Arterivirus

Arterivirus
Virus classification
Group:	Group IV ((+)ssRNA)
Order:	Nidovirales
Family:	Arteriviridae
Genus:	Arterivirus
type species
	Equine arteritis virus;

Arterivirus is the only genus of viruses in the family Arteriviridae, which is within the order Nidovirales. Vertebrates serve as natural hosts. There are currently four species in this genus including the type species Equine arteritis virus. Diseases associated with this genus include: EAV: vascular lesions, fever, edema, abortion. PRRSV: abortions and respiratory disease. SHFV: fever, edema, dehydration, hemorragies, death (almost 100%).^[1]^[2]

Taxonomy

Group: ssRNA(+)

Order: Nidovirales

Family: Arteriviridae
- Genus: Arterivirus
  Equine arteritis virus
  
  Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus
  
  Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
  
  Simian hemorrhagic fever virus

^[2]

Structure

Viruses in Arterivirus are enveloped, with spherical, Round, and Isometric geometries. The diameter is around 45-60 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 12-16kb in length.^[1]

Genus	Structure	Symmetry	Capsid	Genomic arrangement	Genomic segmentation
Arterivirus	Spherical		Enveloped	Linear	Monopartite

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded rna virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leaky scanning, and -1 ribosomal frameshifting. Vertebrates serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are transplancental, contact, urine, semen, air borne particles, and saliva.^[1]

Genus	Host details	Tissue tropism	Entry details	Release details	Replication site	Assembly site	Transmission
Arterivirus	Vertebrates	Lung macrophages; lymph nodes	Clathrin-mediated endocytosis	Budding	Cytoplasm	Cytoplasm	Genital secretions; respiratory tract secretions

History

In 1996, the family Arteriviridae was included within the order Nidovirales. Arteriviruses are small, enveloped, animal viruses with an icosahedral core containing a positive-sense RNA genome. The family includes equine arteritis virus (EAV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus (LDV) of mice and simian haemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV). Three of these viruses were first discovered and characterized in the 1950/60s, whereas PRRSV was first isolated in Europe and in North America in the early 1990s. The arteriviruses are highly species specific, but share many biological and molecular properties, including virion morphology, a unique set of structural proteins, genome organization and replication strategy, and the ability to establish prolonged or true persistent infection in their natural hosts. However, the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the infection caused by each virus is distinct, as are the diseases they cause.^[3]

Reorganisation

Because of the discovery of additional viruses a reorganisation of this genus has been proposed.^[4] These proposals would abolish the genus Arterivirus and create five new genera: Dipartevirus, Equartevirus, Nesartevirus, Rodartevirus and Simartevirus.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
^ ^a ^b ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 12 June 2015.
^ Balasuriya and Snijder (2008). "Arteriviruses". Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b Kuhn, JH; Lauck, M; Bailey, AL; Shchetinin, AM; Vishnevskaya, TV; Bào, Y; Ng, TF; LeBreton, M; Schneider, BS; Gillis, A; Tamoufe, U; Diffo Jle, D; Takuo, JM; Kondov, NO; Coffey, LL; Wolfe, ND; Delwart, E; Clawson, AN; Postnikova, E; Bollinger, L; Lackemeyer, MG; Radoshitzky, SR; Palacios, G; Wada, J; Shevtsova, ZV; Jahrling, PB; Lapin, BA; Deriabin, PG; Dunowska, M; Alkhovsky, SV; Rogers, J; Friedrich, TC; O'Connor, DH; Goldberg, TL (March 2016). "Reorganization and expansion of the nidoviral family Arteriviridae". Archives of Virology. 161 (3): 755–68. doi:10.1007/s00705-015-2672-z. PMC 5573231. PMID 26608064.

External links

Arterivirus at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
ICTVdb
Animal viruses
Viralzone: Arterivirus

[ViralZone-1] "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 12 June 2015.

[ICTV-2] ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 12 June 2015.

[sobrino3-3] Balasuriya and Snijder (2008). "Arteriviruses". Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)

[Kuhn2015-4] Kuhn, JH; Lauck, M; Bailey, AL; Shchetinin, AM; Vishnevskaya, TV; Bào, Y; Ng, TF; LeBreton, M; Schneider, BS; Gillis, A; Tamoufe, U; Diffo Jle, D; Takuo, JM; Kondov, NO; Coffey, LL; Wolfe, ND; Delwart, E; Clawson, AN; Postnikova, E; Bollinger, L; Lackemeyer, MG; Radoshitzky, SR; Palacios, G; Wada, J; Shevtsova, ZV; Jahrling, PB; Lapin, BA; Deriabin, PG; Dunowska, M; Alkhovsky, SV; Rogers, J; Friedrich, TC; O'Connor, DH; Goldberg, TL (March 2016). "Reorganization and expansion of the nidoviral family Arteriviridae". Archives of Virology. 161 (3): 755–68. doi:10.1007/s00705-015-2672-z. PMC 5573231. PMID 26608064.

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