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2020s in environmental history

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This is an environmental history of the 2020s. Environmental history refers to events and trends related to the natural environment and human interactions with it. Examples of human-induced events include biodiversity loss, climate change and holocene extinction.

Global issues

Anthropogenic effects

Anthropocene

Main article: Anthropocene

As of July 2020, neither the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) nor the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) has officially approved the term as a recognized subdivision of geologic time,[1][2][3] but in May 2019, the AWG voted in favor of submitting a formal proposal to the ICS by 2021,[4] locating potential stratigraphic markers to the mid-twentieth century of the common era.[5][4][6]

Biodiversity loss

Main article: Biodiversity loss

According to the 2020 United Nations' Global Biodiversity Outlook report, of the 20 biodiversity goals laid out by the Aichi Biodiversity Targets in 2010, only 6 were "partially achieved" by the deadline of 2020.[7] The report highlighted that if the status quo is not changed, biodiversity will continue to decline due to "currently unsustainable patterns of production and consumption, population growth and technological developments".[8] The report also singled out Australia, Brazil and Cameroon and the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador) for having had one of its animals lost to extinction in the past 10 years.[9] Following this, the leaders of 64 nations and the European Union pledged to halt environmental degradation and restore the natural world. Leaders from some of the world's biggest polluters, namely China, India, Russia, Brazil, and the United States, were not among them.[10]

Climate change

Main article: 2020 in climate change

The effects of climate change manifested in 2020 with a record 30 named Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes; the highest heat in 80-years recorded at 54.4 Celsius; massive wildfires in Australia, the Western United States, and the Arctic; and the second-lowest annual Arctic sea ice coverage.[11]

A hundred people died and 18,000 were hospitalized in Japan while France reported 1,462 heat-related deaths in 2019, an El Niño year. 2,800,000 people came down with dengue, leading to 1,250 deaths.[12]

The Milne Ice Shelf, on Ellesmere Island in the northern Canadian territory of Nunavut, collapsed in two days at the end of July 2020. This was the last fully intact Arctic ice shelf.[13]

Environmental groups declared that 2020 was at or near the hottest year on record. NASA said 2020 was tied with 2016, but NOAA said it was the second or third. NOAA said 2020 averaged 58.77 °F (14.88 °C), a few hundredths of a degree behind 2016. Other groups (World Meteorological Organization, Copernicus Group, UK Meteorological Office) had slightly different measurements. The differences in rankings mainly occurred due to how scientists accounted for data gaps in the Arctic; the difference between first or second place is considered insignificant.[14]

COVID-19 pandemic

This section is an excerpt from Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment.[edit]
Images from the NASA Earth Observatory show a stark drop in pollution in Wuhan, when comparing NO2 levels in early 2019 (top) and early 2020 (bottom).[15]
The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the environment, with changes in human activity leading to temporary changes in air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and water quality. As the pandemic became a global health crisis in early 2020, various national responses including lockdowns and travel restrictions caused substantial disruption to society, travel, energy usage and economic activity, sometimes referred to as the "anthropause". As public health measures were lifted later in the pandemic, its impact has sometimes been discussed in terms of effects on implementing renewable energy transition and climate change mitigation.

Holocene extinction

Main article: Holocene extinction

According to the World Wide Fund for Nature's 2020 Living Planet Report, wildlife populations have declined by 68% since 1970 as a result of overconsumption, population growth and intensive farming, which is further evidence that humans have unleashed a sixth mass extinction event.[16][17][18]

Natural events

Earthquakes and tsunamis during the decade include the 2020 Caribbean earthquake and the 2020 Zagreb earthquake. Wildfires included the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season, 2020 Western United States wildfire season, 2020 Córdoba wildfires, and as well as 2021 Turkey wildfires.

Major tropical storms and hurricanes have also made an appearance during the decade, such as Hurricane Ida and Hurricane Ian. The more-than-average amounts of rainfall, higher ground covered, and the intensifying high-speed winds that accompanied both hurricanes were indirectly alleged to be products of rising sea levels and higher atmospheric temperatures.[19][20]

In 2020, a huge swarm of desert locusts threatened to engulf massive portions of the Middle East, Africa, and Asia.[21][22] In tandem with the COVID-19 pandemic, this posed major hazards to billions of people who might be affected. Although experts had thought the insects would die out during the dry season in December 2019, unseasonal rains caused the incursion to reach unanticipated and hazardous levels.[23][24][25][26]

History by region

Africa

The 2019–2022 locust infestation caused widespread devastation of food production in the Horn of Africa.

Americas

North America

An extreme heat wave in Western North America began affecting much of the Pacific Northwest and Western Canada in late June 2021. The heat has affected northern California, Idaho, western Nevada, Oregon, and Washington in the United States, as well as British Columbia, and, in its later phase, Alberta, Manitoba, the Northwest Territories, Saskatchewan, and Yukon, all in Canada.[27] It resulted in some of the highest temperatures ever recorded in the region,[28] including the highest temperature ever measured in Canada at 49.6 °C (121.3 °F).

Central America

Hurricane Eta and Hurricane Iota (both Category 4) hit the region in November within weeks of each other, creating much devastation to the same areas. At least 250 people were killed, with billions of dollars of damage to property.

Asia

Turkey

The 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake killed 117 people in İzmir (in addition to two in Greece) after 41 had died in the Elazığ earthquake in the same year, while the 2020 Iran–Turkey earthquakes killed 10. Forty-one people were also killed by the 2020 Van avalanches.

Over two hundred wildfires burnt 1,600 square kilometres of Turkey's forest in its Mediterranean Region in July and August 2021,[29] the worst ever wildfire season in the country's history.[30]

Europe

In July 2021, several European countries were affected by catastrophic floods, causing deaths and widespread damage. The floods affected several river basins, first in the United Kingdom and later across northern and central Europe including Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Italy.[31] At least 185 people died in the floods, including 157 in Germany, 27 in Belgium and one in Italy.[32][33][34]

Netherlands

Milieudefensie v Royal Dutch Shell was a case heard by the district court of The Hague in the Netherlands in 2021 related to efforts by multinational corporations to curtail carbon dioxide emissions. The case was considered a landmark ruling in environmental law related to climate change: while previous lawsuits against governments have prevailed for improving emissions, this was considered the first major suit to hold a corporation to the tenets of the Paris Agreement.[35] While the decision only has jurisdiction in the Netherlands,[36] it is expected to set a precedent for other environmental lawsuits against other large companies with high emissions that have not taken sufficient steps to reduce their emissions.[37][38][39][40][41] The impact of the court's decision was considered by legal experts to be strengthened due to its reliance on human rights standards and international measures on climate change.[42][35][37]

Russia

The Norilsk oil spill was an industrial disaster near Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai, that began on 29 May 2020 when a fuel storage tank at Norilsk-Taimyr Energy's Thermal Power Plant No. 3 (owned by Nornickel) failed, flooding local rivers with up to 21,000 cubic metres (17,500 tonnes) of diesel oil.[43][44] Russian President Vladimir Putin declared a state of emergency in early June.[45] The accident has been described as the second-largest oil spill in modern Russian history.[46] As a result of the spill, up to 21,000 cubic metres (17,500 tonnes) of diesel oil spilled into the Daldykan River. Greenpeace Russia compared the potential environmental effects of the Norilsk spill to that of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill.[43] In the aftermath of the Norilsk spill, Russia's Prosecutor General's office ordered safety checks at all dangerous installations built on the permafrost in Russia's Arctic.[47]

From June 2021, the taiga forests in Siberia and the Far East region of Russia were hit by unprecedented wildfires, following record-breaking heat and drought.[48] For the first time in recorded history, wildfire smoke reached the North Pole.[49] Causes of the fires include monitoring difficulties,[50] the shifting patterns of the jet stream and climate change in Russia.[51] Large amounts of carbon may be released from formerly frozen ground under the fires,[52] especially peatlands[53] which continued burning from the previous year.[54]

Oceania

Australia

The 2019–20 Australian bushfire season was particularly destructive, killing at least 28 and destroying no fewer than 3,000 homes. The fires were widespread, but New South Wales (NSW) was the hardest hit. In December 2019 the smoke around Sydney was so bad that air quality was 11 times the "hazardous" level and temperatures were over 40 °C (113°-120 °F). Natural causes such as lightning strikes started most of the fires, which were exasperated by dry conditions and drought, although police in NSW arrested at least 24 people for deliberately starting fires. In total, 7.3 million hectares (17.9 million acres) have burned across Australia's six states—an area larger than Belgium and Denmark combined. Experts estimate 500 million animals died, not including bats, frogs, or insects; one-third of Australia's koalas were killed, according to Minister for the Environment Sussan Ley.[55]

See also

References

  1. ^ Edwards, Lucy E. (30 November 2015). "What is the Anthropocene?". Eos. Vol. 96. doi:10.1029/2015EO040297.
  2. ^ "Subcomission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, ICS " Working Groups". quaternary.stratigraphy.org. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  3. ^ Dvorsky, George. "New evidence suggests human beings are a geological force of nature". Gizmodo.com. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  4. ^ a b Subramanian, Meera (21 May 2019). "Anthropocene now: Influential panel votes to recognize Earth's new epoch". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01641-5. PMID 32433629. S2CID 182238145. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  5. ^ "Results of binding vote by AWG". Anthropocene Working Group. International Commission on Stratigraphy. 21 May 2019. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019.
  6. ^ Meyer, Robinson (16 April 2019). "The cataclysmic break that (maybe) occurred in 1950". The Atlantic. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
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  12. ^ Climate change is more deadly than coronavirus (in Spanish) United Nations News, 10 Mar 2020
  13. ^ "Canada's last fully intact Arctic ice shelf collapses". NBC News. Reuters. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  14. ^ "Hot again: 2020 sets yet another global temperature record". AP NEWS. 14 January 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
  15. ^ "Earth Observatory". 28 February 2020. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  16. ^ Greenfield, Patrick (September 9, 2020). "Humans exploiting and destroying nature on unprecedented scale – report". The Guardian. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  17. ^ Briggs, Helen (September 10, 2020). "Wildlife in 'catastrophic decline' due to human destruction, scientists warn". BBC. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  18. ^ Lewis, Sophie (September 9, 2020). "Animal populations worldwide have declined by almost 70% in just 50 years, new report says". CBS News. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  19. ^ "USA TODAY". www.usatoday.com. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
  20. ^ Ramirez, Rachel (2021-08-30). "Climate change is making hurricanes stronger, slower and wetter. Ida checked all the boxes". CNN. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
  21. ^ Vox.com Archived 12 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine, The other plague: Locusts are devouring crops in East Africa and the Middle East Billions of hungry insects are threatening to cause famine amid the coronavirus pandemic. By Umair Irfan and Jen Kirby 20 May 2020.
  22. ^ The Guardian Archived 12 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Unseasonal rains have allowed desert pests to breed rapidly and spread across vast distances leaving devastation in their wake.
  23. ^ Phys.org Archived 14 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine Famine risk for millions in second locust wave. by Nelson Mandela Ogema, Fiona Broom, SciDev.Net, 28 May 2020.
  24. ^ Esquimere Archived 12 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Why are swarms of locusts invading the UAE and neighbouring countries? This is the biggest outbreak of locusts in 70 years. 27 May 2020, by Sarakshi Rai.
  25. ^ Business Insider Archived 12 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Locust swarms devour fields of crops in a single day that would feed 35,000 people – and COVID-19 threatens to make the pest problem even worse, Jessica Snouwaert 19 May 2020,
  26. ^ Scientific American Archived 12 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine, NOAA is lending technical support to the United Nations in its battle against a massive locust infestation that’s spread from Africa into the Middle East and Asia. 15 May 2020.
  27. ^ Dickson, Courtney (June 25, 2021). "Western Canada heat wave expected to break daily, all-time temperature records". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
  28. ^ Berardelli, Jeff (June 27, 2021). "Pacific Northwest bakes under once in a millennium heat dome". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
  29. ^ "Turkey marks 10th day of forest fires with hopes of recovery". Daily Sabah. 2021-08-06. Archived from the original on 2021-08-06. Retrieved 2021-08-06.
  30. ^ "Turkish wildfires are worst ever, Erdogan says, as power plant breached". Reuters. 2021-08-04. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
  31. ^ "More flooding for Europe". BBC Weather. BBC. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  32. ^ "Germany floods: At least 42 dead and dozens missing after record rain". BBC News. 15 July 2021. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  33. ^ Morris, Loveday; Hassan, Jennifer (15 July 2021). "Severe flooding sweeps Germany and Belgium, killing at least 46 amid 'unusual' rains". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  34. ^ "Inondations en Wallonie: au moins 23 morts, plus de 41.000 ménages sans électricité (direct)" [Flood in Wallonia: at least 23 dead, more than 41,000 households without electricity]. Le Soir (in French). Brussels. 16 July 2021. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  35. ^ a b Brian, Stuart (26 May 2021). "Shell ordered to reduce CO2 emissions in watershed ruling". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
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  37. ^ a b Boffey, Daniel (26 May 2021). "Court orders Royal Dutch Shell to cut carbon emissions by 45% by 2030". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
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  39. ^ Corder, Mike (26 May 2021). "Court orders Royal Dutch Shell to cut net emissions by 45%". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021 – via The Washington Post.
  40. ^ Verdict Archived 26 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in Dutch)
  41. ^ Verdict Archived 26 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in English)
  42. ^ Zindy, Hanna (26 May 2021). "Court orders Shell to slash CO2 emissions in landmark climate ruling". CNN. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  43. ^ a b "Diesel fuel spill in Norilsk in Russia's Arctic contained". TASS. Moscow, Russia. 5 June 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  44. ^ Max Seddon (4 June 2020), "Siberia fuel spill threatens Moscow's Arctic ambitions", Financial Times
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  47. ^ "Arctic Circle oil spill: Russian prosecutors order checks at permafrost sites". BBC News. 5 June 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  48. ^ Fires Scorch the Sakha Republic https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/148537/fires-scorch-the-sakha-republic
  49. ^ Hayes, Kelly (2021-08-13). "Wildfire smoke reaches North Pole for 1st time in recorded history". FOX TV Digital Team. Archived from the original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  50. ^ "What's Fueling Russia's 'Unprecedented' Fires? | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com. Retrieved 2021-07-25.
  51. ^ "Extreme weather takes climate change models 'off the scale'". www.ft.com. Archived from the original on 2021-07-24. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
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  53. ^ "Siberia battles wildfires after hottest and driest June for 133 years - releasing high amounts of carbon into the atmosphere". Sky News. Retrieved 2021-07-25.
  54. ^ "Peat Fires Smolder in Siberia Despite Bone-Chilling Temperatures". The Moscow Times. 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
  55. ^ Jessie Yeung (Jan 14, 2020). "Australia's deadly wildfires are showing no signs of stopping. Here's what you need to know". CNN World. Retrieved Feb 8, 2020.
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