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Ben Hill Griffin Stadium

Coordinates: 29°39′0″N 82°20′55″W / 29.65000°N 82.34861°W / 29.65000; -82.34861
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Steve Spurrier-Florida Field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium
"The Swamp"
Map
Former namesFlorida Field (1930–1989)
Ben Hill Griffin Stadium at Florida Field (1989–2016)
Location157 Gale Lemerand Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32611
Coordinates29°39′0″N 82°20′55″W / 29.65000°N 82.34861°W / 29.65000; -82.34861
OwnerUniversity of Florida
OperatorUniversity Athletic Association
Capacity88,548 (2003–present)[3]
83,000 (1991–2002)
72,000 (1982–1990)
62,800 (1966–1981)
46,164 (1960–1965)
40,116 (1950–1959)
21,769 (1930–1949)
Record attendance90,916[4]
SurfaceNatural grass (1930–1970)
Astroturf (1971–1989)
Bermuda grass (1990–present)[1]
Construction
Broke groundApril 16, 1930
OpenedNovember 8, 1930
Renovated2003, 2011, 2015
Expanded1950, 1960, 1966, 1982, 1991, 2003, 2008
Construction cost$118,000 (1930)($1,710,366.79 in 2017 dollars)
ArchitectRudolph Weaver[2]
Tenants
Florida Gators (NCAA) (1930–present)

Ben Hill Griffin Stadium (in full Steve Spurrier-Florida Field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium[5]), popularly known as "The Swamp", is the football stadium for the University of Florida and the home field of the Florida Gators football team and is on the university's Gainesville, Florida campus. The stadium was built in 1930 with a capacity of about 22,000, and has been expanded, renovated, and improved many times over the ensuing decades. Most of the football coach and administrative offices and the football team's training facilities have been under the south and west stands of Florida Field since the 1960s. In 2016, the University of Florida Athletic Association announced plans to build a $60 million stand-alone football facility which is scheduled to open in 2019.[6]

Ben Hill Griffin Stadium is the largest football stadium in Florida, the 12th largest stadium in American college football, and the 18th largest stadium in the world, as measured by its official seating capacity of 88,548 – though, it has often held over 90,000 for Gators' home football games.

Location

The stadium is on the northern edge of the University of Florida campus near the center of Gainesville, Florida. The stadium and its approach are bordered by West University Avenue on the north side, Gale Lemerand Drive (previously North–South Drive) on the west, and Stadium Road on the south. Just east of the stadium is the University of Florida Campus Historic District, which is the oldest portion of the campus and includes the Murphree Area student residence complex, the Florida Gymnasium, and Ustler Hall. Just west of the stadium across Gale Lemerand Drive is the Stephen C. O'Connell Center, which is the home arena for the Florida Gators men's basketball, women's basketball, gymnastics, volleyball, and swimming and diving teams. Just beyond the O'Connell Center are the football team's practice facilities and Alfred A. McKethan Stadium, home field of the Florida Gators baseball team. Prior to the 2015 Season a new indoor practice facility was added just north of the baseball field and east of the grass practice fields.

One stadium, many names

The name of the facility was simply "Florida Field" from its opening in 1930 until 1989, when the university renamed the stadium in honor of citrus magnate Ben Hill Griffin, Jr., an alumnus and major benefactor of the university and its sports programs. However, the playing surface remained "Florida Field", and the facility's full name was "Ben Hill Griffin Stadium at Florida Field" from 1990 until 2016.

On September 3, 2016, the playing surface was renamed in honor of former Florida quarterback and head coach Steve Spurrier. As UF athletic director Jeremy Foley explained, "Coach Spurrier did more than win a Heisman Trophy, a national championship, and a bunch of games. Coach Spurrier changed the culture of Florida athletics."[5] As a result, the facility's official name is now "Steve Spurrier-Florida Field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium".[7]

Steve Spurrier dubbed Florida Field "The Swamp" in 1992

The facility may be best known as simply "The Swamp", a nickname which was coined by Spurrier in 1992. As he explained at the time, "A swamp is where Gators live. We feel comfortable there, but we hope our opponents feel tentative. A swamp is hot and sticky and can be dangerous. We feel like it's an appropriate nickname for our stadium."[8][9]. Both the nickname and the "only Gators get out alive" tagline added later by UF's sports marketing department quickly became popular and have been commonly used ever since.

Stadium history

Earlier facilities

Main article: Fleming Field (Gainesville)

From the establishment of the University of Florida in Gainesville in 1906 until the end of the 1910-1911 academic year, the university's football, baseball, and track teams competed at a municipal baseball park near the center of Gainesville and known simply as "The Baseball Park" or "The Ballpark". [10]

The university built an on-campus field in the summer of 1911. A grove of pine trees along University Avenue was cleared and leveled, a single bank of low wooden bleachers were built, and University Athletic Field opened in time for the 1911 football season. Larger bleachers were installed by 1915, when the facility was rechristened "Fleming Field" in honor of former Florida governor Francis P. Fleming.[11]

Even with the additional seating, Fleming Field was small (maximum capacity about 5000), so the Gators played many "home" games against top opponents at larger venues across the state, usually Fairfield Stadium in Jacksonville or Plant Field in Tampa.[12]

Florida Field

Gator football first earned national prominence in the 1920s, prompting incoming university president John J. Tigert to begin a drive to construct a new and larger stadium upon his arrival in 1928.[13] With state funding unavailable at the cusp of the Great Depression, the semi-independent University of Florida Athletic Association was organized to raise funds and oversee the project. To expedite construction, Tigert and ten supporters of the Florida's athletic program took out personal loans to cover the $118,000 required to build the planned 22,000-seat football stadium.[14][15]

Construction

The Gators practicing for Florida Field's first night game, 1950

Construction began on April 16, 1930 and immediately faced serious engineering and geotechnical obstacles related to natural ground water and drainage.[14] The stadium was built in a shallow ravine, with the lower thirty-two rows of the east, west, and north stands below the level of the surrounding land.[14] When excavation reached the water table, water began to pour into the construction site from the north end, miring men, mules, and mule-drawn equipment in the resulting mud.[14] The drainage challenge was ultimately resolved by the installation of massive underground culverts leading to Graham Pond, two blocks south of the stadium site.[14] Problems solved, the construction team of eighty laborers and mules completed Florida Field in time for the November 8, 1930 homecoming game against Alabama, the dominant Southern Conference team of the day.[16][17] Florida Field was rededicated in 1934 to the memory of Florida servicemen who died in World War I, and a plaque was placed on the outside wall behind the old north end zone as a memorial.[3]

Expansions and renovations

Over the years, Florida Field has undergone many renovations, almost always adding more seats.

Ben Hill Griffin Stadium skyboxes, completed in 2003

The original stadium—the lower half of the current facility—seated 21,769. The stadium was first expanded in 1949–1950 with the addition of 11,200 permanent seats to the west stands, which, together with temporary bleachers, almost doubled capacity to over 40,000. Lights were also added at the time, and the 1950 season kicked off with Florida Field's first night game, a 7-3 win over The Citadel.[3] In 1965–1966, 10,000 more permanent seats were added to the east stands and larger bleachers were installed in the south endzone, bringing capacity to over 60,000.[3][18] Construction of the double-deck south endzone in 1982 and the 1991 addition of the "Sunshine Seats" upper deck to the north endzone combined to bowl in the stadium and raise capacity to over 80,000. After a 2003 project greatly expanded club seating and added many luxury boxes, the Swamp had grown to become the largest football stadium in the state of Florida and the second largest sports facility overall behind only the Daytona International Speedway.[3] The official seating capacity is 88,548, although the actual attendance regularly exceeds 90,000.[3]

File:New Video Boards-2009.jpg
A view of the Daktronics south end zone video board, measuring 137 feet by 30 feet.

Before the 2008 season, the Heavener Football Complex opened on the southwest corner of Steve Spurrier-Florida Field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium. The $28 million addition, which was funded entirely with private donations, is meant to be the "front door" of the football program and houses a museum highlighting Gator football history along with offices, meeting space, a new weight room, and other facilities for the football program[19][20]

Following the Gators' 2008 BCS Championship season, large Daktronics HD-16 video boards were installed atop the upper deck of both endzones. The screen in the south endzone is 30 feet x 137 ft while the one in the north endzone is 25 feet by 75 feet. These screens are used to display statistics, replays, advertisements, and other things.[21]

After the 2011 season, an extensive renovation of the 1950s-era concourse under the west stands improved restrooms, lighting, concessions, and crowd circulation patterns and added flat-screen displays for fan viewing.[22]

In September 2016, the school's University Athletic Association Board proposed a $100 million facilities upgrade, to include a $60 million stand-alone football facility for players.[23] The stand-alone facility would include an updated locker room, 3-D hologram training environment, strength and conditioning center, hydrotherapy space, team meeting rooms, coaching offices and nutrition bar. The facility will be built by the engineering firm HOK.[24] When the new facility is completed, some of the redundant space in Ben Hill Griffin Stadium will be repurposed for other uses.

Playing surface

The playing surface of Florida Field has also changed over the years. It was natural grass until 1971, when Astroturf was installed and nicknamed "Doug's Rug" for then-coach Doug Dickey.[25] The original artificial surface was replaced with an updated version in 1980,[26] and it remained until 1990, when newly hired coach Steve Spurrier insisted it be removed and replaced with natural grass to help prevent player injury.[8] In June 2012, the playing surface was completely torn out down to the substrate to improve drainage and install a Bermuda grass hybrid developed with assistance from the University of Florida's agronomy department to better resist drought, disease, and damage.[27]

Panorama of the field

Other home fields

The Gators have played the vast majority of their home contests at Florida Field since it opened in 1930. The most notable exception is the annual Florida-Georgia game, which has been held in Jacksonville since 1933 with the two teams alternating being the official home team. The only seasons in which UF and UGA did not meet in Jacksonville were 1994 and 1995, when the old Gator Bowl was being rebuilt as the venue now known as EverBank Field for the NFL's expansion Jacksonville Jaguars and the contest was held at Florida Field and Georgia's Sanford Stadium, respectively.[28]

In years past, Florida would occasionally schedule a home game in Jacksonville, Tampa, or (less frequently) Miami and Orlando. But besides the annual meeting with Georgia, the Gators have not played a regular season home contest anywhere besides Florida Field since September 1980, when they defeated the California Golden Bears in old Tampa Stadium.[29] Not coincidentally, this game was played the season prior to Florida Field's south endzone expansion, which made it the largest football stadium in Florida.

Home field advantage

A packed Swamp.

The Swamp has acquired a reputation for being a difficult place for opposing teams to play, and has regularly been ranked at or near the top of lists of top home field advantages and/or best game day experiences in college football.[30][31][32][33]

One of the major reasons is the stadium's design. Originally built in a shallow sinkhole, the playing surface is below ground level. Expansions have enclosed the playing area on all sides with steep stands, and the fans are within a few feet of the action. This traps crowd noise inside the stadium, which results in sound levels on the field which have been measured at 115 decibels—just short of the threshold of pain.

The enclosed playing area also enhances the effects of Gainesville's warm and humid fall climate. Game-day temperatures at field level have been known to exceed 100 °F (37 °C), creating a swamp-like atmosphere. (This was the impetus for a University of Florida researcher, Robert Cade, to develop Gatorade as a way to combat dehydration.) Furthermore, during hot and sunny day games, Florida's sideline (on the stadium's west side) is in the shade provided by the press box, while the visiting team's sideline (on the stadium's east side) is exposed to the sun.

A "blue out" for Tennessee.

Florida Gator fans are loyal (having sold out every home contest from 1979 until 2011) and loud, thus creating a tremendous home field advantage for the Gators.[34] The size and exuberance of the home crowds, when combined with the stadium's close-in design of the seats, concentrates the fan noise at field level, making the Swamp one of the loudest stadiums in America.[35]

Combined, these factors create an intimidating environment which can rattle and disrupt opposing teams, making it difficult to hear playcalls and execute assignments. Florida Field has been repeatedly ranked by various publications as being the toughest stadium in which to play for opposing teams.[36][37][38]

The Gators' performance at home illustrates this effect. In a twenty-year span beginning in 1990 (when the north endzone expansion was completed), Florida posted a 113–13 overall home record, which was the best in the nation during that period.[34] They were particularly dominant under Coach Steve Spurrier. They went undefeated at home from the time Spurrier arrived in 1990 until 1994, and lost only three SEC home games during Spurrier's 12 years in Gainesville.[39]

Florida Field traditions

Like many other college football venues, the Swamp has its own unique features and game day traditions:

  • Commemorated on the south end zone's facade are the years of each of the team's Southeastern Conference championships and its 1996, 2006 and 2008 National Championships. Also included are tributes to the school's three Heisman Trophy winners, Steve Spurrier, Danny Wuerffel, and Tim Tebow.
  • On the north end zone facade, the Ring of Honor commemorates the greatest players and coaches in Gator football history. The members are Wilber Marshall, Steve Spurrier, Danny Wuerffel, Emmitt Smith, and Jack Youngblood.
  • In April 2011, life-size bronze statues of Heisman Trophy winners Steve Spurrier, Danny Wuerffel, and Tim Tebow were dedicated outside the west side of the stadium along Gale Lemerand Drive.[40]
  • Painted on the four corners of the stadium are large messages stating "This is . . . THE SWAMP" (previously read ". . . FLORIDA FIELD" before the mid-1990s), "This is . . . GATOR COUNTRY", "Home of the . . . FLORIDA GATORS.", and "It's Great To Be A FLORIDA GATOR" (updated prior to the 2013 season)
Albert and Alberta with the Pride of the Sunshine band pregame in 2005
  • Entertainment on game days includes the "Pride of the Sunshine", the University of Florida's marching band. The Pride was the first marching band in Florida. For many years, it was recognized for its very large bass drum, known as the "Biggest Boom in Dixie." The band plays on the field for pregame and halftime and also plays instrumental version of the University of Florida fight song, "The Orange and Blue", after every Gator score.
  • Albert and Alberta, one of the few mascot couples in major college sports.
  • Right before the team enters the field, a short intro is played on the large video screens. A group of (real) alligators are shown gathering in a murky swamp while ominous music plays. Then the camera zooms into the gaping jaws of a large alligator while a deep voice intones "The Swamp . . . Only Gators get out alive!" as the football team takes the field.[41]
  • Jim Finch, the public address announcer at the stadium from 1966 through 2001, was known for his famously long "Heeeeeeeeeeeeeere come the Gators!" call delivered in powerful baritone as the Gators ran onto Florida Field before each game, and for his succinct and even-handed style of announcing the plays during the game.[42][43] Finch died in 2002, but an audio recording of his distinctive entrance call has been used on occasion, with the PA announcer replicating Finch's call at all other games.[44]
Mr. Two-Bits
  • George Edmondson (a.k.a. "Mr. Two Bits"), wearing his trademark yellow oxford shirt, blue seersucker trousers, orange-and-blue tie, and black-and-white saddle shoes, traveled around the stands for almost 60 years leading fans in the old "Two Bits" cheer ("Two bits! Four bits! Six bits! A dollar! All for the Gators, stand up and holler!"). Edmondson began the tradition in 1949 and "retired" to become a regular fan after his fiftieth season in 1998. However, he couldn't stay in his seat and continued to lead the cheer during pre-game festivities and (occasionally) in the stands during games. On November 22, 2008, at the last home game of the season, Mr. Two Bits was again honored with a retirement ceremony.[45]
  • Fans sway by rows while singing "We are the Boys from old Florida" at the end of the third quarter.[43] (The University of Florida was an exclusively all-male school from 1905 to 1947.)
  • Gator fans join in on shout-outs and chants such as "ORANGE" (yelled by students, mostly in the East and South stands) and "BLUE" (yelled by alumni, mostly in the West and North stands). During the pre-game, this cheer is led by Richard Johnston (also known as "Mike Man" or "Mr. Orange and Blue"), a former cheerleader who has been the pre-game emcee since 1984.[43][46]
  • For many years, the ship's bell of the battleship USS Florida (BB-30) was mounted at stadium's North end zone wall, to be rung by a nearby fan after a Gators victory. After the North end zone expansion in 1991, the bell was moved to the north end zone concourse for display, but was later removed during a minor renovation.[43]
  • When Steve Spurrier became the Gators' head football coach in 1990, he revived the tradition of fans and players together singing the University of Florida Alma Mater after the conclusion of home football games.[43] Upon arriving in 2005, Urban Meyer added the singing of "The Orange and Blue", the Gators' fight song, after home victories.

Other events

"Front door of the football program", The Heavener Football Complex

The Florida football team plays only six or seven home games per season. At most other times, Steve Spurrier-Florida Field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium is open for students to jog around the concourse, run stadium steps, or just sit in the stands, although the actual playing surface is off limits to prevent turf damage. The facility only occasionally hosts special events.

Top Attendance

Rank Date Attendance Opponent Florida result
1 November 28, 2015 90,916 #13 Florida State L, 2–27
2 November 28, 2009 90,907 Florida State W, 37–10
3 September 19, 2009 90,894 Tennessee W, 23–13
4 October 1, 2011 90,888 #3 Alabama L, 10–38
5 November 13, 2010 90,885 #23 South Carolina L, 14–36
6 September 6, 2008 90,833 Miami W, 26–3
6 October 20, 2012 90,833 #7 South Carolina W, 44–11
8 October 6, 2012 90,824 #4 LSU W, 14–6
9 November 26, 2011 90,798 Florida State L, 7–21
10 September 17, 2011 90,744 Tennessee W, 33–23
11 October 9, 2010 90,721 #12 LSU L, 29–33
12 September 17, 2005 90,716 Tennessee W, 16–7
  • BHG stadium during the 2007 "blue-out" game against Tennessee
    BHG stadium during the 2007 "blue-out" game against Tennessee
  • Inside Ben Hill Griffin Stadium
    Inside Ben Hill Griffin Stadium
  • View of the north stands from outside the stadium
    View of the north stands from outside the stadium
  • The north end zone at Florida Field in 1973
    The north end zone at Florida Field in 1973

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ "IFAS Second Annual Turfgrass Field Day" (PDF).
  2. ^ Antonya English, "100 things about 100 years of Gator football Archived 2016-09-04 at the Wayback Machine", St. Petersburg Times (August 27, 2006). Retrieved September 29, 2011.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Gatorzone.com, Facilities, Ben Hill Griffin Stadium at Florida Field. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
  4. ^ Brew, Tom (November 28, 2015). "Florida Gators set Ben Hill Griffin attendance record in showdown with Seminoles". saturdaydownsouth.com. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  5. ^ a b Spurrier's Name to be Added to Florida Field Retrieved June 9, 2016
  6. ^ "UF picks firm to design stand-alone football facility". gatorsports.com. 22 February 2017.
  7. ^ Low, Chris (4 September 2016). "Swamp Sweet Swamp: Steve Spurrier is back home at Florida". ESPN. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  8. ^ a b "Sports: 100 things about 100 years of Gator football". Archived from the original on 2016-09-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Harry, Chris. "25 Years Ago: The 'Swamp' is born". floridagators.com.
  10. ^ Carlson, Norm (2007). University of Florida football Vault : The History of the Florida Gators. Atlanta, GA: Whitman Pub. ISBN 0794822983. p. 7
  11. ^ Carlson, Norm (14 Sep 2009). "Gator talk: History lesson". Gatorzone.com. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  12. ^ Norm Carlson, University of Florida Football Vault: The History of the Florida Gators, Whitman Publishing, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia, p. 38 (2007).
  13. ^ Julian M. Pleasants, Gator Tales: An Oral History of the University of Florida, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 31–32 (2006).
  14. ^ a b c d e Carlson, University of Florida Football Vault, p. 41.
  15. ^ "Tigert understood the significance of sports".
  16. ^ Carlson, University of Florida Football Vault, p. 42.
  17. ^ "University of Florida makes homecoming plans". St. Petersburg Times. Nov 3, 1930. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
  18. ^ Carlson, University of Florida Football Vault, p. 78.
  19. ^ "Florida Gators".
  20. ^ "Stadium Addition at U. of Florida Wins Platinum Rating for Sustainability – Buildings & Grounds – The Chronicle of Higher Education".
  21. ^ "New video boards for Ben Hill Griffin Stadium".
  22. ^ "CPPI Partners with UAA for West Concourse Renovation at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium".
  23. ^ "Florida unveils $100 million facility upgrades initiative". AllGatorArmy.com. September 16, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  24. ^ "New football facility". FloridaGators.com. February 22, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  25. ^ "Sarasota Herald-Tribune - Google News Archive Search".
  26. ^ "Gator Astroturf goes on sale". St. Petersburg Times. June 4, 1980. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
  27. ^ "Florida Field Undergoes a Facelift as New Playing Surface is Installed".
  28. ^ College Football Data Warehouse, Florida-Georgia Archived 2015-07-07 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 16, 2009.
  29. ^ "Florida Gators" (PDF).
  30. ^ "The Nation's Best: Eighth Annual Herbie Awards". 26 August 2008.
  31. ^ "Sporting News - NFL - NCAA - NBA - MLB - NASCAR - UFC - WWE".
  32. ^ "FindArticles.com - CBSi".
  33. ^ "The Best Atmosphere In College Football Belongs To... :: One thing's for sure, it belongs to the SEC".
  34. ^ a b "Florida Gators".
  35. ^ "Florida Gators".
  36. ^ "Mel Kiper - For scenery, check out Michie Stadium - ESPN.com".
  37. ^ "SI.com – SI On Campus – The Vent – Thursday September 22, 2005 9:13PM".
  38. ^ "Home - Sports News, Scores, Schedules, Videos and Fantasy Games - FOX Sports".
  39. ^ "Florida Gators".
  40. ^ "Gators unveil Tebow, Spurrier, Wuerffel statues". 9 April 2011.
  41. ^ Eric Ritter (1 November 2006). "Florida Gators Swamp entrance" – via YouTube.
  42. ^ "Sports: Highs and Lows". Stpetersburgtimes.com. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
  43. ^ a b c d e Dooley, Pat (August 9, 2001). "Florida Gator Traditions: Good and Bad". Gainesville Sun. pp. 1C, 6C. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  44. ^ "Sports: Dad there for Zook era's start". Stpetersburgtimes.com. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
  45. ^ "Mr. Two-Bits gets his due as he looks back". Gainesville.com. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
  46. ^ Florida Magazine, Fall 2007
  47. ^ "University of Florida Gator Growl 2007: Nation of Champions Presented by Verizon Wireless - Home".
  48. ^ "FHSAA.org - Football".
  49. ^ "Gainesville.com - The Gainesville Sun - Gainesville, Fla".

Bibliography

  • Carlson, Norm, University of Florida Football Vault: The History of the Florida Gators, Whitman Publishing, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia (2007). ISBN 0-7948-2298-3.
  • Golenbock, Peter, Go Gators! An Oral History of Florida's Pursuit of Gridiron Glory, Legends Publishing, LLC, St. Petersburg, Florida (2002). ISBN 0-9650782-1-3.
  • Hairston, Jack, Tales from the Gator Swamp: A Collection of the Greatest Gator Stories Ever Told, Sports Publishing, LLC, Champaign, Illinois (2002). ISBN 1-58261-514-4.
  • McCarthy, Kevin M., Fightin' Gators: A History of University of Florida Football, Arcadia Publishing, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina (2000). ISBN 978-0-7385-0559-6.
  • McEwen, Tom, The Gators: A Story of Florida Football, The Strode Publishers, Huntsville, Alabama (1974). ISBN 0-87397-025-X.
  • Nash, Noel, ed., The Gainesville Sun Presents The Greatest Moments in Florida Gators Football, Sports Publishing, Inc., Champaign, Illinois (1998). ISBN 1-57167-196-X.
  • Pleasants, Julian M., Gator Tales: An Oral History of the University of Florida, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (2006). ISBN 0-8130-3054-4
  • Proctor, Samuel, & Wright Langley, Gator History: A Pictorial History of the University of Florida, South Star Publishing Company, Gainesville, Florida (1986). ISBN 0-938637-00-2.
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