Bruton's tyrosine kinase

BTK
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1AWW, 1AWX, 1B55, 1BTK, 1BWN, 1K2P, 1QLY, 2GE9, 2Z0P, 3GEN, 3K54, 3OCS, 3OCT, 3P08, 3PIX, 3PIY, 3PIZ, 3PJ1, 3PJ2, 3PJ3, 4NWM, 4OT5, 4OT6, 4OTF, 4OTQ, 4OTR, 4RFY, 4RFZ, 4RG0, 4YHF, 4Z3V, 4ZLY, 4ZLZ, 5BPY, 5BQ0, 5FBN, 4RX5, 5FBO
Identifiers
Aliases	BTK, AGMX1, AT, ATK, BPK, IMD1, PSCTK1, XLA, Bruton tyrosine kinase, IGHD3
External IDs	OMIM: 300300 MGI: 88216 HomoloGene: 30953 GeneCards: BTK
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	X chromosome (human)
End	101,390,796 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	X chromosome (mouse)
End	133,484,319 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	monocyte; ; spleen; ; bone marrow cells; ; lymph node; ; blood; ; appendix; ; right lung; ; upper lobe of left lung; ; rectum; ; gallbladder;
	Top expressed in
	spleen; ; blood; ; bone marrow; ; secondary oocyte; ; right lobe of liver; ; pharynx; ; body of femur; ; morula; ; subcutaneous adipose tissue; ; yolk sac;
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	metal ion binding; nucleotide binding; lipid binding; signaling receptor binding; identical protein binding; protein kinase activity; transferase activity; kinase activity; phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate binding; non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity; ATP binding; protein binding; protein tyrosine kinase activity;
Cellular component	cytoplasm; nucleus; membrane; membrane raft; extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane; cytoplasmic vesicle; cytosol; plasma membrane; perinuclear region of cytoplasm; mast cell granule;
Biological process	transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway; mesoderm development; intracellular signal transduction; peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation; B cell activation; positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity; transcription, DNA-templated; positive regulation of B cell differentiation; B cell receptor signaling pathway; Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway; regulation of cell population proliferation; adaptive immune response; apoptotic process; peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation; protein phosphorylation; negative regulation of cytokine production; MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway; apoptotic signaling pathway; calcium-mediated signaling; I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling; innate immune response; regulation of transcription, DNA-templated; cell maturation; immune system process; regulation of B cell cytokine production; regulation of B cell apoptotic process; phosphorylation; histamine secretion by mast cell; response to organic substance; positive regulation of type III hypersensitivity; protein autophosphorylation; cellular response to reactive oxygen species; cellular response to molecule of fungal origin; positive regulation of type I hypersensitivity; B cell affinity maturation; negative regulation of B cell proliferation; cellular response to interleukin-7; T cell receptor signaling pathway; G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	695
	12229
	ENSG00000010671
	ENSMUSG00000031264
	Q06187
	P35991
	NM_001287345; NM_000061; NM_001287344
	NM_013482
	NP_000052; NP_001274273; NP_001274274
	NP_038510
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (abbreviated Btk or BTK) also known as tyrosine-protein kinase BTK is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the BTK gene. BTK is a kinase that plays a crucial role in B-cell development.

Function

BTK plays a crucial role in B cell maturation as well as mast cell activation through the high-affinity IgE receptor.^[5]

Btk contains a PH domain that binds phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 binding induces Btk to phosphorylate phospholipase C, which in turn hydrolyzes PIP₂, a phosphatidylinositol, into two second messengers, inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG), which then go on to modulate the activity of downstream proteins during B-cell signalling.^[5]

Clinical significance

Mutations in the BTK gene are implicated in the primary immunodeficiency disease X-linked agammaglobulinemia (Bruton's agammaglobulinemia); sometimes abbreviated to XLA. Patients with XLA have normal pre-B cell populations in their bone marrow but these cells fail to mature and enter the circulation. The Btk gene is located on the X chromosome.^[6] At least 400 mutations of the BTK gene have been identified.

BTK inhibitors

Approved drugs that inhibit BTK :

Ibrutinib (PCI-32765), a selective Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor.^[5]

Various drugs that inhibit BTK are in clinical trials:^[7]

Phase 3:
- Acalabrutinib, for relapsed CLL, 95% overall remission reported.
Phase 2:
Phase 1:
- ONO-4059 for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and/or CLL.^[8] Renamed GS-4059 and now in trial NCT02457598.^[9]
- spebrutinib (AVL-292, CC-292) ^[10]
- BGB-3111 for CLL.^[9] It can be taken orally.^[11]

Discovery

Bruton's tyrosine kinase was discovered in 1993 and is named for Ogden Bruton, who first described XLA in 1952.^[6]

Interactions

Bruton's tyrosine kinase has been shown to interact with:

References

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000010671 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000031264 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ ^a ^b ^c Seda V, Mraz M (Mar 2015). "B-cell receptor signalling and its crosstalk with other pathways in normal and malignant cells". European Journal of Haematology. 94 (3): 193–205. doi:10.1111/ejh.12427. PMID 25080849.
^ ^a ^b X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia Patient and Family Handbook for The Primary Immune Diseases. Third Edition. 2001. Published by the Immune Deficiency Foundation.
^ Astra Signals A Late Run On BTK Inhibition. Dec 2015
^ Clinical trial number NCT01659255 for "ONO-4059 Phase I Dose-escalation Study to Investigate the Safety and Tolerability of ONO-4059 Given as Monotherapy in Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and/or Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemi" at ClinicalTrials.gov
^ ^a ^b Novel BTK, PI3K Inhibitors on Horizon for Relapsed CLL. March 2016
^ Clinical trial number NCT01351935 for "Escalating Dose Study in Subjects With Relapsed or Refractory B Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, and Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia" at ClinicalTrials.gov
^ BeiGene Announces Initiation of a Combination Trial of the BTK Inhibitor BGB-3111 with the PD-1 Antibody BGB-A317. June 2016
^ Nixon JC, Rajaiya JB, Ayers N, Evetts S, Webb CF (March 2004). "The transcription factor, Bright, is not expressed in all human B lymphocyte subpopulations". Cell. Immunol. 228 (1): 42–53. doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2004.03.004. PMID 15203319.
^ ^a ^b Yasuda T, Tezuka T, Maeda A, Inazu T, Yamanashi Y, Gu H, Kurosaki T, Yamamoto T (July 2002). "Cbl-b positively regulates Btk-mediated activation of phospholipase C-gamma2 in B cells". J. Exp. Med. 196 (1): 51–63. doi:10.1084/jem.20020068. PMC 2194016. PMID 12093870.
^ Hashimoto S, Iwamatsu A, Ishiai M, Okawa K, Yamadori T, Matsushita M, Baba Y, Kishimoto T, Kurosaki T, Tsukada S (October 1999). "Identification of the SH2 domain binding protein of Bruton's tyrosine kinase as BLNK--functional significance of Btk-SH2 domain in B-cell antigen receptor-coupled calcium signaling". Blood. 94 (7): 2357–64. PMID 10498607.
^ Vargas L, Nore BF, Berglof A, Heinonen JE, Mattsson PT, Smith CI, Mohamed AJ (March 2002). "Functional interaction of caveolin-1 with Bruton's tyrosine kinase and Bmx". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (11): 9351–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M108537200. PMID 11751885.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ Ma YC, Huang XY (October 1998). "Identification of the binding site for Gqalpha on its effector Bruton's tyrosine kinase". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (21): 12197–201. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.21.12197. PMC 22808. PMID 9770463.
^ Sacristán C, Tussié-Luna MI, Logan SM, Roy AL (February 2004). "Mechanism of Bruton's tyrosine kinase-mediated recruitment and regulation of TFII-I". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (8): 7147–58. doi:10.1074/jbc.M303724200. PMID 14623887.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ Novina CD, Kumar S, Bajpai U, Cheriyath V, Zhang K, Pillai S, Wortis HH, Roy AL (July 1999). "Regulation of nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of TFII-I by Bruton's tyrosine kinase". Mol. Cell. Biol. 19 (7): 5014–24. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.7.5014. PMC 84330. PMID 10373551.
^ Yang W, Desiderio S (January 1997). "BAP-135, a target for Bruton's tyrosine kinase in response to B cell receptor engagement". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (2): 604–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.2.604. PMC 19560. PMID 9012831.
^ Guo B, Kato RM, Garcia-Lloret M, Wahl MI, Rawlings DJ (August 2000). "Engagement of the human pre-B cell receptor generates a lipid raft-dependent calcium signaling complex". Immunity. 13 (2): 243–53. doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)00024-8. PMID 10981967.
^ Johannes FJ, Hausser A, Storz P, Truckenmüller L, Link G, Kawakami T, Pfizenmaier K (November 1999). "Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) associates with protein kinase C mu". FEBS Lett. 461 (1–2): 68–72. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01424-6. PMID 10561498.
^ Matsushita M, Yamadori T, Kato S, Takemoto Y, Inazawa J, Baba Y, Hashimoto S, Sekine S, Arai S, Kunikata T, Kurimoto M, Kishimoto T, Tsukada S (April 1998). "Identification and characterization of a novel SH3-domain binding protein, Sab, which preferentially associates with Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BtK)". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 245 (2): 337–43. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8420. PMID 9571151.
^ Yamadori T, Baba Y, Matsushita M, Hashimoto S, Kurosaki M, Kurosaki T, Kishimoto T, Tsukada S (May 1999). "Bruton's tyrosine kinase activity is negatively regulated by Sab, the Btk-SH3 domain-binding protein". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (11): 6341–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.11.6341. PMC 26883. PMID 10339589.

External links

GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on X-Linked or Brunton's Agammaglobulinemia
UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes protein/pdbid-1bwn
Bruton's+tyrosine+kinase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000010671 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000031264 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[Seda_2015-5] Seda V, Mraz M (Mar 2015). "B-cell receptor signalling and its crosstalk with other pathways in normal and malignant cells". European Journal of Haematology. 94 (3): 193–205. doi:10.1111/ejh.12427. PMID 25080849.

[IDF-6] X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia Patient and Family Handbook for The Primary Immune Diseases. Third Edition. 2001. Published by the Immune Deficiency Foundation.

[7] Astra Signals A Late Run On BTK Inhibition. Dec 2015

[NCT01659255-8] Clinical trial number NCT01659255 for "ONO-4059 Phase I Dose-escalation Study to Investigate the Safety and Tolerability of ONO-4059 Given as Monotherapy in Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and/or Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemi" at ClinicalTrials.gov

[Inman2016-9] Novel BTK, PI3K Inhibitors on Horizon for Relapsed CLL. March 2016

[NCT01351935-10] Clinical trial number NCT01351935 for "Escalating Dose Study in Subjects With Relapsed or Refractory B Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, and Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia" at ClinicalTrials.gov

[BEIG1606-11] BeiGene Announces Initiation of a Combination Trial of the BTK Inhibitor BGB-3111 with the PD-1 Antibody BGB-A317. June 2016

[pmid15203319-12] Nixon JC, Rajaiya JB, Ayers N, Evetts S, Webb CF (March 2004). "The transcription factor, Bright, is not expressed in all human B lymphocyte subpopulations". Cell. Immunol. 228 (1): 42–53. doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2004.03.004. PMID 15203319.

[pmid12093870-13] Yasuda T, Tezuka T, Maeda A, Inazu T, Yamanashi Y, Gu H, Kurosaki T, Yamamoto T (July 2002). "Cbl-b positively regulates Btk-mediated activation of phospholipase C-gamma2 in B cells". J. Exp. Med. 196 (1): 51–63. doi:10.1084/jem.20020068. PMC 2194016. PMID 12093870.

[pmid10498607-14] Hashimoto S, Iwamatsu A, Ishiai M, Okawa K, Yamadori T, Matsushita M, Baba Y, Kishimoto T, Kurosaki T, Tsukada S (October 1999). "Identification of the SH2 domain binding protein of Bruton's tyrosine kinase as BLNK--functional significance of Btk-SH2 domain in B-cell antigen receptor-coupled calcium signaling". Blood. 94 (7): 2357–64. PMID 10498607.

[pmid11751885-15] Vargas L, Nore BF, Berglof A, Heinonen JE, Mattsson PT, Smith CI, Mohamed AJ (March 2002). "Functional interaction of caveolin-1 with Bruton's tyrosine kinase and Bmx". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (11): 9351–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M108537200. PMID 11751885.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[pmid9770463-16] Ma YC, Huang XY (October 1998). "Identification of the binding site for Gqalpha on its effector Bruton's tyrosine kinase". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (21): 12197–201. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.21.12197. PMC 22808. PMID 9770463.

[pmid14623887-17] Sacristán C, Tussié-Luna MI, Logan SM, Roy AL (February 2004). "Mechanism of Bruton's tyrosine kinase-mediated recruitment and regulation of TFII-I". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (8): 7147–58. doi:10.1074/jbc.M303724200. PMID 14623887.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[pmid10373551-18] Novina CD, Kumar S, Bajpai U, Cheriyath V, Zhang K, Pillai S, Wortis HH, Roy AL (July 1999). "Regulation of nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of TFII-I by Bruton's tyrosine kinase". Mol. Cell. Biol. 19 (7): 5014–24. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.7.5014. PMC 84330. PMID 10373551.

[pmid9012831-19] Yang W, Desiderio S (January 1997). "BAP-135, a target for Bruton's tyrosine kinase in response to B cell receptor engagement". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (2): 604–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.2.604. PMC 19560. PMID 9012831.

[pmid10981967-20] Guo B, Kato RM, Garcia-Lloret M, Wahl MI, Rawlings DJ (August 2000). "Engagement of the human pre-B cell receptor generates a lipid raft-dependent calcium signaling complex". Immunity. 13 (2): 243–53. doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)00024-8. PMID 10981967.

[pmid10561498-21] Johannes FJ, Hausser A, Storz P, Truckenmüller L, Link G, Kawakami T, Pfizenmaier K (November 1999). "Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) associates with protein kinase C mu". FEBS Lett. 461 (1–2): 68–72. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01424-6. PMID 10561498.

[pmid9571151-22] Matsushita M, Yamadori T, Kato S, Takemoto Y, Inazawa J, Baba Y, Hashimoto S, Sekine S, Arai S, Kunikata T, Kurimoto M, Kishimoto T, Tsukada S (April 1998). "Identification and characterization of a novel SH3-domain binding protein, Sab, which preferentially associates with Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BtK)". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 245 (2): 337–43. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8420. PMID 9571151.

[pmid10339589-23] Yamadori T, Baba Y, Matsushita M, Hashimoto S, Kurosaki M, Kurosaki T, Kishimoto T, Tsukada S (May 1999). "Bruton's tyrosine kinase activity is negatively regulated by Sab, the Btk-SH3 domain-binding protein". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (11): 6341–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.11.6341. PMC 26883. PMID 10339589.

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v t e Enzymes
Activity	Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Diffusion-limited enzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis
Regulation	Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator
Classification	EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes
Kinetics	Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types	EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list)