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ST2 cardiac biomarker

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interleukin 1 receptor-like 1
Identifiers
SymbolIL1RL1
NCBI gene9173
HGNC5998
OMIM601203
RefSeqNM_016232
UniProtQ01638
Other data
LocusChr. 2 q12
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro

The ST2 cardiac biomarker (also known as soluble interleukin 1 receptor-like 1) is a protein biomarker of cardiac stress encoded by the IL1RL1 gene. ST2 signals the presence and severity of adverse cardiac remodeling and tissue fibrosis, which occurs in response to myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, or worsening heart failure.[1][2]

ST2 provides prognostic information that is independent of other cardiac biomarkers such as BNP, NT-proBNP, highly sensitive troponin, GDF-15, and galectin-3.[3] One study indicated that discrimination is independent of age, body mass index, history of heart failure, anemia and impaired kidney function or sex.[4]

Protein

Main article: IL1RL1

ST2 is a member of the interleukin 1 receptor family. The ST2 protein has two isoforms and is directly implicated in the progression of cardiac disease: a soluble form (referred to as soluble ST2 or sST2) and a membrane-bound receptor form (referred to as the ST2 receptor or ST2L). When the myocardium is stretched, the ST2 gene is upregulated, increasing the concentration of circulating soluble ST2.[3] The ligand for ST2 is the cytokine interleukin-33 (IL-33). Binding of IL-33 to the ST2 receptor, in response to cardiac disease or injury, such as an ischemic event, elicits a cardioprotective effect resulting in preserved cardiac function. This cardioprotective IL-33 signal is counterbalanced by the level of soluble ST2, which binds IL-33 and makes it unavailable to the ST2 receptor for cardioprotective signaling. As a result, the heart is subjected to greater stress in the presence of high levels of soluble ST2.

Correlation with mortality

Published and peer-reviewed findings indicate that ST2 is a predictor of mortality at presentation.[5] Studies have shown patients with ST2 levels above a clinical threshold consistently have a much higher risk of mortality while, equally important, patients with ST2 levels below threshold have a very low risk of mortality.[6][7] Although it has been shown that ST2 concentrations correlate with heart failure severity[8] there is no level that perfectly separates patients with and without heart failure for disease diagnosis. However, as a prognostic marker it has been clearly shown that patients are at a higher risk of adverse outcomes when ST2 levels are above a cutoff value of 35 ng/mL.[6]

Patients with ACS

ST2 is a strong predictor of cardiovascular death and risk of developing new heart failure in ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) & NSTE-ACS patients. In patients presenting with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), those in the highest quartile (above 35 ng/ml) have more than 3 times higher risk of cardiovascular death and new heart failure at 30 days, than those in the lower quartiles. At one year, there is a relative risk of 2.3 for adverse outcomes.[9]

ST2 is an active participant in the cardiac remodeling pathway and could identify which patients will respond to Eplerenone, or other therapies that reverse myocardial fibrosis.[10]

Clinical utility

  • ST2 has considerable prognostic value and is used as an aid for risk stratification in identifying patients who are at high risk of mortality and rehospitalization in patients diagnosed with heart failure.[11]
  • ST2 is independent of natriuretic peptides, such as natriuretic peptide BNP and NT-proBNP, and therefore provide unique and complementary prognostic information.[12]
  • ST2 is also not adversely influenced by age, impaired renal function or elevated body mass index (BMI), common confounding situations for natriuretic peptide measurements.[2]
  • Repeated measurements of ST2 may aid in clinical decision-making.[11][13]

The ST2 test

ST2 is measured by an immunoassay, commercially marketed as the Presage ST2 Assay by Critical Diagnostics of San Diego, California.[14] The assay has Food and Drug Administration approval and a CE Mark.[15]

References

  1. ^ Shah RV, Januzzi JL (March 2010). "ST2: a novel remodeling biomarker in acute and chronic heart failure". Curr Heart Fail Rep. 7 (1): 9–14. doi:10.1007/s11897-010-0005-9. PMID 20425491. S2CID 12213563.
  2. ^ a b Rehman SU, Mueller T, Januzzi JL (October 2008). "Characteristics of the novel interleukin family biomarker ST2 in patients with acute heart failure". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 52 (18): 1458–65. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.042. PMID 19017513.
  3. ^ a b doi=10.1016/j.jchf.2012.10.002
  4. ^ "MULTIPLE STUDIES SHOW SUPERIORITY OF CRITICAL DIAGNOSTICS' ST2 OVER BNP, NT-PROBNP AND OTHER HEART FAILURE BIOMARKERS". July 24, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
  5. ^ Braunwald E (May 2008). "Biomarkers in heart failure". N. Engl. J. Med. 358 (20): 2148–59. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0800239. PMID 18480207.
  6. ^ a b Ky B, French B, McCloskey K, Rame JE, McIntosh E, Shahi P, Dries DL, Tang WH, Wu AH, Fang JC, Boxer R, Sweitzer NK, Levy WC, Goldberg LR, Jessup M, Cappola TP (March 2011). "High-sensitivity ST2 for prediction of adverse outcomes in chronic heart failure". Circ Heart Fail. 4 (2): 180–7. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.110.958223. PMC 3163169. PMID 21178018.
  7. ^ Kohli P, Bonaca MP, Kakkar R, Kudinova AY, Scirica BM, Sabatine MS, Murphy SA, Braunwald E, Lee RT, Morrow DA (November 2011). "Role of ST2 in Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome in the MERLIN-TIMI 36 Trial". Clin. Chem. 58 (1): 257–66. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2011.173369. PMC 4277435. PMID 22096031.
  8. ^ Socrates T, deFilippi C, Reichlin T, Twerenbold R, Breidhardt T, Noveanu M, Potocki M, Reiter M, Arenja N, Heinisch C, Meissner J, Jaeger C, Christenson R, Mueller C (November 2010). "Interleukin family member ST2 and mortality in acute dyspnoea". J. Intern. Med. 268 (5): 493–500. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02263.x. PMID 20804518. S2CID 3395239.
  9. ^ P Kohli (2012). "Role of ST2 in Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome in the MERLIN-TIMI 36 Trial". Clinical Chemistry. 58 (1): 257–66. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2011.173369. PMC 4277435. PMID 22096031.
  10. ^ Weir RA, Miller AM, Murphy GE, Clements S, Steedman T, Connell JM, McInnes IB, Dargie HJ, McMurray JJ (January 2010). "Serum soluble ST2: a potential novel mediator in left ventricular and infarct remodeling after acute myocardial infarction". J Am Coll Cardiol. 55 (3): 243–50. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.08.047. PMID 20117403.
  11. ^ a b Bayes-Genis A, Pascual-Figal D, Januzzi JL, Maisel A, Casas T, Valdés Chávarri M, Ordóñez-Llanos J (October 2010). "Soluble ST2 monitoring provides additional risk stratification for outpatients with decompensated heart failure". Rev Esp Cardiol. 63 (10): 1171–8. doi:10.1016/s1885-5857(10)70231-0. PMID 20875357.
  12. ^ Sabatine MS, Morrow DA, Higgins LJ, MacGillivray C, Guo W, Bode C, Rifai N, Cannon CP, Gerszten RE, Lee RT (April 2008). "Complementary roles for biomarkers of biomechanical strain ST2 and N-terminal prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction". Circulation. 117 (15): 1936–44. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.728022. PMC 4273564. PMID 18378613.
  13. ^ Boisot S, Beede J, Isakson S, Chiu A, Clopton P, Januzzi J, Maisel AS, Fitzgerald RL (November 2008). "Serial sampling of ST2 predicts 90-day mortality following destabilized heart failure". J. Card. Fail. 14 (9): 732–8. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2008.06.415. PMID 18995177.
  14. ^ "Critical Diagnostics". Critical Diagnostics.
  15. ^ "510(k) Premarket Notification". United States Food and Drug Administration.
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