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The Californias

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This article is about the region. For the province, see Province of Las Californias. For other uses, see California (disambiguation).
"Baja California Province" redirects here. For other divisions by that name, see Baja California (disambiguation).
The Californias
Las Californias
Region of North America
Country
  • Mexico
  • United States
U.S. stateCalifornia
Mexican statesBaja California
Baja California Sur
Principal cities
List
Area
 • Total569,329 km2 (219,819 sq mi)
Population
 • Total43,636,740
 • Density77/km2 (200/sq mi)
Time zonesUTC-8 (Pacific Standard Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (Pacific Daylight Time)
UTC-7 (Mountain Standard Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-6 (Mountain Daylight Time)

The Californias (Spanish: Las Californias), occasionally known as The Three Californias[1][2][3][4] or Two Californias,[5][6][7] are a region of North America spanning the United States and Mexico, consisting of the U.S. state of California and the Mexican states of Baja California and Baja California Sur.[8][9][10][11] Historically, the term Californias was used to define the vast northwestern region of Spanish America, as the Province of the Californias (Spanish: Provincia de las Californias), and later as a collective term for Alta California and the Baja California Peninsula.[12][13]

Originally a single, vast entity within the Spanish Empire, as the Californias became defined in their geographical limits, their administration was split various times into Baja California (Lower California) and Alta California (Upper California), especially during the Mexican control of the region, following the Mexican War of Independence. As a part of the Mexican–American War (1846–48), the American Conquest of Alta California saw the vast Alta California territory ceded from Mexico to the United States. The populated coastal region of the territory was admitted into the Union in 1850 as the State of California, while the vast, sparsely populated interior region would only later gain statehood as Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, Wyoming, and Colorado.

Today, Californias is a collective term to refer to the American and Mexican states bearing the name California, which share geography, history, cultures, and strong economic ties.[14][15]

Etymology

Main article: Etymology of California
The name of California and its mythical ruler Queen Calafia, originate in the 1510 epic Las Sergas de Esplandián, written by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo.

There has been understandable confusion about use of the plural Californias by Spanish colonial authorities. California historian Theodore Hittell offered the following explanation:

In very early times, while the country was supposed to be an island or rather several islands, it was commonly known by the plural appellation of "Las Californias" (The Californias). Afterwards, when its peninsular character was ascertained, it was called simply California; but the territory so designated was unlimited in extent. When the expeditions for the settlement of San Diego and Monterey marched, it was understood that they were going, not out of California, but into a new part of it. The peninsula then began to be generally spoken of as Antigua or Old California and the unlimited remainder as Nueva or New California, subsequently more commonly called Alta or Upper California. At the same time the old plural name of The Californias was revived, but with a more definite signification than before.[16]

History

The first attempted Spanish occupation of California was by the Jesuit missionary Eusebio Kino, in 1683. His Misión San Bruno failed, however, and it was not until 1697 that Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó was successfully established by another Jesuit, Juan María de Salvatierra. The mission became the nucleus of Loreto, first permanent settlement and first administrative center of the province. The Jesuits went on to found a total of 18 missions in the lower two-thirds of the Baja California Peninsula.

Province of New Spain

Main article: Province of Las Californias
A New Map of North America, produced in London following the 1763 Treaty of Paris, five years before the establishment of the Province of the Californias. Note the name "California" placed on the Baja California Peninsula.

In 1767, the Jesuits were expelled from the missions, and Franciscans were brought in to take over. Gaspar de Portolá was appointed governor to supervise the transition. At the same time, a new visitador, José de Gálvez, was dispatched from Spain with authority to organize and expand the fledgling province.[17]

Evolution of the political boundaries of the Californias:
  Palóu Line (1804–1836)
  Gila River; border between Las Californias/Alta California and Sonora (1767–1847)
  Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848–Present)
  Baja California Sur boundary (1931–Present)

The more ambitious province name, Las Californias, was established by a joint dispatch to the King from Viceroy de Croix and visitador José de Gálvez, dated January 28, 1768. Gálvez sought to make a distinction between the Antigua ('old') area of established settlement and the Nueva ('new') unexplored areas to the north. At that time, almost the only explored and settled areas of the province were around the former Jesuit missions but, once exploration and settlement of the northern frontier began in earnest, the geographical designations Alta ('upper') and Baja ('lower') gained favor.

The single province was divided in 1804, into Alta California province and Baja California province.[18] By the time of the 1804 split, the Alta province had expanded to include coastal areas as far north as what is now the San Francisco Bay Area in the U.S. state of California. Expansion came through exploration and colonization expeditions led by Portolá (1769), his successor Pedro Fages (1770), Juan Bautista de Anza (1774–76), the Franciscan missionaries and others. Independent Mexico retained the division but demoted the former provinces to territories, due to populations too small for statehood.

Department of Mexico

Seal of the Government of the Department of the Californias, from 1836 to 1846.
Department of the Californias
Departamento de las Californias
Department of Centralist Republic of Mexico
1836–1847

CapitalLoreto, Ensenada, Pueblo de Los Angeles, & Monterey
DemonymCalifornio
History 
• Established
1836
• Disestablished
1847
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Alta California
Baja California Territory
California Republic
Mexican Cession
Baja California Territory
Today part ofCalifornia
Baja California
Baja California Sur
Nevada
Arizona
Utah
Wyoming
Main articles: Mexican War of Independence, Treaty of Córdoba, First Mexican Empire, Provisional Government of Mexico, First Mexican Republic, Centralist Republic of Mexico, Santa María–Calatrava Treaty, Siete Leyes, Mexican–American War, California Republic, and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

In 1836, the designation Las Californias was revived, reuniting Alta and Baja California into a single departamento (department) as part of the conservative government reforms codified in the Siete Leyes (Seven Laws). The Seven Laws were repealed in 1847, during the Mexican–American War, and the split of the two Californias was restored.

California briefly achieved independence after the Bear Flag Revolt but quickly came under the occupation of American forces.[19]

Following Mexico's defeat in the war, most of the former Alta California territory was ceded on 2 February 1848 to the United States, under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The new Mexico–United States border was established slightly to the north of the previous Alta-Baja border, and the terms Las Californias and Alta California were no longer formally used. The areas in North America acquired by the U.S. were designated as unorganized "territory" under a military governor, pending re-establishment of civilian control and organization. California was the first section of the territory to achieve statehood, two years later.

Geography

The Baja California Peninsula is bordered on three sides by water, the Pacific Ocean (south and west) and Gulf of California (east); while Alta California had the Pacific Ocean on the west and deserts on the east. A northern boundary was established by the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819. That boundary line remains the northern boundary of the U.S. states of California, Nevada, and the western part of Utah.

Inland regions were mostly unexplored by the Spanish, leaving them generally outside the control of the colonial authorities. Mountain ranges of the Peninsular Ranges, eastern Transverse Ranges, and the Sierra Nevada, along with the arid Colorado Desert, Mojave Desert, and Great Basin Desert in their eastern rain shadows, served as natural barriers to Spanish settlement. The eastern border of upper Las Californias was never officially defined under either Spanish or subsequent Mexican rule.[20] The 1781 Instrucciones and government correspondence described Alta California ("Upper California") as the areas to the west of the Sierra Nevada and the lower part of the Colorado River in the Lower Colorado River Valley (the river forms the present day border between the states of California and Arizona).[21]

Territorial Evolution of Las Californias
Initial Spanish Colonialization (1767–1804) Late Spanish Colonial Period – First Mexican Republic (1804–1835) Centralist Republic of Mexico (1837–1847) After Mexican–American War Territory prior to statehood Statehood
Provincia de las Californias Spanish Empire Territorio de Baja California Spanish EmpireFirst Mexican Empire Departamento de las Californias Mexico Territorio de Baja California Mexico (1824–1931) (with land transferred from Alta California) Baja California Sur (1931–1974) Baja California Sur Mexico (1974)
Territorio Norte de Baja California (1931–1952) Baja California Mexico (1952)
Territorio de Alta California Spanish EmpireFirst Mexican Empire Mexican Cession United States (1848–1850) California United States (1850)
Nevada Territory (1861–1864) Nevada United States (1864)
Utah Territory (1850–1896) Utah United States (1896)
New Mexico Territory (1850–1866)

Arizona Territory (1863–1912)

(Northern) Arizona United States (1912)
Utah Territory (1850–1868)

Wyoming Territory (1868–1890)

(Southwestern) Wyoming United States (1890)

See also

References

  1. ^ "Wilson Center – Institute of the Three Californias" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2018-03-18.
  2. ^ "Freemasons of California: Conference of the Three Californias". Archived from the original on 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2018-03-18.
  3. ^ Torrans, Thomas (2002). The Magic Curtain: the Mexican-American Border in Fiction, Film, and Song. TCU Press. ISBN 978-0-87565-257-3.
  4. ^ Assembly, California Legislature (1942). Journal of the Assembly, Legislature of the State of California.
  5. ^ Mathes, Michael (1965). "The Two Californias during World War II". California Historical Society Quarterly. 44 (4): 323–331. doi:10.2307/25155757. ISSN 0008-1175.
  6. ^ Two California, Three Religious Orders, and Fifty Missions
  7. ^ Staff, Liberation. "Two Californias meet at the border to demand justice for farm workers – Liberation News". Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  8. ^ "Missions of the Californias". CA State Parks. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  9. ^ "Lieutenant-Governor of California: Commission of the Californias". Archived from the original on 2019-01-02. Retrieved 2018-03-18.
  10. ^ Geiger, Maynard (April 1952). "The Arrival of the Franciscans in the Californias-1768–1769". The Americas. 8 (2): 209–218. doi:10.2307/978302. ISSN 0003-1615.
  11. ^ "Video: Is this the first or last beach in the Californias?". Los Angeles Times. 2015-03-06. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  12. ^ Farnham, Thomas Jefferson (1844). Travels in the Californias, and scenes in the Pacific Ocean. University of California Libraries. New York : Saxton & Miles.
  13. ^ School, Stanford Law. "The Case of the Pious Fund of the Californias. United States of America Vs. Republic of Mexico. Replication of the United States of America to the Answer of the Republic of Mexico". Stanford Law School. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  14. ^ MexicoMatters – Economy of the Three Californias
  15. ^ LA Times – What the Baja Boom Means for Our State
  16. ^ Hittell, Theodore Henry (1898). History of California. San Francisco: N.J. Stone & Company. p. 510. OCLC 21706930. las californias.
  17. ^ Richman, I. B. (1965). California under Spain and Mexico, 1535–1847: A contribution toward the history of the Pacific coast of the United States, based on original sources, chiefly manuscript, in the Spanish and Mexican Archives and other repositories, pp.64–66. New York: Cooper Square Publishers.
  18. ^ Bancroft, H. H. (1970). History of California: Vol. II, 1801–1824, pp.20–21. Santa Barbara Calif.: Wallace Hebberd. (Note: Bancroft translated the names of the two new provinces as "Antigua" and "Nueva", but Richman uses Baja and Alta – as on the 1847 map of Mexico.)
  19. ^ "Bear Flag Revolt | United States history".
  20. ^ José Bandini, in a note to Governor Echeandía or to his son Juan Bandini, a member of the Territorial Deputation (legislature), noted that Alta California was bounded "on the east, where the Government has not yet established the [exact] borderline, by either the Colorado River or the great Sierra (Sierra Nevada Range)". A Description of California in 1828 by José Bandini (Berkeley, Friends of the Bancroft Library, 1951), 3. Reprinted in Mexican California (New York, Arno Press, 1976). ISBN 0-405-09538-4
  21. ^ Chapman, Charles Edward (1973) [1916]. The Founding of Spanish California: The Northwestward Expansion of New Spain, 1687–1783. New York: Octagon Books. p. xiii.

Further reading

Main article: Bibliography of California history
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