%,5% 15% |
| B. Renewal and transformation projects 1. State urgent projects (same as infrastructure) 2.Other renewal and transformation projects * |
0% 10% |
(* For some residential building investment projects, the rate is 5%.)
(3) Computation of tax payable
This tax is based on the total investment actually put into fixed assets. For renewal and transformation projects, the tax is imposed on the investment of the completed part of the construction project. The formula for calculating the tax payable is:
Tax payable - Amount of investment completed or amount of investment in construction project × Applicable rate
Land Appreciation Tax
| Level | Tax base | Tax rates |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | That part of the appreciation amount not exceeding 50% of the sum of deductible items | 30% |
| 2 | That part of the appreciation amount exceeding 50%, but not exceeding 100%, of the sum of deductible items | 40% |
| 3 | That part of the appreciation amount exceeding 100%, but not exceeding 200%, of the sum of deductible items | 50% |
| 4 | That part of the appreciation amount exceeding 200% of the sum of deductible items | 60% |
(3) Computation of tax payable
To calculate the amount of Land Appreciation Tax payable, the first step is to arrive at the appreciation amount derived by the taxpayer from the transfer of real estate, which equals to the balance of proceeds received by the taxpayer on the transfer of real estate after deducting the sum of relevant deductible items. Then the amount of tax payable shall be calculated respectively for different parts of the appreciation by applying the applicable tax rates in line with the percentages of the appreciation amount over the sum of the deductible items. The sum of the amount of tax payable for different parts of the appreciation shall be the full amount of tax payable by the taxpayers. The formula is:
Tax payable = Σ (Part of appreciation ×Applicable rate)
(4) Major exemptions
The Land Appreciation Tax shall be exempt in situations where the appreciation amount on the sale of ordinary standard residential buildings construction by taxpayers for sale does not exceed 20% of the sum of deductible items and when the real estate is taken over or repossessed in accordance to the laws due to the construction requirements of the State.
Urban Real Estate Tax
(1) Taxpayers
-At present, this tax is only applied to enterprises with foreign investment, foreign enterprises and foreigners, and levied on house property only.
Taxpayers are owners, mortgagees custodians and/or users of house property.
(2) Tax base, tax rates and computation of tax payable
-Two different rates are applied to two different bases: one rate of 1. 2% is applied to the value of house property, and the other rate of 18% is applied to the rental income from the property. The formula for calculating House Property Tax payable is:
Tax payable = Tax base ×Applicable rate
(3) Major exemptions and reductions
-Newly constructed buildings shall be exempt from the tax for three years commencing from the month in which the construction is completed. Renovated buildings for which the renovation expenses exceed one half of the expenses of the new construction of such buildings shall be exempt from the tax for two years commencing from the month in which the renovation is completed. Other house property may be granted tax exemption or reduction for special reasons by the People's Government at provincial level or above.
Vehicle and Vessel Usage License Plate Tax
(1) Taxpayers
At this moment, this tax is only applied to the enterprises with foreign investment, foreign enterprises, and foreigners. The users of the taxable vehicles and vessels are taxpayers of this tax.
(2) Tax amount per unit
The tax amount per unit is different for vehicles and vessels:
a. Tax amount per unit for vehicles: 15-80 yuan per passenger vehicle per quarter; 4-15 yuan per net tonnage per quarter for cargo vehicles; 5-20 yuan per motorcycle per quarter. 0.3-8 yuan per non-motored vehicle per quarter.
b. Tax amount per unit for vessels: 0.3- 1.1 yuan per net tonnage per quarter for motorized vessels; 0.15-0.35 yuan per non-motorized vessel.
(3) Computation
The tax base for vehicles is the quantity or the net tonnage of taxable vehicles The tax base for vessels is the net-tonnage or the deadweight tonnage of the taxable vessels. The formula for computing the tax payable is:
a. Tax payable = Quantity (or net-tonnage ) of taxable vehicles × Applicable tax amount per unit b. Tax payable = Net-tonnage (or deadweight tonnage) of taxable vessels × Applicable tax amount per unit
(4) Exemptions
a. Tax exemptions may be given on the vehicles used by Embassies and Consulates in China; the vehicles used by diplomatic representatives, consuls, administrative and technical staffs and their spouses and non-grown-up children living together with them.
b. Tax exemptions may be given as stipulated in some provinces and municipalities on the fire vehicles, ambulances, water sprinkling vehicles and similar vehicles of enterprises with foreign investment and foreign enterprises.
Individual income tax
From October 1, 2018[5]
| Taxable income | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| from [RMB] | to [RMB] | tax rate [%] | Quick deduction |
| 1 | 2999 | 3 | 0 |
| 3000 | 11999 | 10 | 210 |
| 12000 | 24999 | 20 | 1410 |
| 25000 | 34999 | 25 | 2660 |
| 35000 | 54999 | 30 | 4410 |
| 55000 | 79999 | 35 | 7160 |
| 80000 | over | 45 | 15160 |
Tax exemption: 5000 RMB for both residents and not residents.
Taxable income = income - tax exemption
Monthly tax formula: (taxable income * tax rate) - quick deduction = tax
Example: ((10000 - 5000) * 10%) - 210 = 290 RMB in taxes
Note that both, tax rate and quick deduction, are based on the 'income' AFTER the 'tax exemption': the 'taxable income'.
Tax governance
As of 2007, a paper reported that about two-thirds of tax revenue was spent at the local level and that "the ratio of central revenue to total tax revenues reached a low of 22 per cent in 1993, before rising to the 50 per cent level following the 1994 tax reform".[6]: 46
Malware
Companies operating in China are required to use tax software from either Baiwang or Aisino (subsidiary of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation), highly sophisticated malware has been found in products from both vendors.[7][8] Both sets of malware allowed for the theft of corporate secrets and other industrial espionage.[9]
GoldenSpy
GoldenSpy was discovered in 2020 inside Aisino's Intelligent Tax Software, it allows system level access allowing an attacker nearly full control over an infected system. It was discovered that the Intelligent Tax software's uninstall feature would leave the malware in place if used.[10]
After GoldenSpy was discovered its creator's attempted to scrub it from infected systems in an attempt to cover their tracks. The uninstaller was delivered directly through the tax software. A second more sophisticated version of the uninstaller was later deployed as well.[11]
GoldenHelper
GoldenHelper was discovered after GoldenSpy and is an equally sophisticated malware program which was part of the Golden Tax Invoicing software from Baiwang which is used by all companies in China to pay VAT. While it was discovered after GoldenSpy GoldenHelper had been operating for longer. This discovery indicated that Chinese tax software was harboring malware for much longer than suspected.[12][13]
See also
- State Administration of Taxation
- General Administration of Customs
- Ministry of Finance
- List of Chinese administrative divisions by tax revenues
- Tax-Sharing Reform of China in 1994
References
- An Overview of China's Tax System. 10-27-2007. State Administration of Taxation.
- Tax System of the People's Republic of China. Beijing Local Taxation Bureau.
- ^ Mary Swire (January 27, 2014). "China's Tax Revenues Rose By 9.8 Percent In 2013". Tax-News.com. Retrieved 2014-12-23.
- ^ "China's fiscal revenue rises 10.1% in 2013". China Daily. January 23, 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-23.
- ^ "China's reputation for low-cost manufacturing under attack". The Economist. 2017-01-14. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
- ^ "China plans 10 major steps to spark growth as fiscal, monetary policies ease" (website location) Xinhuanet, 9 November 2008
- ^ Riccardi, Lorenzo (2013), "Individual Income Tax Law", Chinese Tax Law and International Treaties, Springer International Publishing, pp. 9–21, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-00275-0_2, ISBN 9783319002743
- ^ T Eger, MG Faure, N Zhang, Z Naigen. (2007). Economic Analysis of Law in China Archived 2011-05-01 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Goodin, Dan. "Malware stashed in China-mandated software is more extensive than thought". arstechnica.com. Ars Technica. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
- ^ "Global finance falls victim to China's spyware campaign". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
- ^ Dilanian, Ken. "Cybersecurity firm finds more spyware hidden in Chinese tax software". www.nbcnews.com. NBC News.
- ^ Cimpanu, Catalin. "Chinese bank forced western companies to install malware-laced tax software". www.zdnet.com. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
- ^ Barth, Bradley. "'GoldenSpy' tax software campaign tries to erase evidence of malware". www.scmagazine.com. SC Magazine. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
- ^ Muncaster, Phil. "More Malware Found Hidden in Chinese Tax Software". www.infosecurity-magazine.com. Infosecurity Magazine. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
- ^ Hussey, Brian. "GoldenSpy Chapter 4: GoldenHelper Malware Embedded in Official Golden Tax Software". www.trustwave.com. Trustwave. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
Further reading
- Liu, Zuo (2006). Taxation in China. Cengage Learning Asia. ISBN 978-981-254-438-4.
- Li, Jinyan (1991). Taxation in the People's Republic of China. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-275-93688-4.
- Brean, Donald (1998). Taxation in Modern China. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92018-6.
- Bahl, Roy (1998). Taxation Reform in China. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-59003-2.
- Wang, Xuanhui (1998). Taxation in China 1997/98. Sweet & Maxwell. ISBN 978-962-661-003-9.
- Gelatt, Timothy (1986). Corporate and Individual Taxation in the People's Republic of China. Sweet & Maxwell. ISBN 978-0-85121-057-5.
- Bernstein, Thomas; Xiaobo Lü (2003). Taxation without Representation in Contemporary Rural China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81318-1.
- Han Liang Huang (2003). The Land Tax in China. University Press of the Pacific. ISBN 978-1-4102-0867-5.
- Li, Jian; Alan Paisey (2007). Transfer Pricing Audits in China. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-00196-1.
- Wang, Shaoguang; Angang Hu (2001). The Chinese Economy in Crisis: State Capacity and Tax Reform. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-0766-9.
- Zhang, Xin (2003). Law and Practice of International Tax Treaties in China. Wildy, Simmonds and Hill Publishing. ISBN 978-1-898029-62-5.
- Environmental Taxes: Recent Developments in China and Oecd Countries. OECD. 1999. ISBN 978-92-64-17092-6.
- Jin, Chaowu (2006). Regulatory Environment of Chinese Taxation. William S Hein & Co. ISBN 978-0-8377-3325-8.
- China Tax Guide. USA Ibp. 2003. ISBN 978-0-7397-6280-6.
- Dimancescu, Katherine (2006). China Tax and Financial Planning Briefing. WorldTrade Executive. ISBN 978-1-893323-87-2.
- Yu, Bingqing (1999). Law of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of Tax Collection. Foreign Languages Press. ISBN 978-7-119-02477-6.
- Fulton, Trish; Jinyan Li; Dianqing Xu (1998). China's Tax Reform Options. World Scientific Publishing. ISBN 978-981-02-3447-8.
- Gensler, Howard; Jiliang Yang; Yongfu Li (1998). A Guide to China's Tax and Business Laws. Sweet & Maxwell Asia. ISBN 978-962-661-122-7.
- China Master Tax Guide. Kluwer Law International. 2005. ISBN 978-90-411-2424-1.
- Moser, Michael; Winston K. Zee (1999). China Tax Guide. OUP China. ISBN 978-0-19-590610-3.
- Gensler, Howard (1998). China Tax and Accounting Manual. Asia Law & Practice. ISBN 978-962-936-035-1.
- Farah, Paolo Davide (2015-11-24). "China's Role and Contribution in The Global Governance of Climate Change: Institutional Adjustments for Carbon Tax Introduction, Collection and Management in China". Journal of World Energy Law and Business. 8 (6). SSRN 2695612.
- Denis V. Kadochnikov (2019) Fiscal decentralization and regional budgets’ changing roles: a comparative case study of Russia and China, Area Development and Policy, DOI: 10.1080/23792949.2019.1705171
History
- Huang, R. Taxation and Governmental Finance in Sixteenth Century Ming China (Cambridge U. Press, 1974)
External links
- The Economist. China's tax system. April 12, 2007.
