Timeline of Kaliningrad
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Kaliningrad, Russia. Prior to 1945, the city was known as Königsberg.
Era of Teutonic Order
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- 1255 – Fortress built by Teutonic Knights during Prussian Crusade.
- 1256 – Settlement formed north of the fortress.
- 1262 – Prussians begin to besiege castle during the Great Prussian Uprising.
- 1264 – Settlement developed south of the castle.
- 1286 – Königsberg chartered.[1]
- 1300 – Town of Löbenicht built.[2]
- 1324 – Town of Kneiphof founded.[2]
- 1340 – Königsberg joins Hanseatic League.[1]
- 1377 – Köttelbrücke (bridge) built.[3]
- 1379 (or 1397) – Schmiedebrücke (bridge) built.[4]
- 1380 – Cathedral built in Kneiphof (approximate date).
- 1387 – Kneiphof Town Hall renovated.
15th century
- 1457 – Königsberg becomes capital of the State of the Teutonic Order.[1]
- 1464 – Georg Steinhaupt becomes mayor.[3]
- 1466 - Second Treaty of Thorn
16th century
- 1519-21 - Polish-Teutonic War
- 1520 - Mikolaj Firlej lays siege to the town[citation needed]
- 1521-24 - Secularization of the Teutonic Order
- 1523 - Printing press in operation.[5]
- 1525 - Königsberg/Królewiec becomes the capital of the Duchy of Prussia, Albert becomes first Duke of Prussia[1]
- 1529 – Castle Library established
- 1542 - Pedagogium founded by Albert Hohenzollern in Kneiphof
- 1544 – Albertina University (Lutheran) founded.[2]
- 1560 - On 28 March 1560, King Zygmunt II August of Poland confers university privileges on the Albertina University, on a par with the Jagiellonian University.[citation needed]
- 1568 – March: Albert Frederick becomes Duke of Prussia.
- 1590 – Green Bridge rebuilt.[citation needed]
- 1594 – Schlosskirche (castle church) dedicated
17th century
- 1616 - A Catholic church erected by order of King Zygmunt III Vasa and the bishop of Warmia
- 1618 – Duchy of Prussia passes under control of Electors of Brandenburg, August: John Sigismund becomes Duke of Prussia
- 1619 – December: George William becomes Duke of Prussia
- 1626 – City walls built.[6]
- 1640 – December: Frederick William becomes Duke of Prussia
- 1647 – Neurossgarten Church dedicated
- 1657 -
- Brandenburg Gate built.
- Fort Friedrichsburg under construction[2]
- 1662 - the Brandenburg Elector enters city with an army and forces city fathers to swear an oath of allegiance[7]
- 1688 – April: Frederick becomes Duke of Prussia.
18th century
- 1701
- 18 January: Coronation of Frederick I of Prussia in the Schlosskirche.[6]
- Capital of Duchy of Prussia relocated from Königsberg to Berlin.
- 1709 – Plague.[6]
- 1718
- City Library opens.[8]
- Królewiec Post Polish-language newspaper begins publication (ceased in 1720).
- 1724
- 1735 – Math problem "Seven Bridges of Königsberg" presented.
- 1756 – Synagogue built.
- 1758
- 1764 – Russian occupation ends.[9]
- 1765 – Gumbinnen Gate built.
- 1780 – Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel becomes mayor.
- 1790 – Königshalle built.
19th century
- 1804 – 12 February: Immanuel Kant dies.
- 1807 – French in power.[6]
- 1809 – Paradeplatz city garden established.
- 1810 – August Wilhelm Heidemann becomes mayor.
- 1812 – School of church music founded.[citation needed]
- 1813 – Koenigsberg Observatory built.
- 1814 – Carl Friedrich Horn becomes mayor.
- 1826 – Johann Friedrich List becomes mayor.
- 1828 – Royal and University Library formed.[8]
- 1830 – Population: 54,000.[2]
- 1833 – University's Department of Chemistry opens in Neurossgarten.[citation needed]
- 1838 – Rudolf von Auerswald becomes mayor.
- 1845
- Union Giesserei foundry in business.
- New Altstadt Church dedicated.
- Art academy opens.[10]
- 1851 – Grolman Bastion built.
- 1855
- Sailing Club founded.
- Rossgarten Gate rebuilt.
- 1856 – Königsberg Cathedral restored.[1]
- 1858 – Dohna Tower built.
- 1860 – Astronomic Bastion built.
- 1861
- 18 October: Coronation of William I, German Emperor, in the Schlosskirche.
- Albertina University new campus dedicated.
- 1867 – Population: 101,507.[11]
- 1875
- Johann Karl Adolf Selke becomes mayor.
- Königsberg Stock Exchange built in Vorstadt.[12]
- 1878 – Königsberger Allgemeine Zeitung (newspaper) in publication.[13]
- 1880
- Bronsart Fort built.
- Population: 140,800.[1]
- 1883 – High Bridge rebuilt.[citation needed]
- 1886 – Siemering Museum established.[14]
- 1889 – Eisenbahnbrücke (bridge) opens.[citation needed]
- 1890 – Population: 161,666.[1]
- 1892 – Baltika Stadium opens.
- 1893 – Hermann Theodor Hoffmann becomes mayor.
- 1896 – Zoo founded.
- 1897 – Königsberger Tageblatt (newspaper) in publication.
- 1898 – Palaestra Albertina established.[15]
- 1900
- Football Club Königsberg formed.
- Population: 187,897.[9]
20th century
1900-1945
- 1901
- Queen Louise Memorial Church and Pillau-Königsberg canal built.[16][17]
- Königsberger Volkszeitung (newspaper) in publication.[18]
- 1903 – Siegfried Körte becomes mayor.
- 1906 – Bismarck tower built near city.
- 1907 – Church of the Holy Family built.
- 1912 – Stadthalle opens.
- 1913
- New Tragheim Church dedicated.
- Kunsthalle Königsberg (art gallery) opens.
- 1914 – City bombed by Russian forces.[19]
- 1919
- Hans Lohmeyer becomes mayor.
- City becomes part of the German Reich.
- Population: 260,895.[20]
- 1921 – Königsberg Devau Airport opens.
- 1927 – City Hall relocated to Hansaplatz.
- 1928 – Königsberg City Museum opens.
- 1929 – Central railway terminal opens.
- 1933 – Hellmuth Will becomes mayor.
- 1934 – Hansaplatz renamed Adolf-Hitler-Platz.
- 1939
- Lasch Bunker built in Paradeplatz.
- Population: 368,433.[19]
- 1941 – 1 September: Aerial bombing by Soviet forces begins.
- 1942 – 24 June: The Nazi SS sends the first deportation of Jews from Königsberg and East Prussia to extermination camps.[21]
- 1944 – August: Aerial bombing by British forces; city extensively damaged.
- 1945
- January: Battle of Königsberg begins.
- February: Metgethen massacre.
- 9 April: Battle of Königsberg ends; Soviets in power.[19]
1946-1990s
- 1946
- April: City becomes part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, per Potsdam Agreement.[22]
- City renamed Kaliningrad after Bolshevik Mikhail Kalinin.
- City becomes seat of the newly formed Kaliningrad Oblast.
- Kaliningrad Regional Museum of History and Arts founded.
- Kaliningradskaya Pravda newspaper begins publication.[13]
- 1947 – Kaliningrad Regional Drama Theatre established.
- 1954 – Pishchevik Kaliningrad football club formed.
- 1956 – Population: 188,000.
- 1960 – Theatre on Mira Avenue rebuilt.
- 1965 - Population: 253,000.[23]
- 1967 – Kaliningrad State University active.
- 1979
- Khrabrovo Airport terminal built.
- Kaliningrad Amber Museum opens.
- 1985 - Population: 385,000.[24]
- 1988 – Kaliningrad State Art Gallery established.[25]
- 1989 – Population: 401,280; oblast 871,283.
- 1990
- 1994 – Kaliningrad State Technical University active.
- 1996 – Leonid Gorbenko becomes governor of Kaliningrad Oblast.[29]
- 1998 – The Voice from the Pregel Polish-language magazine in publication.
21st century
- 2001 – Vladimir Yegorov becomes governor of Kaliningrad Oblast.
- 2005
- July: 750th anniversary of city founding.[30]
- Kaiser Bridge reconstructed (approximate date).[citation needed]
- Georgy Boos becomes governor of Kaliningrad Oblast.
- 2007
- Alexander Jaroschuk becomes mayor.[31]
- Khrabrovo Airport new terminal opens.[32]
- 2008 – Cathedral of Christ the Saviour consecrated.
- 2010
- 30 January: Protest against governor Georgy Boos.[33]
- Population: 431,500;[34] oblast 941,873.
- Nikolay Tsukanov becomes governor of Kaliningrad Oblast.
- 2012 – Poland-Russia border near Kaliningrad Oblast opens.[35]
See also
- History of Kaliningrad
- Königsberg
- List of monarchs of Prussia, 1525-1701
- Timelines of other cities in the Northwestern Federal District of Russia: Pskov, St. Petersburg
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Königsberg", Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), New York, 1910, OCLC 14782424
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d e David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Königsberg". Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Richard Armstedt (1899). Geschichte der königl. Haupt- und Residenzstadt Königsberg in Preussen [History of the Royal Capital and Residence City of Königsberg in Prussia] (in German). Stuttgart: Hobbing & Büchle.
- ^ "Sites and projects". sg39.ru. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
- ^ Henri Bouchot (1890). "Topographical index of the principal towns where early printing presses were established". In H. Grevel (ed.). The book: its printers, illustrators, and binders, from Gutenberg to the present time. London: H. Grevel & Co.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e George Henry Townsend (1867), "Königsberg (Prussia)", A Manual of Dates (2nd ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co.
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie, no 3–4, 1992, p. 254–255
- ^ a b Julius Petzholdt (1853), Handbuch Deutscher Bibliotheken (in German), Halle: H.W. Schmidt, OCLC 8363581
- ^ a b Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Konigsberg", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Richard Armstedt (1895). Heimatkunde von Königsberg (in German). Königsberg: Koch.
- ^ J. Niederstetter, ed. (1867). Staats-Almanach für das Königreich Preußen (in German). Berlin: Heymann.
- ^ Norddeutscher Lloyd (1896), "Königsberg", Guide through Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, France, Belgium, Holland and England, Berlin: J. Reichmann & Cantor, OCLC 8395555
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Kaliningrad Newspapers". WorldCat. USA: Online Computer Library Center. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ^ Königliche Museen zu Berlin (1904). Kunsthandbuch für Deutschland (in German) (6th ed.). Georg Reimer.
- ^ "Königsberg", Northern Germany (15th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1910, OCLC 78390379
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Eugene van Cleef (1945). "East Baltic Ports and Boundaries: With Special Reference to Königsberg". Geographical Review. 35 (2): 257–272. doi:10.2307/211478. JSTOR 211478.
- ^ United States Hydrographic Office (1917). Baltic Pilot. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
- ^ "Zeitungsinformationssystem ZEFYS" [Newspaper Information System] (in German). Berlin State Library. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
- ^ a b c Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Co., 1960, p. 529, OL 5812502M
- ^ "Germany: Principal Towns". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440 – via Hathi Trust.
- ^ "Memorial Plaque to the Victims of the First Deportation from Königsberg". Information Portal to European Sites of Remembrance. Berlin, Germany: Stiftung Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas. Retrieved 2019-07-18.
- ^ Russell H. Fifield (1948). "International Affairs: The Postwar World Map: New States and Boundary Changes". American Political Science Review. 42 (3): 533–541. doi:10.2307/1949917. JSTOR 1949917.
- ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966.
- ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Russianmuseums.info". Russian Cultural Heritage Network. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ^ Europa World Year Book 2004. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1857432533.
- ^ История Палаты [History of the Chamber] (in Russian). Калининградская торгово-промышленная палата (Kaliningrad Chamber of Commerce). Archived from the original on 12 April 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ^ G.J. Ashworth; J.E. Tunbridge (1999). "Old cities, new pasts: Heritage planning in selected cities of Central Europe". GeoJournal. 49 (1): 105–116. doi:10.1023/A:1007010205856. JSTOR 41147404.
- ^ Patrick E. Tyler (5 April 2000). "In a Russian Region Apart, Corruption Is King". New York Times. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ^ "Kaliningrad marks key anniversary". BBC News. 3 July 2005. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ^ "Mayors in Europe". City Mayors.com. London: City Mayors Foundation. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ^ "Kaliningrad profile". BBC News. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ^ "Restlessness in Russia's Western Outpost". New York Times. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ^ "Population of Capital Cities and Cities of 100,000 or More Inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2011. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012.
- ^ "Crack in the EU: Poland and Kaliningrad Open Borders for Locals". Spiegel Online. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia and Russian Wikipedia.
Bibliography
in English
- Published in the 18th-19th century
- Thomas Nugent (1749), "Königsberg", The Grand Tour, vol. 2: Germany and Holland, London: S. Birt, hdl:2027/mdp.39015030762572
- Richard Brookes (1786), "Konigsburg", The General Gazetteer (6th ed.), London: J.F.C. Rivington
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Königsberg", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Augustus Bozzi Granville (1829). "(Königsberg)". St. Petersburgh: A journal of travels to and from that capital. H. Colburn.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - "Königsberg", Leigh's New Descriptive Road Book of Germany, London: Leigh and Son, 1837
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - "Königsberg". Penny Cyclopaedia. London. 1839.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - "Königsberg". Handbook for North Germany. London: J. Murray. 1877.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - John Ramsay McCulloch (1880), "Königsberg", in Hugh G. Reid (ed.), A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical and Historical of Commerce and Commercial Navigation, London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - W. Pembroke Fetridge (1884), "Königsberg", Harper's Hand-Book for Travellers in Europe and the East (23rd ed.), New York: Harper & Brothers, hdl:2027/nyp.33433066588363
- "Königsberg", Bradshaw's Illustrated Hand-book to Germany and Austria, London: W.J. Adams & Sons, 1896
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)
- Published in the 20th century
- "Kaliningrad", Scandinavian & Baltic Europe (4th ed.), Lonely Planet, 1999, p. 300+, OL 8314793M
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - James Charles Roy (1999). The Vanished Kingdom: Travels Through the History of Prussia. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-8133-3793-7.
- Olga Sezneva (2000). "Historical Representation and the Politics of Memory in Kaliningrad, Former Königsberg". Polish Sociological Review (131): 323–338. JSTOR 41274763.
- Published in the 21st century
- Peter Savodnik (2003). "Kaliningrad". Wilson Quarterly. 27 (2): 16–22. JSTOR 40261179.
- Ann Kennard (2010). "Case Study 1: Kaliningrad". Old Cultures, New Institutions: Around the New Eastern Border of the European Union. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 133–161. ISBN 978-3-643-10751-0.
in other languages
- Karl Faber (1840). Die Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt Königsberg in Preußen [Capital and Residence City of Königsberg in Prussia] (in German). Königsberg: Gräfe und Unzer.
- Alexander Jung (1846). Königsberg und die Königsberger (in German). Leipzig: Hermann Kirchner.
- F.W. Schubert (1855). Zur sechshundertjährigen Jubelfeier der Stadt Königsberg [600th Jubilee Celebration of the City of Königsberg] (in German). Königsberg: Verlag von Schubert und Seidel.
- "Konigsberg". Biblioteca geographica: Verzeichniss der seit der Mitte des vorigen Jahrhunderts bis zu Ende des Jahres 1856 in Deutschland (in German). Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. 1858.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) (bibliography) - August Wilhelm Grube (1875). "Königsberg". Charakterbilder Deutschen Landes und Lebens fur Schule und Haus (in German) (10th ed.). Leipzig: F. Brandstetter.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - "Königsberg". Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon (in German) (14th ed.). Leipzig: Brockhaus. 1898.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - P. Krauss; E. Uetrecht, eds. (1913). "Konigsberg". Meyers Deutscher Städteatlas [Meyer's Atlas of German Cities] (in German). Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut.
- "Konigsberg", Deutscher Städteatlas (in German), vol. 2, Institut für vergleichende Städtegeschichte, 1979, ISBN 3891150008
- Wolfgang Adam; Siegrid Westphal, eds. (2012). "Königsberg". Handbuch kultureller Zentren der Frühen Neuzeit: Städte und Residenzen im alten deutschen Sprachraum (in German). De Gruyter. pp. 1153+. ISBN 978-3-11-029555-9.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Königsberg.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kaliningrad.
- Europeana. Items related to Kaliningrad, various dates.
- Digital Public Library of America. Items related to Kaliningrad, various dates
- Links to fulltext city directories for Konigsberg via Wikisource